Animism: Ma'ana da Misalai

A yau akwai koyaswa, imani da addinai daban-daban na falsafa. Amma da gaske sun bambanta? Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa suna da tushe guda ɗaya, cewa sun taso daga ra'ayi ɗaya, kuma muna so muyi magana game da wannan ra'ayi a cikin wannan labarin. Musamman, Za mu yi bayanin menene animism da ma'anarsa.

Idan kun ji wasu sha'awar game da batutuwa kamar su rayuka, ruhi da imani na da, ina ba da shawarar ku kalli wannan rubutu. Animism yana da alaƙa da yawa tare da waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma yana da daraja sanin menene.

Menene animism da misalai?

Kalmar “animism” ta fito ne daga kalmar Latin anima, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "kurwa." Ra'ayi ne wanda ya ƙunshi imani daban-daban waɗanda a ciki duk wani abu ko abu da ke akwai an ba shi sani ko ruhinsa. Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, wannan tunanin yana haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa, kamar imani a cikin rayukan ɗan adam ko a cikin ruhi. Ainihin, bisa ga tashin hankali, komai yana da rai ko yana da rai.

A cikin imani na tashin hankali akwai waɗanda ke cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin abin duniya suna da hankali, dangantaka da juna da kuma haifar da ruhin duniya, wanda aka sani da duniya anima. Saboda haka, babu wani bambanci mai wuyar gaske da sauri, kuma wasu al'adu, irin su Jafananci, sun wuce gaba. Bari mu kalli wasu misalai a kasa:

• Japan: tsukumogami y Kotodama. Dukansu ra'ayoyi wani bangare ne na imani na anima. Na farko yana nufin abubuwan da aka halitta, musamman ma tsofaffi. A gefe guda kuma, na biyu yana nufin ayyukan da aka yi, ana iya fassara shi da “ikon kalmar”.
• Amurka: ngen. Su ruhohin yanayi ne da wasu mutane suka yi imani da su.
• Afrika: magara. Kuna iya cewa yana nufin "ƙarfin rayuwa ta duniya." A Afirka ne tashin hankali ya kai ga mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi rikitarwa. A bisa wannan imani, magara yana haifar da haɗi tsakanin dukkan halittu masu rai. Ƙari ga haka, sun gaskata cewa dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin rayukan matattu da masu rai.
• Neopagans: A cewar masu ra'ayin neopagan, waɗanda suka bayyana imaninsu a matsayin mai rai, allahn ƙaho da allahn uwa suna tare a cikin kowane abu.
• Pantheism: Ga masu bin tafarkin pantheists, komai yana daidaitawa da wanzuwa, duka abin bautawa na masu tauhidi da dabi’a da talikai, duk abin da suke yi a matsayin abu daya ne.

Animism: Ma'anar Edward Tylor

Masanin ilimin dan adam mai suna Edward Tylor ne ya kirkiro ra'ayin animism a cikin littafinsa "Primitive Culture", wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1871. Don haka, zamu dan yi sharhi kadan game da tashin hankali da ma'anarsa bisa ga wannan mutumin. A cikin littafinsa, Edward Tylor ya bayyana wannan ra'ayi a matsayin gabaɗayan koyaswar rayuka da sauran ruhi. A cewarsa, wannan ra'ayi kusan ko da yaushe ya hada da ra'ayin shiga cikin nufin yanayi da kuma rayuwa kanta. Bugu da ƙari, yana nuna imani cewa duk abubuwan da ba na ɗan adam ba suna da rayuka kuma.

Labari mai dangantaka:

menene addini

Daga mahangar Tylor, Animism shine nau'in addini na farko da ya wanzu. Daga gare shi, a cikin tsarin juyin halitta na dukkanin addinai, matakai daban-daban sun shude kuma yana da yakinin cewa, a ƙarshe, bil'adama zai ƙare gaba daya ƙin yarda da addini, yana ba da damar fahimtar kimiyya. Don haka, wannan masanin ilimin ɗan adam yana ganin cewa ƙin jini a zahiri kuskure ne wanda addinai suka taso. Ko da yake gaskiya ne cewa bai yi tunanin cewa wannan imani ba ta da hankali, amma ya gaskata cewa ta samo asali ne daga wahayi da mafarkai na ’yan adam na farko. Saboda haka, tsarin ne na hankali.

Da farko, Edward Tylor ya so ya kira wannan ra'ayi "ruhaniya". Duk da haka, ya gane cewa zai iya zama quite m, tun da wannan halin yanzu, ko da yake na zamani, ya riga ya wanzu a kasashen yammacin Turai. Don haka ya zaɓi kalmar “animism”, wanda aka yi masa wahayi daga rubuce-rubucen Georg Ernst Stahl, marubucin kimiyya daga Jamus. A cikin shekara ta 1708, wannan Jamusanci ya haɓaka tashin hankali a matsayin ka'idar nazarin halittu. A cewarsa, mahimmancin ka'idar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar rayuka da abubuwan da ba su da kyau da suka shafi cututtuka da abubuwan da suka saba rayuwa. suna iya samun dalilai na ruhaniya.

Gaba ɗaya Halayen Animism

A matakin gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar tashin hankali shine imani da karfi mai mahimmanci kuma mai mahimmanci wanda ke cikin dukkan halittu masu rai. Bugu da ƙari, ya kare cewa akwai dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin duniyar masu rai da duniyar matattu. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura cewa yana goyon bayan wanzuwar alloli da yawa waɗanda zai yiwu a yi hulɗa tare da su.

Ba kamar addinan da ake ɗauka na annabci ba, tushen tashin hankali ba za a iya fayyace shi ta zahiri ba. Tare da shamanism, Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin imani. A gaskiya ma, tsohon addinin Masar an kafa ta ne a kan raye-raye. Bari mu ga menene gabaɗayan halayen wannan ra'ayi:

• Yana yiwuwa a yi hulɗa tare da yanayi da ruhohi kai tsaye.
• Rai yana da ikon barin jiki a lokacin trance, abu, na halitta, tunani ko tafiyar matakai na mafarki.
• Akwai ruhohin da ke zaune a ruhin mutane ko ruhohin wasu halittu.
• Ana yin hadayu ko hadayu tare da halin kaffara.
• Mu duka bangare ne na gaba daya.
• Duk masu kyau da masu kyau koyaushe suna yin nasara.
• Koyaushe a buɗe don sababbin tunani da ra'ayoyi.
• Dole ne mu sanya fahimta, ilimi, tawali'u da mutuntawa a gaba, kuma a koyaushe mu raba.
• Rayuwa ba ta ƙare bayan mutuwa, amma ta ci gaba.
• An gane kasancewar alloli, halittu da ruhohi iri-iri.
• Akwai tsarkaka da suke cika aikinsu na matsakanci: Bokaye, matsakanci, matsafa, matsafa, da sauransu.
• Fusion na ra'ayoyi: lokaci + lokuta, abu + alama, da + yanzu + nan gaba, mutum + al'umma, da sauransu.
• Hankali da haɗin duniya: Komai yana da hankali kuma yana raye.
• Ana cajin komai da makamashi kuma ya ƙare yana tasiri.
• Ana amfani da tsire-tsire da abubuwa na halitta don takunkumi, koyo da bayyana abubuwa.
• Ko da yake komai na iya yin tasiri, yanke shawara ta ƙarshe ita ce tamu.

Yanzu kun san menene animism da ma'anarsa. Amma babbar tambaya ita ce: shin kun dauki kanku a matsayin masu son rai?