Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da Gine-gine na Al'adun Chavín ga yara da manya, muna gayyatar ku ku ziyarci wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga wannan duniyar ta musamman kuma ku yaba da abin al'ajabi na al'adunsa, da kuma yankunan da ke kusa da wannan wuri. Kada ku rasa shi!
Gine-gine na Al'adun Chavín: Halaye da Manyan Ayyuka
Gine-gine na Chavín wani gine-gine ne na tarihi wanda aka yi a cikin Andes na Peru, wanda ya nuna fasahohin masana'antu daban-daban tare da mai karfi na fasaha da ruhaniya. Babban wurin da aka gano kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi ana kiransa The Old Temple.
Gine-ginen Chavín ya haɓaka a tsaunukan Andean na arewacin Peru daga 900 BC. har zuwa 300 BC Tsarin gine-ginen C. Chavín ya rinjayi sauran wayewa a bakin tekun Peruvian.
Shahararren wurin binciken kayan tarihi na al'adun Chavín shine Chavín de Huantar, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Andean na Ancash na yau. An yi imani cewa an gina shi a kusan 900 BC. C. kuma shine wurin taron addini da siyasa na mutanen Chavín. UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.
Gine-gine na Chavín yana cike da manyan abubuwan tarihi da aka gina don dalilai na addini ko na siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Chavines ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka da kuma bakin teku, dole ne su haɓaka hanyoyi daban-daban na gine-gine wanda ya kai su ga sababbin abubuwa. Hakanan ya kamata a lura cewa an yi amfani da abubuwa daban-daban dangane da yanayin ginin.
Babban halayen gine-ginen Chavín
Abubuwan da ke akwai akan rukunin yanar gizon suna ba da shaida na musamman ƙira, haɓakawa da ƙaya na ƙirar lithic na haɗa duwatsun kaburbura, katako, ginshiƙai ko sassakaki.
Kayayyakin da ke nuna ma’anar akidarsu ta addini, alamarsu, ma’anar al’ada da yin amfani da biki, da kuma ayyukan wurare da wuraren gine-gine musamman.
Har ila yau, suna wakiltar al'ummar Chavín da tsarin juyin halitta na tarihi wanda ke bayyana matakai daban-daban na gine-gine da al'adu, saboda ci gaba da ayyukan zamantakewa na shafin wanda a ƙarshe ya tsara gine-ginensa.
Babban gine-ginen sun kasance U-dimbin yawa, halayen gine-ginen Chavín. Duk da haka, sun kuma gina abubuwan tarihi da pyramids na juzu'i tare da ɓoyayyun zuwa da tafiya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Chavin
Babban wurin addini a Chavín shine Chavín de Huantar, babban haikalin da ke cikin kwarin Mosna, wanda sama da ƙarni biyar ya zama sanannen wurin aikin hajji a faɗin yankin Andean.
A wannan wurin, zaftarewar ƙasa ta daɗaɗɗe ta bar filaye masu albarka, da kusanci da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da yawa da kuma ɗimbin duwatsu masu yawa don ayyukan gine-gine masu ban mamaki sun tabbatar da haɓakar wurin.
A tsayinta, cibiyar tana da yawan jama'a 2,000 zuwa 3,000 kuma ta rufe kusan kadada 100 (m² 400,000). Tsohuwar haikalin ya kasance kusan 750 BC. C. kuma a haƙiƙa saitin gine-gine ne masu siffar U. A tsakiya, matakalai biyu suna kaiwa zuwa wani fili mai madauwari a ƙasa.
Sabon haikalin, wanda wani bangare ne na tsohon a Chavín de Huantar, ana kiransa da "El Castillo" kuma yana da tsawo fiye da tsohon haikalin.
An yi gininsa ne da manyan duwatsu masu girma da nauyi kuma yana da katafaren fili wanda a cewar masu bincike, shine wurin da ake yawan ziyarta.
Ganuwar gine-ginen an jera su ne da fale-falen dutse mai murabba'i da rectangular tare da hotunan sauye-sauye da halittu masu ban sha'awa, an sassaka su cikin sauki.Alkaluman da aka zana sun hada da sifofin dan Adam tare da farantan jaguar da farantai da sanya rigar macizai da ke nuna alamar hangen nesa na ruhaniya.
Haɗin magudanar ruwa: samfurin gine-ginen Chavín
Zane na haikalin Chavín de Huantar, tare da sauran ayyukan gine-ginen da wayewar Chavín ta zayyana, sun nuna dabarun gine-ginen da suka dace da yanayin tuddai na Peruvian.
Wannan yana nuna irin hazaka da ci gaba, na fasaha da na tsari, da suke da su a lokacin. Don hana ambaliya da lalata haikalin a lokacin damina, mutanen wannan ƙabila sun ƙirƙira tsarin magudanar ruwa tare da tashoshi a ƙarƙashin tsarin haikalin.
Sunan mahaifi Obelisk
Obelisco de Tello, wani sanannen tsarin gine-gine, wani babban dutse ne mai kauri daga wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Chavín de Huantar a arewa ta tsakiyar Peru. Obelisk yana da ɗaya daga cikin sassaƙaƙen sassaƙaƙen dutse da aka sani a Amurka a lokacin.
Tsarin yana da tsayin mita 2,52 tare da bangarorin 0,32 m da faɗin 0,12 m. Wani sashe na sama da aka ƙware yana kunkuntar saman ɗaya bisa takwas na faɗuwar fuskoki biyu zuwa kusan mita 0,26. Banda daraja, duk bangarorin hudu suna da lebur.
Jimlar kewaye a gindin yana da kusan mita 1 kuma sifar ta yi daidai da kusan mita 0,87 a kewayen a matakin daraja. Fuskoki ko fuskoki huɗu an zana su daga sama zuwa ƙasa a cikin ƙananan sassaƙaƙen taimako.
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su
Mutanen Chavín sun yi amfani da kayayyaki daban-daban don gina gine-ginensu. Dutse ya kasance kayan da aka fi amfani da su kuma an gina pyramids, rijiyoyi, filaye, dandamali da gine-gine da shi. Koyaya, kayan na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin.
Misali, a wurare masu yawa da ke da hadarin ruwan sama, an yi amfani da dutse, amma a yankunan bakin teku da karancin ruwan sama, an gina shi da laka da ado, don haka gine-ginen ya kasance da karfi amma an ajiye su da kayan aiki.
Sauran ayyuka masu mahimmanci
Daga cikin fitattun gine-ginensa akwai Pampa de las Llamas - Moxeque, saitin pyramids 2 da ke fuskantar juna, suna barin sarari a tsakiyar filin filin wasa mafi girma a yankin Ancash, Peru. Pacopampa, wani tsari na archaeological da aka samu a cikin tsaunukan Peru, kuma yana cikin muhimman ayyuka. Pacopampa shine wuri na farko da tsohon Chavín ya yi aikin ƙarfe.
Chongoyape, wanda a halin yanzu ke da cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki, ita ce wurin zama na biyu na bikin mutanen Chavín. Garagay, ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wurare na tsohuwar wayewar Chavín. Ya ƙunshi mafi yawan adadin yumbu da aka sani daga tsohuwar Peru.
Salo, dabaru da ayyuka
Kasancewar gine-ginen wannan wayewa, salo na farko na ƙirar tsari wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin Andean, an yi masa alama da mai da hankali na ruhaniya mai ƙarfi da sabbin dabarun gini.
Abin da ke nuna tsarin gine-ginen al'adu Chavin
Da farko, an ƙirƙira gine-ginen al'adun Chavín a matakai biyu, waɗanda aka bambanta a cikin cibiyar bikin Chavín de Huántar, saboda haka, na farko yana nufin wani gini na asali da ake kira Tsohon Haikali, wanda aka watsar da shi bayan fadadawa. don haifar da lokaci na biyu, ƙaddara ta hanyar gina Sabon Haikali.
Zane-zane na gine-gine na Chavín an kwatanta shi da gina sifofin "U". Bugu da ƙari, sun gina dandali don ɗaga haikali tare da ɗakunan ajiya na ƙasa. Har ila yau, sun yi amfani da kayan ado irin su lintels, cornices da kuma shahararrun kawunan ƙusa.
Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙwararrun magina sun ƙirƙiri dala tarkace tare da madaidaitan wurare ko ɗakuna, murabba'i huɗu masu ruɗi, da ramukan madauwari. Don haka, sun yi amfani da dutse a matsayin wani abu don gina ayyuka a cikin tsaunuka, yayin da a bakin tekun suka yi amfani da laka da ado.
Ban da wannan, Chavines suna da ƙwararren ilimin sauti a cikin injiniyoyin ruwa, kamar yadda ayyuka kamar na Chavín de Huantar ke da magudanan ruwa waɗanda ke yin sauti kamar ruri tare da kwararar ruwa.
Lallai dukkan zane-zane na wurare da wuraren gine-gine na al'adun wannan kabila suna da fitattun manufofin addini da siyasa.
Muhimman ayyukan gine-ginen Chavin
Ana rarraba ayyukan gine-ginen da suka fi shahara na al'adun Chavín a cikin sassan Peruvian masu zuwa:
Ancash.
Located a cikin lardin Huari, Chavín de Huántar, an dauke shi a matsayin mafi muhimmanci aikin hajji cibiyar a cikin Andes, da aka yi da Tsarin tare da truncated pyramidal siffofi, kamar tsohon haikalin, El Castillo ko sabon haikalin da Obelisk na Tello. wanda ke nuna babbar fasahar injiniya da fasaha wajen sarrafa sassaƙaƙen dutse.
Cajamarca
An girka shi a saman wani tudu a lardin San Pablo, Kuntur Wasi ko Casa del Cóndor, gini ne wanda ke da tasirin Chavín, wanda ya ƙunshi dandamalin tako, filin fili mai murabba'i a ƙasa da matakai huɗu waɗanda ke kaiwa ga tsarin jana'izar daban-daban da monolithic.
A gefe guda kuma, a cikin Saliyo Norte, akwai Pacopampa, ginin da ke da dandamali guda uku da ke da siffar dala da aka yanke.
Sauran sanannun abubuwan tarihi na gine-gine na al'adun Chavín sune Chongoyape a Lambayeque, Caballo Muerto a La Libertad, Garagay a Lima da Chupas a Ayacucho, don haka suna zama wani ɓangare na babban alamar sihiri-addini na wannan wayewar.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin yana da ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan sauran: