A cikin sashe na gaba koyo game da abin da ba ya misaltuwa dabbobi masu rarrafe da kuma cewa suna da takamaiman ci gaban rayuwa da bambanta da sauran halittu na duniyar dabbobi.
Asalin dabbobi masu rarrafe- manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe ko rarrafe
Don gano dalilin da ke haifar da dabbobi masu rarrafe, ya zama dole a yi ishara da farkon kwai mai ruwa, tun da ya taso a cikin wannan taron na halittu, ya ba wa na farko inshorar ruwa da ba shi damar yantar da kansa daga yanayin teku, su ne. shima wani bangare na dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Babban amniotes sun taso ne daga Cotylosaurs, wanda ya tashi musamman a cikin taron kasa da halittun ruwa, a cikin tsarin Carboniferous, wani mataki mai ban sha'awa ga tarihi.
Wadannan amniotes sun bazu zuwa rukuni biyu bisa ga halaye daban-daban na kwanyarsu: synapsids (daga cikinsu an samo dabbobi masu dumi) da sauropsids (wani rukuni wanda sauran amniotes suka samo asali, watau, dabbobi masu rarrafe).
A cikin wannan taron na ƙarshe kuma an sami rarrabuwa mai mahimmanci: Anapsids, waɗanda ke ƙara samfuran kunkuru, da Diapsids, alal misali, fitattun macizai da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, suna sha'awar yadda Dabbobin Afirka.
Halayen dabbobi masu rarrafe ko rarrafe
Ba tare da la'akari da sifar jiki a kowane nau'in dabba mai rarrafe ba, kowane ɗayan yana iya amfani da ayyuka daban-daban don motsawa ta hanyar maciji a ƙasa, ana iya jera babban taƙaitaccen halayen da suke rabawa juna. Daga cikin su, aggregates suna samuwa:
Haɗuwa da mutane (tetrapods) da ƙananan, duk da cewa, a cikin takamaiman tarurruka, alal misali, macizai na iya zama da nisa, amma har yanzu dabbobi ne masu rarrafe..
Tsarin jini da hankali sun fi inganta fiye da halittun kasa da na ruwa. Halittun ectothermic ne, wato, ba za su iya sarrafa zafinsu ba. Gabaɗaya, suna da wutsiya mai elongated kuma dabbobi ne masu rarrafe.
Suna da ma'auni na epidermal, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ko kuma su ci gaba da tasowa a tsawon rayuwarsu. Ƙarfin jaws tare da ko ba tare da hakora ba. Suna shaka ta huhunsu duk da cewa wasu nau'ikan macizai na shaka ta fatar jikinsu.
Misalai na Dabbobi Masu Rarrafe ko Rarrafe
Akwai halittu da yawa da suke motsawa ta hanyar rarrafe, misali, macizai, waɗanda ba su da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. A kowane hali, akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda, duk da cewa suna da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ana iya ganin su a matsayin masu rarrafe tunda saman jikinsu yana jan ƙasa a lokacin ƙaura.
Makaho Adder - Leptotyphlops melanothermus
An bayyana shi a matsayin ƙanƙanta, ba shi da gabobin da ke fitar da dafin, kuma yana zaune a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yawanci ya mamaye wuraren kula da yara na gidaje da yawa. Yana yin ƙwai, yana mai da shi halittar oviparous.
Game da tsarin abinci mai gina jiki, tsarin ciyarwarsa ya dogara da gaske akan ƙananan halittu marasa kashin baya, watau, wasu nau'ikan masu sukar ban tsoro.
Tsige maciji - Philodryas psammophidea
Har ila yau ana kiransa macijin yashi, yana da jiki mai laushi da tsayi kuma yana da tsayin mita daya. A ko'ina cikin jiki yana gabatar da wasu gungu na tsayin daka na inuwa mara kyau a cikin sashin dorsal da haske a cikin bandeji na ventral.
Ana iya samun shi sosai a bushes da dazuzzuka, inda yake amfana daga dabbobi masu rarrafe daban-daban. Yana da oviparous kuma yana da hakora masu guba a bayan bakinsa (hakoran opithoglyphic).
Rattlesnake na wurare masu zafi -Crotalus durissus terrificus
Mummunan maciji ko lu'u-lu'u na kudancin kudanci an kwatanta shi da girman girmansa da launin rawaya ko ocher a jikinsa, daga dabbobin da ke rarrafe ne.
Ana samunsa a busasshiyar wuri, misali savannas, inda ta fi yin farauta akan ƙananan halittu (wasu rodents, dabbobi masu ɗumi). Wannan halitta mai rarrafe tana da viviparous kuma tana sakin abubuwa masu cutarwa.
Green lizard -Teius teyou
Wani yanayi na halittu masu rarrafe shi ne kore mai rarrafe, halitta mai matsakaicin girma da ke jan hankali domin tana da sautunan kore na ban mamaki a jikinsa da kuma doguwar wutsiya. Ko da yake ya kamata a lura cewa namiji yana da ɗan ƙaramin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi yayin matakin yaduwa.
Yankinta na iya canzawa, ana samun shi a cikin gandun daji da filayen, alal misali. Abincinsu na yau da kullun yana dogara ne akan halittu marasa kashin baya (ƙananan masu zazzagewa) kuma dangane da yaɗuwar su, halittun oviparous ne.
Skink Skink - Eumeces skiltonianus
Karama ce mai rarrafe mai gajeriyar kayan aiki da jiki mai rauni. Yana da sautuna maras ban sha'awa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu sauƙi a cikin gundumar dorsal. Ana iya samun shi da kyau a cikin ciyayi masu ciyayi, masu ƙazanta da kuma wuraren da suke da itace, inda suke amfana daga halittu marasa kashin baya, misali wasu arachnids da kwari. Amma game da ninkawa, an zaɓi lokacin bazara da lokacin rani don mating.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙaho - Phrynosoma coronatum
Wannan halitta mai zazzagewa galibi tana da launin toka kuma an kwatanta ta da yankin kai mai ƙaho da jiki wanda ke da kashin baya da yawa kuma yana cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe..
Jikin yana da faɗi amma santsi kuma yana da gajerun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don motsi. Yana zaune a busassun wurare da buɗaɗɗe, inda yake amfana daga kwari, misali, tururuwa. Faɗin sararin samaniya na Maris da Mayu sune waɗanda aka tattara don kammala zuriya.
Coral - Micrurus pyrrhocryptus
Wannan samfurin yana da tsawo da haske mai rarrafe, wanda ba shi da wani yanki na kai daga sauran jiki. Yana da inuwa na musamman, yana nuna zoben duhu a jikin sa waɗanda aka gauraye da farare guda biyu.
Yakan yi galaba a cikin dazuzzuka ko dazuzzuka, inda yake amfana da kadangaru daban-daban, misali, wasu kananan masu rarrafe. Yana da oviparous kuma yana da guba sosai.
Kunkuru gama gari - Chelonoidis chilensis
Wannan kunkuru na ƙasa ana wakilta shi da cewa yana da ƙaton harsashi mai tsayi, mai inuwa. Yana zaune ne a wuraren da kayan lambu da kayan marmari suka fi yawa, tun da yake yawanci ƙaƙƙarfan ganye ne, kama da lissafin dabbobin gona
A kowane hali, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yana amfana daga wasu ƙasusuwa da nama. Halittar oviparous ne kuma ana sa ran za a gano shi a matsayin abin sada zumunci a wasu gidaje, kasancewar daya daga cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe..
Legless Lizard - Anniella pulchra
Ɗaya daga cikin halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suke rarrafe don motsawa shine dabbobi masu rarrafe marasa ƙafa. Yana da wurin cephalic wanda ba a iya gane shi daga sauran jikin kuma ya ƙare a wuri.
Yana buƙatar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don haɓakawa kuma yana da ma'auni masu haske sosai tare da jiki, wanda aka nuna shi da launin toka mai launin toka mai duhun gefe da kuma gut amber.
Green maciji - Philodryas patagoniensis
Kamar yadda sunan da aka saba nunawa, yawanci yana da sautunan kore, amma tare da sautuna masu duhu a kusa da ma'aunin sa. Ana kuma kiransa da macijin macizai tun da yakan yi galaba a wuraren da ba a bude ba, misali, wasu itatuwa ko gonaki, inda yake amfana da halittu daban-daban (kananan kashin baya, halittu masu fuka-fukai da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da sauransu).
Sauran dabbobin da suke rarrafe ko rarrafe
Jerin dabbobi masu rarrafe yana da yawa duk da cewa, kamar yadda aka ambata a wuraren da suka gabata, ba waɗannan halittu ba ne kawai suke yunƙurin motsi. Wannan shi ne yanayin katantanwa ko mai rarrafe na dare na Rum, wanda ke samun nika tsakanin jikinsa da samansa har sai ya kai ga cikakken gudu. A cikin wannan yanki zaku iya samun halittu daban-daban waɗanda suke zamewa don motsawa:
iguana
Iguanas dabbobi ne masu rarrafe masu rarrafe masu kiba tare da kiba fata akan makogwaronsu da kashin bayansu da ke fitowa daga kawunansu, wuyansu, baya, da wutsiya. Iguanas na iya rayuwa daga shekaru 16 zuwa 20.
Koren iguana ya kai mita 1,5 zuwa 2 a tsayi, yayin da igiyar spiny tana tasowa daga 12,5 zuwa 100 centimeters a tsayi. Iguana mafi nauyi shine blue iguana, wanda zai iya yin nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 14.
Ba su da ɗan adam, wannan yana nuna cewa zafin jiki na waje shine abin da ke sa su dumi, tun da ba su da damar sarrafa zafi na ciki da nasu. Ana samun waɗannan masu rarrafe a Mexico, Amurka ta tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, tsibiran Galapagos, a wani yanki na tsibiran Caribbean, Fiji da Madagascar.
Chameleon
Daga dangin Chamaeleonidae, su ne Old World creepers, ainihin arboreal, sanannun ikon canza sautin jikinsu, mai ban sha'awa kamar matasan dabbobi.
Halaye daban-daban na hawainiya sune ƙafafun zygodactylinear (yatsun da aka haɗe su a cikin juzu'i na biyu da uku), hakora acrodonnate (tare da hakora a haɗe zuwa gefen jaw).
Har ila yau, abubuwan da ke tattare da hawainiya su ne idanunsu masu motsi da walwala, da matattun gabobi masu haifar da guba mara lahani, da kuma kunkuntar harshe mai tsayi da ya kebanta da jikinsu.
Komodo dragon
Ita ce mafi girman nau'in lizard kuma yana da wuri tare da dangin Varanidae. Yana da yanki na tsibirin Komodo da wasu maƙwabtan rafuka na ƙananan tsibiran Sunda a Indonesia.
Ƙaunar girman mai raɗaɗi da rashin tausayi ya ba da damar wannan nau'in da ke cikin haɗari ya zama abin sha'awa ga yawon shakatawa, wanda ya inganta amincinsa.
Iyalan manya suna ciyar da ƙananan mutane na nau'in jinsinsu kuma, a wasu lokuta, akan manya daban-daban. Suna iya gudu da sauri kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci hari da aiwatar da ayyukan da ke yin barazana ga amincin jikin mutum.
Giant Tortoise na tsibirin Galapagos
Wataƙila ita ce mafi shaharar jinsuna a Galapagos. Maganar gaskiya, sunan Galapagos ya fito ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Mutanen Espanya "sidiri", yana nuni da yanayin wasu harsashi na nau'ikan kunkuru masu ban tsoro.
A yau, wannan kunkuru ya sami damar wakiltar bambancin rayuwa da jin daɗin rayuwa a tsibirin Galapagos. Halittun sun yi yawo a wani yanki mai mahimmanci na duniya kafin shigowar Homo sapiens.
A yau, ana samun su ne kawai akan ƙungiyoyin tsibiri guda biyu a cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da Galapagos Archipelago, Seychelles, da Tsibiran Mascarene.
Galapagos Marine Iguana
Marine iguana wani sanannen nau'in Galapagos ne. Wannan mai rarrafe na kowa shine mahimmin ƙaƙƙarfan teku kuma ana iya samun shi a kan gaɓar rairayin bakin teku a kan yawancin tsibirai.
Iguana na ruwa ya dace don yawo zuwa teku don neman abinci, abin sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wanda ke ba shi damar samun wadataccen tushen abinci akai-akai.
Tsarin abincin su ya dogara da koren girma da ke tasowa akan duwatsu har ma da ƙananan kifin. An ga manyan mutane suna tsalle zuwa zurfin ƙafa arba'in kuma suna cikin nutsewa har na tsawon mintuna 60.
Anaconda
Daga cikin nau'in Eunectes, yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan macizai masu raɗaɗi, masu son ruwa da ake samu a wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amirka. The kore constrictor (Eunectes murinus), wanda kuma ake kira Goliath constrictor, brincho ko ruwa kamudi.
Koren zaitun boa ne wanda ke musanya tabo masu duhu. Maƙarƙashiyar rawaya ko kudanci (E. notaeus) ya fi ƙanƙanta.
Masu rarrafe koren suna rayuwa a ko'ina cikin ruwan zafi na gabas da Andes da kuma tsibirin Trinidad na Caribbean. Koren constrictor shine mafi girman maciji a duniya. Wannan constrictor na iya ƙididdige tsawon fiye da mita 10.
Boa
Boa shine sunan al'ada na nau'ikan macizai marasa dafi. Akwai nau'ikan boas sama da 40. Bugu da ƙari, boa kuma na iya komawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin macizai guda biyu: Mascarenas, ko ƙananan boas (ƙasa da itace na dangin Tropidophiidae).
Mutanen gidan Boinae suna gudu daga tsayin mita 1 (3,3 ft) a cikin wasu nau'ikan har zuwa mita da yawa. Ko da yake waɗannan macizai lokaci-lokaci suna wuce mita 3,3 (ƙafa 11) tsayi, wasu sun kai tsayin sama da mita 5.
gamsheka
Cobra na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan macizai masu kisa na musamman, galibinsu waɗanda ke tsiro haƙarƙari daga wuyansu don yin hula. Ko da yake kaho yana da al'ada ga cobras, ba duka suna da alaƙa da alaƙa ba.
Ana samun Cobras daga kudancin Afirka ta kudancin Asiya zuwa tsibiran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Jinsi daban-daban sune mafi kyawun zaɓi ga masu farautar maciji.
Maciji
Yana da wuri tare da dangin Viperidae. Yana yiwuwa cewa shi ne wani daga cikin fiye da 200 iri macizai masu guba da ke da wuri tare da tarurruka biyu: ramin rami (Crotalinae subfamily) da kuma tsohon duniya vipers (Viperinae subfamily), wanda wasu kwararru la'akari ware iyalai.
Suna cin ƙananan halittu suna kora su buge su suna lalata ganimarsu. Ana wakilta macijin Garter da wasu dogayen hakora masu cike da dafin da ke manne da kasusuwan muƙamuƙi na sama (maxillae), waɗanda ke komawa cikin baki lokacin da ba a amfani da su.
fata
Daga dangin Scincidae, yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe guda 1.275. Skinks su ne ƴan ƙasa masu ban mamaki, ko burrowers, da ake samu a mafi yawan duniya, amma sun bambanta musamman a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da tsibiran da ke da alaƙa, hamadar Ostiraliya, da yankunan da ke da zafi na Arewacin Amirka.
Mafi girman nau'ikan fatun sun kai tsayin kusan inci 30 (76 cm), duk da haka yawancin nau'ikan ba su wuce inci 8 (20 cm) tsayi ba. Wasu nau'ikan fatar jiki na iya samun halaye, misali raguwa ko ɓacewar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da ƙwanƙwaran kunnuwa.
Kafafu Biyu Lizard
Watakila nau'in dabba ne da ke da yawa gabaɗaya, duk da haka, baƙar fata ce da ake samun ta lokaci-lokaci a wasu sassan duniya. Wani mai bincike Papenfuss ya tattara misalai 2.719 a wani bincike mai zurfi na nau’in da ya jagoranta a shekarar 1982.
kunkuru damisa
Ita ce nau'in kunkuru mafi girma a kudancin Afirka. Ita ce nau'in iyaye na nau'in Stigmochelys kuma sau da yawa ana kiyaye shi azaman halitta na gida saboda ikonsa na daidaitawa da ɗaurin kurkuku, inda ake haifar da irin waɗannan halittu yadda ya kamata.
Gecko
Gecko shine kowane nau'i mai rarrafe na dangin Gekkonidae, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan 100 da kusan iri 1000. Su ne, galibi, ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe na dare masu ƙayatattun fatu masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke ƙawata idanun waɗanda ke sha'awarsu don kyawunsu da launukansu.
Suna kuma da gajeriyar jiki, gyale, katon kai, kuma galibi suna da gabobin jiki. Yawancin nau'ikan suna tsakanin tsayin 3 zuwa 15 cm, gami da tsayin wutsiya.
Phrynocephalus ko Larabawa agama
Ana kuma kiran waɗannan halittun Tsohuwar Hawainiya saboda iyawar da suke da ita na canza sautin jikinsu. Yawancin lokaci suna da fa'ida, mai ƙarfi, matakin jiki kuma, na ɗan lokaci, wutsiya mai laushi da aka saita a gindi.
ka taba yin mamaki me ake nufi da creep?, Tsantsan tsarin wannan dabba yana ba ta damar yin wannan aikin ba tare da wata damuwa ba, yana daga cikin dabi'unsa ga maciji.
