Albatrosses: Menene su?, Halaye, Habitat da ƙari ▷➡️ Postposmo

Tabbas kun san wanzuwar tsuntsayen teku, irin su pelican kuma kuna tsammanin duk suna da kyau sosai, amma yayin da ake gudanar da binciken kimiyya a kansu, ana ci gaba da gano abubuwa masu ban sha'awa kuma a yau labarin namu zai mai da hankali kan Albatross. kuma a cikin dukkan bayanan da muka iya gano game da ita.

Albatross

Albatross (Diomedeidae) wani yanki ne na jinsunan tsuntsayen teku waɗanda suke da girma da yawa don zama tsuntsaye masu tashi. Diomedeidae, tare da pelicaboides, hidrobaticos da proceláridos, suna cikin tsari na Procellariiformes.

Ana rarraba Albatrosses a cikin kusan dukkanin yankin da ya mamaye Tekun Antarctic, a cikin Tekun Pasifik da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, ta yadda yanayin muhallinsu ya yi yawa.

An rarraba wannan tsuntsu a cikin jerin tsuntsaye masu tashi waɗanda suke da mafi girman girman ma'auni. Manyan albatrosses (na jinsin Diomedea) suna da mafi girman tazarar fikafikai, wanda ya fi kowane nau'in halittun da ke wanzuwa a yau. Yawanci ana rarraba su zuwa nau'i hudu, amma babu yarjejeniya tsakanin masana kimiyya game da adadin nau'in da ya kunsa.

Albatrosses suna da alaƙa da kasancewa tsuntsaye masu jigilar kansu da kyau ta cikin iska kuma, yin amfani da su, suna da ikon yin amfani da fasahar jirgin da ake kira dynamic gliding don amfani da su, wanda ke ba su damar yin tafiya mai nisa tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙoƙari.

Abincinsu ya ƙunshi wasu kifi, squid da krill, ko dai saboda suna tattara matattun dabbobi ko farautar abincinsu idan sun sami ganimarsu a raye a saman ruwa ko kuma nesa da shi, saboda suma suna iya nutsewa cikin ruwa. ruwa da nutsewa.

Dangane da yanayin zamantakewar su, tsuntsaye ne masu girman kai, don haka suna zaune ne a cikin yankunan da suke mulkin mallaka, kuma suna da dabi'ar yin sheka a tsibiran da ke nesa da teku, kuma ya saba raba wurin kiwo da sauran nau'ikan. Dabbobi guda ɗaya ne, don haka suna rayuwa bi-biyu a duk rayuwarsu.

Akwai nau'ikan ashirin da biyu na Ibinatross da Ibatross da Ibatross da Ibatross, wanda shine ƙungiyoyin kasa da kasa don kiyayewa, jinsunan sa a cikin hatsarin haɗakar da hatsari da hatsarin hadarin .

Ilimin Zamani

A cikin yaren Mutanen Espanya ana kiran su albatrosses, kuma suna ne da aka saba amfani da shi wajen zayyana duk tsuntsayen da suke cikin dangin Diomedeidae, amma kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ingilishi albatross. Kalmar Portuguese alcatraz, waɗanda sune tsuntsaye masu suna iri ɗaya kuma godiya ga wanda shahararren gidan yarin Arewacin Amirka ya yi baftisma.

Amma abubuwan da aka samo asali ba su tsaya nan ba, domin kalmar gannet ta fito ne daga larabci al-câdous ko al-ġaţţās, wanda Larabawa suka sanya wani ƙugiya da shi kuma a zahiri yana nufin nutsewa. Kamus na Turanci na Oxford ya bayyana cewa an fara amfani da sunan gannet ga tsuntsayen da ake kira frigatebirds.

Ana ci gaba da gyare-gyaren harshe har sai an kai ga kalmar albatross, mai yiyuwa ne sakamakon amfani da kalmar albus, wanda shine Latinism wanda a zahiri yake nufin fari, wanda kuma aka yi amfani da shi wajen zayyana albatrosses kuma ya bambanta da launin frigatebirds, waɗanda baƙar fata ne. .

Sunan jinsin Diomedea, wanda Linnaeus ya yi amfani da shi don ba da suna albatross, yana nuni da metamorphosis zuwa tsuntsayen da waɗanda suka raka jarumin tatsuniyar Giriki Diomedes suka sha wahala. Sunan tsari Procellariiformes ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin procella, wanda a zahiri yana nufin iska ko hadari.

Taxonomy da Juyin Halitta

Iyalin Diomedeidae sun haɗa da tsakanin nau'ikan 13 zuwa 24, wannan ya kasance saboda yawan nau'in nau'in da ke tattare da shi har yanzu shine batun muhawara a yau, kuma sun kasu kashi hudu: Diomedea (babban albatross), Thalassarche, Phoebastria (babban albatross). North Pacific) da Phoebetria (sooty albatross).

A cikin waɗannan azuzuwan huɗu, masana kimiyya suna tunanin cewa Arewacin Pacific haraji ne mai alaƙa da babban albatross, yayin da waɗanda ke ajin Phoebetria sun fi kusa da ajin Thalassarche.

Matsayinta na haraji ya zama sanadin tattaunawa mai yawa. Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy yana sanya tsuntsayen teku, tsuntsayen ganima, da sauransu a cikin tsari mai zurfi na Ciconiformes, amma kungiyoyi daban-daban na ornithological a New Zealand, Australia, Afirka ta Kudu, Turai, da Arewacin Amirka suna kula da cewa suna cikin tsarin gargajiya na Ciconiformes. Procellariiformes.

Albatrosses sun bambanta da sauran mambobi na tsari na Procellariiformes a cikin nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta da na halitta, musamman girmansu, siffar ƙafafunsu, da wurin da hancinsu yake.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9xaDdzziI

Daga cikin masana kimiya suka yi amfani da takara don rarrabe jinsuna, da ƙirar ƙirar, da Genera sun yi amfani da hanyar rarrabe ta tsawon shekaru ɗari. An fara sanya Albatrosses a cikin jinsi guda, Diomedea, amma a cikin 1852 masanin kimiyya Reichenbach ya rarraba su zuwa nau'i hudu daban-daban, yana ci gaba da tattarawa da rarraba nau'in sau da yawa.

A cikin wannan tsari na gyare-gyare, an gano nau'o'i daban-daban guda 12 tare da sunayensu a cikin 1965, wanda shine azuzuwan Diomedea, Phoebastria, Thalassarche, Phoebetria, Thalassageron, Diomedella, Nealbatrus, Rhothonia, Julietata, Galapagornis, Laysanornis da Penthirenia.

Amma kuma a cikin shekara ta 1965, an yi ƙoƙari na ba da odar rarrabawa, inda aka haɗa su zuwa nau'i biyu, Phoebetria, wanda shine duhu albatrosses, wanda a farkon kallo ya fi kama da procellariids, wanda aka yarda da su a matsayin na farko. dabbobi, da Diomedea, wadanda su ne sauran albatrosses.

Wannan sabon rabe-rabe an yi shi ne domin a sauƙaƙa dangin albatross, musamman game da sunayen sunayensa, tun da yake an dogara ne akan nazarin yanayin halittar da Elliott Coues ya yi a 1866, amma ba a kula da shi ba.Nazarin da ya gabata, har ma da watsi da shawarwari da yawa. ta Coues kansa.

Sabbin binciken, wanda mai bincike Gary Nunn ya gudanar a shekarar 1996, wanda ke cikin gidan tarihin tarihi na Amurka, da sauran masana kimiyya a duniya, sun yi nazarin DNA na mitochondria na nau'ikan 14 da aka yarda da su a lokacin. , kuma ya gano cewa aji hudu ne, ba biyu ba.

Sun gano cewa akwai ƙungiyoyin monophyletic a cikin dangin albatross. Don haka ne kuma domin a yi rarrabuwar kawuna, malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa a sake amfani da sunaye guda biyu da a baya aka yi amfani da su wajen zayyana halittar wadannan tsuntsaye.

A ƙarshe an cimma matsaya, ta hanyar amfani da sunan Phoebastria don zayyana albatrosses da ke zaune a Arewacin Pacific; da Thalassarche, suna kiyaye sunayen Diomedea, don manyan albatrosses, da kuma sooty albatrosses an sanya su a cikin Phoebetria ajin.

Shirin Nunn ya samu karbuwa daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka raba albatrosses zuwa nau'i hudu, kuma yawancin masana kimiyya sun yarda da gyaran.

Amma, kodayake da alama akwai yarjejeniya game da wanzuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan albatross guda huɗu, inda babu yarjejeniya dangane da adadin nau'ikan da ake da su. Abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan shi ne cewa, a tarihi, masu bincike daban-daban sun bayyana har zuwa 80 daban-daban haraji; amma an tabbatar da cewa babban ɓangare na waɗannan harajin ya samo asali ne daga kuskuren tantance samfuran yara.

Dangane da abin da aka yanke dangane da ma'anar Genera ko azuzuwan, Robertsson kuma Nunn ya sami tsari na haraji a 1998 wanda ya hada da 24 daban-daban, wanda ya karɓi daga 14 daban-daban. Wannan lokacin.

Wannan shawarar maimaitawa ta tashe takaddun yawan haraji zuwa matsayin matsayin, amma an yi wa kowane irin bita da sauran masana kimiyya, waɗanda suka ji cewa rarrabuwar kawunan ba su barata ba.

Bincike tun lokacin ya tabbatar da wasu lokuta, amma kuma ya saba wa wasu a cikin nazarin haraji na Robertson da Nunn; misali, bincike na 2004, bisa nazarin DNA na mitochondrial, ya iya tabbatar da hasashen cewa Antipodean albatross (Diomedea antipodensis) da Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) sun bambanta da albatross mai yawo (Diomedea exulans), a cewar Robertson kuma Nun.

Amma kuma ya nuna cewa hasashen da Robertson da Nunn suka bayar dangane da albatross na Gibson (Diomedea gibsoni) ba daidai ba ne, domin bai bambanta da albatross na Antipodean ba.

Kungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da IUCN, da masana kimiyya daban-daban sun yarda da rabe-raben haraji na wucin gadi na nau'ikan nau'ikan 22, kodayake har yanzu babu wani ra'ayi ɗaya na kimiyya game da lamarin.

A cikin 2004, masu bincike Penhallurick da Wink sun yi wani binciken da ya ba da shawarar rage yawan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in 13 sun haɗu da haɗin gwiwar Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) tare da albatross mai yawo,amma wannan shawarar ta kasance mai rikici sosai ga sauran jama'ar kimiyya. Abin da masu binciken suka amince a kai shi ne, akwai bukatar gudanar da nazarce-nazarce domin rarraba wannan batu.

Nazarin kwayoyin Sibley da Ahlquist, dangane da iyalan tsuntsaye, ya sanya juyin halittar Procellariiformes, don dacewa da yanayin su a cikin lokacin Oligocene, kimanin tsakanin shekaru 35 zuwa 30 da suka wuce, ko da yake yana yiwuwa wannan rukuni ya kasance. na tsuntsaye da aka haife kadan kafin waɗannan kwanakin.

An cimma wannan matsaya lokacin da aka gano wani tsuntsun burbushin halittu, wanda wasu masana kimiyya suka rarraba a matsayin na Procellariiformes. Musamman, tsuntsun teku ne wanda aka danganta sunan Tytthostonyx, wanda aka gano a cikin duwatsu daga zamanin Cretaceous, wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata.

Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya tabbatar da cewa guguwa-petrels sune farkon wadanda suka rabu daga tsattsauran ra'ayi, daga baya kuma albatrosses, tare da procellariids da pelecanoids, wadanda suka rabu daga baya.

An samo burbushin albatross mafi tsufa a cikin duwatsu tun daga Eocene zuwa matakan Oligocene, kodayake wasu samfuran suna da alaƙa da dangin kuma babu ɗayansu da ya yi kama da nau'in yau.

Kasusuwan da aka gano na cikin jinsin Murunkus ne (Tsakiya Eocene na Uzbekistan), Manu (Farkon Oligocene na New Zealand), da wani nau'i da ba a bayyana ba daga Late Oligocene na South Carolina. Kama da na karshen zai zama Tydea, daga Early Oligocene (Rupelian) na Belgium.

Kasusuwan da aka gano na jinsin Plotornis ne, wadanda a baya aka fi sani da petrels, daga baya an sanya su a matsayin albatrosses, amma wannan rarrabuwar yanzu yana cikin shakku. Sun kasance a cikin magungunan miocenen Faransa, wanda ya kasance lokacin da rarrabuwar ta huɗu na Genera wanda ke wanzu a halin yanzu.

An cimma wannan matsaya bayan lura da burbushin Phoebastria californica da Diomedea milleri, wanda ke tsakiyar Miocene na Sharktooth Hill, California. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa rarrabuwar tsakanin manyan albatrosses da albatrosses na Arewacin Pacific ya faru ne shekaru miliyan 15 da suka wuce. Irin wannan burbushin da aka samu a Kudancin Hemisphere sun sami damar kwanan wata rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ajin Thalassarche da na Phoebetria zuwa shekaru miliyan 10 da suka wuce.

Rubutun burbushin binciken da aka gano a Arewacin Hemisphere ya zama cikakke fiye da na Kudancin Kudancin, kuma an sami nau'ikan burbushin albatrosses da yawa a yankin Arewacin Atlantic, wurin da waɗannan tsuntsaye ba sa rayuwa a yau.

An gano ragowar wani yanki na albatrosses masu gajeren wutsiya a tsibirin da ke cikin Bermuda. Yawancin burbushin Arewacin Atlantika sun kasance na asalin Phoebastria, albatrosses na Arewacin Pacific. Daya daga cikinsu, Phoebastria anglica, an same shi a gadajen burbushin halittu dake Arewacin Carolina da Ingila.

Dabbobi

Duk da muhawarar, a yau rabon dangin Diomedeidae zuwa nau'o'i hudu ko jinsin al'ummar kimiyya sun yarda da su cikin lumana, duk da cewa yawan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i-nau') yarda da shi. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN) da Birdlife International, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyi, sun amince da haraji na wucin gadi na nau'in 22 na zamani.

A nasu bangaren, wasu hukumomi sun amince da wanzuwar nau'ikan gargajiya guda 14 kuma tsarin haraji na Clements ya nuna cewa akwai 13 kawai.

A ƙasa za mu jera nau'ikan da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN) ta amince da wanzuwarsu:

Diomedea yana farin ciki (wandering albatross)

Genus Diomedea

exulans (wandering albatross)
(exulans) antipodensis (antipodean albatross)
(exulans) amsterdamensis (Amsterdam Albatross)
(exulans) dabbenena (Tristan Albatross)
epomophora (royal albatross)
(epomophora) sanfordi (northern royal albatross)

Halin Phoebastria

irrorata (Galapagos albatross)
albatross (gajeren wutsiya)
nigripes (albatross baƙar fata)
Immutabilis (Laysan Albatross)

Genus Thalassarche

melanophrys (haggard albatross)
(melanophrys) impavida (Campbell's Albatross)
cauta (farin kambi albatross)
(mai hankali) steadi (Auckland Albatross)
(Cutious) hermit (Chatham albatross)
(cauta) salvini (Albatross Salvin ko farar gaban albatross)
chrysostoma (albatross mai launin toka)
chlororhynchos ( siriri-billed albatross ko chlororhyncho albatross)
(chlororhynchos) carteri (albatross mai launin rawaya)
bulleri (Buller's albatross ko launin toka albatross)

Sunan mahaifi Phoebetria

fusca (dark albatross)
palpebrata (suty albatross).

Azuzuwan ko nau'in jinsin Thalassarche da Phoebastria wani lokaci ana sanya su a cikin jinsin Diomedea, wanda shine dalilin da yasa zamu iya gano cewa ana kiran su da sunan Diomedea melanophrys, maimakon samun sunan Thalassarche melanophrys.

ilmin halitta

Dangane da ilimin halittun albatrosses, akwai abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka shafi siffarsu da yadda suke tashi, da kuma yanayin muhallinsu, hanyar ciyarwa da haifuwa kuma za mu bi da kowannensu musamman.

Ilimin Halitta da Jirgin Sama

Albatrosses rukuni ne na tsuntsaye waɗanda girmansu ya bambanta daga manya zuwa manyan fikafikai, ya danganta da aji ko nau'in da muke kallo. Daga mahangar kimiyya, su ne tsuntsaye mafi girma a cikin dangin Procellariiformes.

Lissafinsa yana da ƙarfi, babba, kuma yana nunawa, tare da muƙamuƙi na sama wanda ke ƙarewa cikin babban ƙugiya. Bakin yana da faranti da dama da ake kira ranphothecae, kuma a gefen kuton yana da hanci guda biyu masu siffa kamar bututu, ta inda suke cire gishirin, dalilin da ya sa aka sanya musu sunan tsohon. na tsari Procellariformes cewa Tubinaires ne.

Tubular hanci biyu na albatrosses ana sanya su a gefen biyu na baki, sabanin sauran Procellariiformes, wanda bututun suna cikin ɓangaren sama kawai. Waɗancan bututun suna ba da damar albatrosses su sami kyakkyawan yanayin ƙamshi, wani abu da ba a saba gani ba a tsakanin tsuntsaye.

Kamar sauran nau'o'in Procellariiformes, suna amfani da kyakkyawan jin daɗin su don nemo abin da za su iya ci. Albatrosses, kamar yadda yake tare da sauran Procellariiformes, suna buƙatar rage yawan gishirin da zai iya taru a jikinsu saboda ruwan teku da ke shiga ta bakinsu lokacin da suke cin abinci.

Wannan kuwa albarkacin wani babban gyadar hanci ne da duk tsuntsaye suke da shi a gindin baki, a saman idonsu, wanda ke da aikin kawar da gishiri ta hancinsu. Wannan gland ya zama mara aiki a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba sa buƙatar shi, amma a cikin albatrosses sun haɓaka, saboda suna buƙatar amfani da su.

Ƙafafun albatrosses ba su da wani yatsan yatsan gaba a bayansa, kuma yatsan yatsan gaba guda uku suna haɗe da su gaba ɗaya da wani membrane interdigital, wanda zai iya yin iyo da shi, yana ba su damar yin tsalle da tashi ta amfani da ruwa a matsayin abinci.

Ƙafafunsa suna da ƙarfi sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsuntsaye waɗanda ke cikin dangin Procellariiformes. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin mambobi na wannan tsari na tsuntsaye, kawai albatrosses da manyan petrels ne waɗanda za su iya tafiya yadda ya kamata a kan ƙasa. A haƙiƙa, albatrosses, kamar wannan albatross mai kafa baƙar fata (Phoebastria nigripes), na iya motsawa cikin sauƙi a ƙasa.

Furen mafi yawan manya albatrosses ya bambanta saboda suna da launin duhu a saman fikafikan su, amma a kasan gashin fuka-fukan fari ne, kwatankwacin gashin tsuntsu.

Ana iya samun wannan bambanci daban-daban, dangane da nau'in albatross da muke nazarinsa, daga albatross na sarauta ( Diomedea epomophora), wanda ya bayyana cewa ya zama fari gaba ɗaya banda maza, wanda ke da wani launi a kan tukwici da kuma a ƙarshen bayansa. fuka-fukinsa.

A wani matsananci shine babba Amsterdam albatross ( Diomedea amsterdamensis ), wanda yana da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na samari, wanda launuka masu launin ruwan kasa suka yi fice, musamman a cikin garken, wanda zamu iya lura cewa waɗannan launuka suna tsaye. fita a kusa da kirji.

Yawancin nau'o'in ajin Thalassarche da Arewacin Pacific albatrosses suna da alamomi a fuskokinsu, kuma ana iya ganin su suna da tabo a idanunsu, ko ash-kasuwa ko rawaya a kawunansu da nape.

Akwai jinsuna uku, waɗanda Albatross ne Albatosted Albatross) da kuma nau'in biyu na DusyByria ya bambanta gaba ɗaya daga jikinsu, ko launin toka mai duhu a ciki wasu wurare, kamar yadda ya faru tare da sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata). Yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa kafin furen su ya kai launin da yakamata manya su kasance.;

Girman fikafikan fiffike mafi girma na albatrosses (genus Diomedea), ya zarce na duk tsuntsayen da ke wanzuwa a yau, saboda suna iya wuce mita 3,4 na madaidaiciya, kodayake a cikin wannan dangin akwai nau'ikan fuka-fukan da ke da fikafikan fikafikai, kusan 1,75 m. .

Fuka-fukanta suna da kauri da sifar baka, suna da kauri, sashin gaba mai tsananin iska. Godiya ga wannan, za su iya rufe nisa mai nisa, ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tashi guda biyu waɗanda suka shahara sosai ga tsuntsayen teku da yawa waɗanda ke da manyan fikafikai: ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙarfi da tudu.

Gudun tafiya mai ƙarfi yana ba su damar rage ƙoƙarin da ake buƙata don tashi ta hanyar wucewa tsakanin yawan iska sau da yawa tare da bambanci mai ban sha'awa a cikin saurin kwance ta amfani da babban gradient.

A cikin jirgin da ke gangarewa, albatross na iya cin gajiyar tururuwa da iskar da ke haifar da iskar a lokacin da ta ci karo da wani cikas, kamar tudu, kuma ta fuskanci iskar, wanda ke ba shi damar samun tsayi da yawo a sama. jeri na ruwa.

Albatrosses suna jin daɗin girman glide mai tsayi, kusan 1:22 zuwa 1:23, wanda ke nufin cewa kowane mita da suka sauka, za su iya matsar da mita 22 zuwa 23 gaba. don samun membrane mai nau'in tendon wanda ke kulle kowane reshe idan ya buɗe sosai.

Wannan tendon na musamman yana ba su damar ci gaba da faɗaɗa reshe ba tare da yin wani ƙarin ƙoƙari na tsoka ba. Hakanan ana samun wannan daidaitawar dabi'ar jijiya a cikin manyan petrels (genus Macronectes).

Ba al'ada ba ne cewa suna buƙatar kada fikafikan su don tashi. A haƙiƙa, tashin jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan lokutan da albatrosses ke buƙatar murɗa fikafikan su don tashi sama, amma kuma shine lokacin da ya fi buƙata ta fuskar amfani da makamashi a cikin jirgin da waɗannan tsuntsaye suke yi.

Albatrosses suna sarrafa haɗa waɗannan fasahohin lokacin tashi tare da yin amfani da na'urori na asali waɗanda suka mallaka don hasashen yanayin yanayi. An kuma lura cewa albatross na Kudancin }asashen Kudu na tasowa zuwa Arewa, kuma idan sun tashi daga yankunan da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, sai su bi hanyarsu ta karkata agogo baya, akasin haka, masu tashi zuwa Kudu suna bin hanya ce ta karkata agogo baya. .

Tsuntsaye ne da suka dace da salon rayuwarsu ta yadda suka samu cewa matakan bugun zuciyarsu da aka rubuta a lokacin jirginsu kusan iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda aka rubuta lokacin da suke hutawa. Sun sami irin wannan ƙarfin jiki ta yadda ba a yi tafiya mai nisa ba idan sun je neman abinci ne suke cinye mafi girman kuɗin da suke kashewa, amma a lokacin tashi, saukarwa da kama abinci.

Nasarar albatrosses a matsayin mafarautan gindi ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda suke gudanar da tafiye-tafiye masu nagarta sosai, wanda ke ba su damar yin tafiya mai nisa, ba tare da kashe kuzari sosai ba wajen neman hanyoyin abincinsu, wanda ke cikin wani wuri mai nisa. tarwatsewar hanya a cikin teku. Samun nasarar daidaitawa da shirin a cikin jirginsu ya sa su, duk da haka, dogara ga wanzuwar iska da raƙuman ruwa.

Yawancin nau'ikan ba su da yanayin yanayin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar jiki wanda ke sauƙaƙa musu don ci gaba da tashi sama ta hanyar motsa fikafikan su. Idan sun kasance cikin natsuwa, sai a tilasta musu su kasance a huta a saman ruwan har sai iskar ta sake tashi.

Suna iya yin barci ne kawai lokacin da suke cikin ruwa a cikin yanayin hutawa, amma ba yayin da suke tashi ba, kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka yi hasashe. Albatrosses da ke Arewacin Pacific sun sami damar yin amfani da wani nau'in jirgin da za su iya canza yanayin lokacin da suke kada fikafikan su da kuzari, lokacin da suka sami ƙarin tsayi, da lokutan da suke sadaukar da kansu don yawo cikin iska.

Wani hali kuma shi ne cewa a lokacin tashin jirgin, suna bukatar yin tseren don samun isasshiyar iskar da za ta wuce karkashin fikafikansu, ta yadda za su samar da na’urar hawan da suke bukata don samun damar yin jirgi.

Wurin zama da Rarrabawa

An rarraba babban ɓangaren albatrosses a kudancin kogin, a cikin nisa mai nisa daga Antarctica zuwa Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Amirka. Banda wannan wurin za a iya gani a cikin nau'ikan hudu waɗanda aka saba wa arewacin Pacific, kuma ana rarraba su daga Hawaii zuwa Japan, California da Alaska.

Daya ne kawai, Galapagos albatross, yana zaune ne kawai a tsibirin Galapagos kuma ya isa gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka don ciyarwa. Kamar yadda suke buqatar iskar da suke buqata na irin jirgin da suke buqata, ya sa suke da ma’ana cewa mazauninsu yana cikin manyan latitudes, domin kuwa waxannan tsuntsayen ba a tsarin ilimin halittar jiki ba ne don su tashi ta hanyar harba fikafikan su, shi ya sa suke samun wahala sosai. ƙetare yankunan haɗuwar wurare masu zafi.

Amma, nau'in Galapagos albatross na iya samun wurin zama a cikin ruwayen equatorial, a kusa da tsibirin Galapagos, godiya ga ruwan sanyi da Humboldt ya haifar da kuma iskar da ke haifar da shi. teku tana faɗaɗa kuma ya zama al'ada a gare su su yi balaguro da ke tsallaka sanduna.

Ba a iya gano ainihin dalilin da ya sa albatrosses ya bace a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika ba, amma ana hasashen cewa karuwar matsakaicin matakin ruwan teku, wanda ya haifar da lokacin dumama tsaka-tsaki, zai iya haifar da ambaliya ta ruwa. Wuraren da aka same su, sun sami mazaunin wani yanki na albatrosses masu gajeren wutsiya da aka samu a tsibirin Bermuda.

Lokaci-lokaci, an ga wasu nau'in albatross na kudu suna yin kuskure a cikin Arewacin Atlantic, suna zaman gudun hijira a wannan yanki shekaru da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ’yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin ruɗani, wanda albatross ne mai baƙar fata, ya dawo na tsawon shekaru da yawa zuwa wani yanki na gannets (Morus bassanus) da ke Scotland, yana ƙoƙarin haifuwa na banza.

Ta hanyar amfani da tsarin sa ido kan tauraron dan adam, an baiwa masu bincike tarin bayanai masu matukar muhimmanci dangane da tafiye-tafiyen da suke yi na neman abincinsu, da suke yi a teku. Gaskiya ne cewa ba sa yin hijira a kowace shekara, amma suna tarwatsewa bayan kakar kiwo, yayin da a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kudancin kudancin, an tabbatar da cewa suna yin balaguro da yawa a cikin yankin polar.

An kuma tattara shaidar a kan watsawa na rarraba bangarorin na daban-daban a cikin teku, gudanarwa da kuma Albatross din Albatross.

Bayanan da ake da su sun tabbatar da cewa tsohon yana samun abincinsa ne daga Campbell Plateau, amma na karshen ya canza hanyar neman abinci zuwa ruwa mai musamman na teku da kuma yanayi.

Dangane da albatross mai yawo, shi ma yana da takamaimai na musamman ga na’urar wanka ta wurin da take samun abincinta, kuma tana samun abincinta ne kawai a cikin ruwan da ya wuce mita 1000.

Wadannan bayanai, wadanda aka samu ta tauraron dan adam, sun baiwa masana kimiyya damar tsara wurin zama tare da iyakoki don haka wani mai bincike ya bayyana cewa yana da ra'ayi cewa kusan tsuntsaye suna iya gani da kuma biyayya ga alamar haramtacciyar hanya a yankunan. tekun wanda zurfinsa bai wuce mita 1000 ba.

Har ila yau, sun sami shaidar kasancewar wurare daban-daban na rarrabawa ga kowane jinsi na nau'in jinsi ɗaya. Wani bincike na kiwo na Tristan albatross a tsibirin Gough ya nuna cewa maza suna tafiya yamma yayin da mata ke tafiya gabas.

Abincin

A cikin abincin albatrosses, abin da suka fi so ya ƙunshi crustaceans, cephalopods da kifi, ko da yake an nuna cewa su ma masu lalata ne kuma suna iya ƙara abincin su da zooplankton. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa ga yawan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) wanda kawai zai iya sanin abincin da suke ɗauka a lokacin haihuwa da kuma lokacin haifuwa,domin lokacin da suke komawa ƙasa akai-akai,wanda ya sauƙaƙa. karatu..

Haɗu da wasu hanyoyin abinci yana da dacewa da bambanci, saboda amfani da wasu nau'ikan abinci yana canza mahimmancin jinsuna da wani, kuma ya bambanta da mutane ɗaya zuwa ɗaya. Don haka, an lura cewa wasu nau'ikan suna gina abincinsu akan squid, yayin da wasu nau'ikan suna gina abincinsu akan adadi mai yawa na kifi ko krill.

Ana iya ganin wannan babban bambance-bambance a cikin nau'ikan albatross guda biyu waɗanda ke da mazauninsu a cikin tsibiran Hawai, su ne albatross masu ƙafafu masu baƙar fata, waɗanda tushen abincinsu kifi ne, amma a cikin Laysan albatross kusan yana ciyar da squid ne kawai.

A game da sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria palpebrata) an tabbatar da cewa suna nutse a matsakaicin mita 5 don ciyarwa, galibi akan kifi, kodayake an tabbatar da cewa suna iya nutsewa har zuwa zurfin mita 12.

An yi yuwuwa a yi amfani da na'urori a cikin tekun da suka iya tabbatar da adadin ruwan da albatross ke ci a tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda a dalilin haka ne aka iya tabbatar da matsakaicin adadin lokacin ciyar da su, tare da kammala cewa. su dabbobi ne na yau da kullun, saboda ana aiwatar da tsarin ciyarwa da rana.

Wani abin mamaki kuma shi ne, binciken da aka yi a kan bakunan squid da albatros suka sake yi ya tabbatar da cewa wasu daga cikin squid ɗin da aka ci sun yi yawa don tsuntsun ya kama su da rai, wanda daga nan ne aka tabbatar da cewa su ma ƴan iska ne kuma wannan. aiki yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin abincinsu, kamar yadda lamarin ya faru da albatross masu yawo.

Bugu da ƙari, an nuna su suna cin nau'in squid da ke zaune a yankin mesopelagic, wanda ke da zurfin da ke waje da kewayon aikin albatross.

Masu bincike sun yi mamakin asalin matattun squid da albatrosses ke cinyewa, amma har yanzu babu wata cikakkiyar amsa, a haƙiƙa, wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce.

Wasu suna ganin cewa abin da mutum ya yi amfani da shi na kamun kifi ne, duk da cewa abin da ya dace kuma na dabi'a na iya zama mace-macen squid da ke faruwa bayan haifuwa ko yawan amai na cetaceans da ke ciyar da waɗannan cephalopods, kamar yadda ya faru a yanayin whale. matukin kifi Whales ko maniyyi whales.

Ciyar da wasu nau'ikan, kamar yadda ya faru tare da albatross baƙar fata ko albatross mai launin toka, musamman ƙananan nau'in squid ne waɗanda ke da yanayin nutsewa bayan mutuwarsu, suna yanke cewa a wannan yanayin necrophagy ba aikin da ya dace da ku ba. rayuwa.

Musamman mai ban sha'awa shine halin da aka lura a cikin Galapagos albatross, wanda ke tursasawa tsuntsayen tsuntsaye don cinye abincin su, yana tabbatar da cewa wannan nau'in yana da dama, kuma a lokaci guda ya sa wannan albatross shine kawai memba na Procellariiformes wanda ke amfani da kleptoparasitism tare da. horo.

Ba da daɗewa ba, an yi imanin cewa albatrosses tsuntsaye ne waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don tattarawa a saman ƙasa, suna yin iyo a layi daya da ruwa, don kama kifi da squid waɗanda igiyar ruwa ta ruwa, ta hanyar maharbi, ko kuma don kawai sun mutu. .

Godiya ga gaskiyar cewa an ƙirƙira ma'aunin zurfin capillary kuma an yi amfani da su, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su da jikin albatrosses kuma an cire su lokacin da suka dawo ƙasa, kuma tare da zurfin zurfin nutsewa da tsuntsayen da aka haɗa a ciki. Ana iya auna binciken , an tabbatar da cewa ba kowane nau'in jinsuna ne ke nutsewa zuwa zurfin wannan ba kuma suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don yin hakan.

Misali, an nuna cewa wasu nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in albatross masu yawo, ba sa nutsewa fiye da mita daya, yayin da wasu kuma, kamar su albatross, na iya nutsewa sosai, suna yin rajista daga mita 5 zuwa mita 12,5. .XNUMX. Mitoci Ban da ciyar da ƙasa da ruwa, an ga albatrosses suna nutsewa ta hanyar nutsewa daga iska don kama ganima.

Sake bugun

Mun riga mun faɗi cewa albatrosses dabbobi ne masu ɗumbin yawa, waɗanda ke yin mallaka a tsibirai masu nisa, inda suke yin sheƙarsu, wani lokaci suna raba wurin da wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye. Dangane da wadanda suka fi son zama a babban yankin, an lura sun gwammace su yi gidajensu a kan magudanar ruwa ko kuma guraren da ke da kyaun shiga teku ta bangarori da dama, kamar yadda lamarin yake a gabar tekun Otago da ke Dunedin. New Zealand.

Yawancin albatrosses masu launin toka da albatrosses masu kafa baƙar fata ba safai suke zama a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji. Daidaitawar yankunan ma yana canzawa daga wannan nau'in zuwa wani. Za mu iya lura da tarin tarin yawa, waɗanda ke kama da albatrosses na asalin Thalassarche, waɗanda su ne yankunan albatrosses masu launin baƙi a cikin tsibirin Malvinas, waɗanda rukuninsu ke da matsakaicin yawan adadin gidaje 70 a cikin 100 m².

Hatta ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kuma tare da ɗaiɗaikun gidaje waɗanda ke da nisa sosai, kuma waɗanda ke kama da nau'in Phoebetria da Diomedea. Mallaka na waɗannan nau'ikan albatross guda biyu suna cikin tsibiran da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa ba su wanzu a tarihi ba.

Wani yanayin da ke nuna su shi ne, albatrosses suna da ilimin falsafa, wanda ke nufin cewa gaba ɗaya suna komawa yankin haihuwar su don haifuwa. Wannan dabi’a tana da karfin gaske, ta yadda wani bincike da aka yi kan Laysan Albatross ya tabbatar da cewa, matsakaicin tazarar da ke tsakanin wurin da kwan ya fito da kuma wurin da tsuntsun zai kafa nasa yanki ya kai mita 22.

Kamar tsuntsayen teku da yawa, albatrosses suna ci gaba da dabarun K a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, watau ƙarancin haihuwa, rashin jin daɗin rayuwa mai tsayi, yana jinkirta daman kiwo da saka hannun jari a cikin ƴan yara ƙanana.

Tsawon rayuwarsu yana da tsayi musamman, saboda yawancin nau'ikan na iya rayuwa fiye da shekaru 50. Samfurin da aka rubuta tare da mafi girman adadin shekarun rayuwa shi ne albatross na sarauta na arewa, wanda aka yi masa ringing lokacin da ya riga ya girma kuma ya sami damar rayuwa har tsawon shekaru 51, bayan an yi masa alama, wanda ya ba masana kimiyya damar yin hasashen cewa zai iya. rayuwa kusan shekaru 61.

Tunda yawancin binciken kimiyyar da ya shafi harda tsuntsu don bin diddigin dalilai ya kasance na baya-bayan nan fiye da yanayin da aka ambata a sama, da alama za a sami wasu nau'ikan suna da tsawon rai wanda ya yi kama da shi ko kuma ya fi girma.

Balagawar jima'i na waɗannan tsuntsaye yana samuwa ne bayan ɗan lokaci mai tsawo na kimanin shekaru biyar, amma ƙayyadaddun lokaci kawai ba ya sa su fara haihuwa, akasin haka, ba za su haɗu da abokin tarayya ba har sai wani lokaci mai tsawo ya wuce, in wasu nau'ikan suna ɗaukar shekaru goma kafin su zauna, kuma idan sun sami abokiyar aurensu, sai su kulla dangantakar aure ɗaya ta rayuwa.

Nazarin da aka gudanar kan halayyar Laysan albatross ya nuna cewa idan aka sami sauyi mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin jima'i na yawan jama'a, saboda rashin isassun samfurori na maza, tsarin zamantakewa na iya samun sauye-sauye kuma halayen haɗin gwiwa na kumbura da renon kajin na iya bayyana. mata biyu.

Wannan dabi'a wani abu ne mai ban mamaki, la'akari da cewa albatross tsuntsu ne mai al'adar aure guda daya kuma salonsa shine samar da ma'aurata tare da namiji har abada, amma an tabbatar da cewa matan biyu da suka yi tarayya da juna da kuma jima'i. rainon kaji yakan zauna tare, yana tsawaita rayuwar da aka saba na tsawon shekaru, wanda kuma ba kasafai ake samun su ba, tunda babu wata alaka ko zumunta a tsakaninsu.

Matasan da ba su kai ga kiwo ba, sukan shiga mulkin mallaka kafin su fara haifuwa, suna samun fasaha a cikin ƴan shekaru, a cikin al'adun gargajiya masu rikitarwa da kuma sanannun raye-rayen wannan nau'in. don jawo hankalin mata. Ɗayan motsi a cikin al'adar jima'i na Laysan Albatross shine ɗaukar matsayi tare da wuyansa da lissafin sama.

Albatross da suka koma yankin haihuwarsu a karon farko sun nuna cewa sun riga sun lura da halayen da suka zama harshen albarusan da ke zaune a wurin, amma ba za su iya lura da halin da sauran tsuntsaye suke nunawa ba, kuma ba za su amsa musu da kyau ba. ;

An nuna cewa tsuntsayen tsuntsaye suna fuskantar wani lokaci na gwaji da koyo ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure, wanda tsuntsayen tsuntsaye zasu iya kammala al'ada da raye-raye. Za a iya koyon harshen jiki da sauri idan matashin tsuntsu yana tare da tsohuwar tsuntsu.

Haɗa waɗannan ɗabi'un na buƙatar aiki tare na ayyuka da yawa, kamar gyaran fuska, nuni zuwa wasu kwatance, kira, samar da sautunan bugun baki iri-iri, kallo, da haɗaɗɗen gauraya da dama daga cikin waɗannan halayen.

Lokacin da albatross ya fara komawa yankin haihuwarsa, yana yin rawa tare da abokan tarayya da yawa, amma bayan wasu shekaru, adadin tsuntsayen da yake kulla dangantaka da su yana raguwa, har sai ya zaɓi abokin tarayya guda ɗaya kuma za su ci gaba da kammala harshen mutum. wanda zai zama na musamman ga ma'auratan. Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa waɗannan ma'aurata za su kulla dangantakar aure guda ɗaya don rayuwa, yawancin waɗannan raye-rayen ba za a taɓa maimaita su ba.

Ana hasashen cewa, dalilin da ya sa suke gudanar da wadannan guraben ibada da raye-raye masu sarkakiya, shi ne tabbatar da cewa sun zabi abokiyar zama da ta dace, kuma su kara fahimtar abokin zamansu a nan gaba, tunda a wajensu abu ne mai matukar wahala. Aiki: Yana da mahimmanci a sami abokin tarayya da ya dace a lokacin kwanciya ƙwai da kuma kula da matasa.

An kuma lura cewa a cikin nau'ikan da za su iya samun cikakkiyar yanayin haihuwa a cikin ƙasa da shekara guda, yana da wuya su sake haifuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Manyan albatross, irin su albatross masu yawo, suna amfani da tsawon fiye da shekara guda don kula da ‘ya’yansu, tun daga kwai, har ya kai ga filo.

Albatrosses suna yin kwai guda ɗaya a lokacin kiwo, wannan kwan yana da siffar subeliptical, kuma yana da fari da launin ruwan ja. Manyan ƙwai suna auna tsakanin gram 200 zuwa 510. Idan sun rasa kwan, ko dai ta hanyar haɗari ko kuma saboda mafarauci, ba za su sake yin wani yaro ba a wannan shekarar.

Sakamakon raguwar rabon samun haihuwa da kuma alakar mace daya da suke kullawa, rabuwar ma'aurata da aka riga aka kafa ba kasafai ake yin su ba a tsakanin albatross kuma yakan faru ne cewa ba sa samun nasara wajen haifuwa har sai da shekaru da dama suka shude. rashin nasara.

Amma lokacin da suka sami nasarar samun matashi, albatrosses suna kula da su kuma suna kare su har sai sun isa su kare kansu da kuma daidaita yanayin zafi. A cikin wannan tsari 'ya'yan za su sami isasshen nauyin da zai kai na iyayensu.

Duk albatrosses a yankunan kudu suna gina manyan gidaje don ƙwai, ta yin amfani da ciyawa, shrubs, ƙasa, peat, har ma da gashin tsuntsaye na penguin, amma nau'in Arewacin Pacific guda uku suna gina gida mai mahimmanci.

A nata bangaren, Galapagos albatross ba ya gina ko wace irin gida, har ma yana motsa kwan ta cikin dukkan fadin yankin kiwo, wanda wani lokaci ya kai mita 50, sakamakon haka, wani lokaci kwai ya bace. , iyaye biyu suna sanya kwai na tsawon lokaci wanda zai iya wucewa daga kwana ɗaya zuwa mako uku.

Kamar kiwi, albatrosses suna da mafi tsayin lokacin shiryawa na kowane tsuntsu. Incubation yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 70 zuwa 80, kuma a cikin yanayin manyan albatrosses yana da ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Wannan tsari yana samar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin su kuma zai iya haifar da asarar nauyi har zuwa 83 grams a rana.

Bayan kyankyashe daga kwai, zuriya, wanda yake da matsakaici, don haka ana ƙyanƙyashe shi kuma a kiyaye shi har tsawon makonni uku, har sai ya kai girman girman da zai iya kare kansa da kuma sarrafa kansa. A wannan lokacin, iyaye za su ci gaba da ciyar da kajin tare da ƙananan abinci a lokacin canjin canji don kulawa.

Idan lokacin haihuwa ya ƙare, za ta sami abinci daga wurin iyayenta lokaci-lokaci, wanda yawanci yakan yi tafiya mai tsawo da gajere don neman abinci, don samun damar ba wa 'ya'yansu idan sun dawo daga kowace tafiya abincin da zai ci. yana auna kusan kashi 12% na nauyin jikinsu, wanda aka lissafta kusan gram 600.

Abincin samari ya ƙunshi krill da squid da sabon kifi, a cikin nau'in mai na albatross na ciki, wanda shine abinci mai sauƙi da sauƙi don jigilar kaya fiye da jigilar abin da aka kama ba tare da narke ba. Wannan man yana samuwa ne a cikin wata gabobin ciki wanda yawancin Procellariiformes ke da shi kuma yana karɓar sunan Procellariiformes, tare da ganimar da aka kama ya narkar da su kuma yana ba su yanayin ƙamshi.

Kajin yawanci suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su girma. Idan muka koma ga manyan albatrosses, wannan tsari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 280. Ko a yanayin mafi ƙanƙanta albatrosses, yana ɗaukar tsakanin kwanaki 140 zuwa 170.

Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsayen teku, kajin albatross a ƙarshe za su sami isasshen nauyi don cim ma iyayensu, kuma domin su yi amfani da ƙarin tanadin abinci yadda ya kamata don ƙara nauyin jikinsu da girmansu, tare da samun mafi kyawun girma na furen su. , wanda ya zama dole don samun damar samun gwaninta a cikin jirgin, tsarin gashin fuka-fuka yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da suke da girman girman iyayensu.

Dangane da ajin ko nau'in, tsakanin kashi 15% zuwa 65% na waɗanda suka sami damar samun furen su na rayuwa har tsawon lokacin da za su haihu, samari suna samun nasarar aikinsu kawai, kuma ba za su sami ƙarin taimako daga iyayensu ba, waɗanda za su dawo. zuwa lokacin da ƙyanƙyasar ya cika, ba tare da sanin cewa ƙyanƙyasar su ya riga ya ƙare ba.

Lokacin da suke barin gida, akwai binciken da ke da alaƙa da tarwatsewar tsuntsayen da teku suka yi, wanda ya ba masana kimiyya damar yin hasashe game da wanzuwar wata dabi'a ta ƙaura, kamar akwai hanyar kewayawa a cikin kwayoyin halittarsu, wanda ke ba su damar yin gaba. kansu a cikin teku lokacin da suka fara kutsawa cikin tekun.

albatrosses da mutum

Albatrosses ana kiransa mafi shaharar duk tsuntsaye.Albatross ita ce ta tsakiya a cikin shahararren waƙar Rime of the Ancient Mariner, wanda Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya rubuta; albatross kama shi ma misali ne na mawaƙin maudit a cikin waƙar Charles Baudelaire, The Albatross. Amfani da albatross a matsayin misali a cikin harshen Ingilishi ya fito ne daga waƙar Coleridge.

A takaice dai, ya zaburar da marubutan Mutanen Espanya, harshen da aka saba cewa idan wani yana da nauyi mai nauyi ko matsala, to sai ya sami albatross a wuyansa, wanda shi ne hukuncin da aka yi a wakar. akan jirgin ruwa wanda ya kashe albatross.

Tatsuniyar da ta taso a tsakanin ma’aikatan jirgin an san cewa albatross tsuntsu ne na sa’a kuma yana iya haifar da bala’i don kashe shi ko cutar da shi kuma imani ne da ya yadu cewa yana tattare da rayukan ma’aikatan jirgin da suka mutu a teku, a hakikanin gaskiya. duk da haka, ya nuna mana cewa a kai a kai ana kashe su da cin abinci da ma’aikatan ruwa, ƙabilar Maori sun yi amfani da ƙasusuwan fikafikansu wajen sassaƙa fatar fata da sassaƙa sarewa.

Waɗannan tsuntsaye ne waɗanda masu sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar ƙashi ke daraja su sosai kuma wuraren da suka kafa yankunansu sun zama wuraren da suka shahara don yawon shakatawa. Akwai garuruwa da garuruwa da yawa na bakin teku kamar Kaikoura, Sidney, Wollongong ko Monterey, inda ake yin balaguron kallon tsuntsayen teku, kuma albatrosses galibi ana jan hankalin waɗannan kwale-kwalen yawon buɗe ido ta hanyar jefa man kifi a cikin teku.

Ziyartar yankunan da waɗannan tsuntsayen suke zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ne; Masarautar albatross ta arewa a Taiaroa Head a New Zealand tana jan hankalin baƙi 40 a shekara, kuma mafi keɓanta yankunan sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yau da kullun a kan balaguro na tsibirin Antarctic.

Barazana da Kiyayewa

Duk da cewa ana ɗaukar tsuntsayen albatrosses, albatrosses ba a iya cire su ko kuma a kiyaye su daga tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye da mu mutane ke samarwa. Lokacin da Aleuts da Polynesia suka gano su, an yi amfani da su sosai don farautar su, har sai da suka bace daga wasu tsibiran, kamar yadda ya faru a tsibirin Ista.

Lokacin da Turawa suka fara yawo a cikin duniyar nan, sai suka fara farautar albatross suma, suna kama su daga jiragen ruwa don amfani da su a matsayin abinci, ko kuma harbi kawai don wasa ko nishaɗi.

Wannan al'ada ta harbe su ta kai kololuwar hanyoyin ƙaura zuwa Ostireliya kuma za a iya dakatar da su ne kawai lokacin da kwale-kwalen suka yi sauri da wuya a iya kamun kifi daga gare su da kuma lokacin da aka kafa ƙa'idojin da suka hana amfani da makamai. saboda dalilai na aminci.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, yankunan albatross, musamman na Arewacin Pasifik, sun lalace saboda cinikin gashin fuka-fuki, suna fitar da albatross gajeren wutsiya zuwa ga halaka.

Kamar yadda muka fada a farkon wannan labarin, daga cikin nau'ikan albatross guda 22 da kungiyar International Union for Conservation of Natural (IUCN) ta amince da su, 8 na cikin mawuyacin hali, 6 na cikin hadarin bacewa kuma 3 na cikin hatsarin gaske. .

Dabbobin guda uku da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa sune Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis), Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) da Galápagos Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata). Ɗayan babbar barazana ga waɗannan tsuntsaye shine kamun kifi na dogon layi na kasuwanci.

Wannan shi ne saboda albatrosses da sauran tsuntsayen teku masu cin abinci a kan tarkace suna sha'awar koto na dogon layin, abin takaici suna lanƙwasa a kan layi ko ƙugiya kuma suna nutsewa. Ana kashe albatrosses kusan 100 kowace shekara ta wannan hanyar. Abin da ya fi tsanani shi ne abin da ke faruwa da al’amuran kamun kifi, wanda ta hanyar rashin bin kowace ka’ida, ke sa matsalar ta fi tsanani.

Wani aikin ɗan adam wanda ke wakiltar haɗari ga albatross shine jirgin sama. Misali, a Midway Atoll, an yi taho-mu-gama da yawa tsakanin Laysan albatrosses da jiragen sama, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da tsuntsaye, da kuma gurgunta sosai a ayyukan jirgin na soja.

Don ƙoƙarin guje wa waɗannan hatsarori, an gudanar da bincike a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960 waɗanda suka yi nazarin sakamakon da zai kawo don samun damar sanya hanyoyin sarrafawa da tsarin daban-daban, abin takaici ya ƙare tare da kashe tsuntsaye da kuma kashe tsuntsaye. rugujewar rukunansu na shekara-shekara, don yin gida, ko gyara yanayin tarihin yankunansu, ta hanyar daidaitawa da share ƙasa don keɓance magudanar ruwan sama da waɗannan tsuntsaye ke amfani da su a cikin jirginsu.

Wani ra'ayi kuma shi ne yin amfani da gine-gine masu tsayi, kamar hasumiya mai kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da na sadarwa, wanda ya kashe tsuntsaye 3000 a cikin jirgin tsakanin 1964 zuwa 1965, kafin a saukar da hasumiya. Abin baƙin ciki shine, duk lokacin da ɗan adam ya yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalar, yana nufin raguwar yawan adadin waɗannan tsuntsaye.

Ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan rufe wuraren zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a tsibirin Midway a cikin 1993 ya kawo karshen matsalar karon albatross da jiragen soja. Bugu da kari, rage yawan ayyukan dan Adam a tsibirin sakamakon rufe ayyukan tushe ya taimaka wajen rage yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye.

Wata matsala kuma ita ce bullo da mafarauta a tsibiran da kuma gurɓacewar fenti a kewayen gine-ginen sojoji, waɗanda dukkansu sun fi kashe dubban tsuntsaye. Bugu da ƙari, gashinsa yana da daraja sosai a farkon karni na 1909. A cikin 300 kadai, an farauto fiye da 000 na waɗannan tsuntsaye a tsibirin Midway da Laysan saboda wannan dalili.

Dangane da barazanar da aka bullo da su, irin su berayen ko kuliyoyi, dole ne mu ce suna kai hari kai tsaye ga albatrosses ko ƙwayayensu da matasa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa albatrosses sun samo asali ne don samun wuraren kiwo a tsibirin da ba su da maharbi na ƙasa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ba su samar da tsarin tsaro a kansu ba.

Tasirin wadannan dabbobi yana da illa sosai ta yadda ko da kananan nau'in beraye na iya yin illa sosai; alal misali, a tsibirin Gough, wanda shine daya daga cikin mafi girma da tsuntsayen teku suke yi a duniya, an kai wa kajin Tristan albatross hari tare da cinye su da rai ta wurin berayen da aka gabatar da su a tsibirin.

Nau'in da aka gabatar na iya haifar da wasu tasirin kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne batun shanun da ke cinye mahimman ciyawa a tsibirin São Paulo da Amsterdam, wanda ya sanya Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) a cikin wani yanayi mai barazana; Wani koma-baya ya fito ne daga tsire-tsire da aka bullo da su daga wasu tsibiran, waɗanda haɓakarsu ya rage wuraren da albatrosses za su iya yin gidajensu.

Abin da ya fi muni shi ne, a yanzu mun sami shigar da kayan filastik masu iyo a cikin teku, kuma ba kawai ta albatrosses ba, amma ta yawancin tsuntsayen teku. Tarin kayan filastik a cikin tekuna da tekuna ya ƙaru sosai tun lokacin da aka fara rubuta shi a cikin 60s.

Abin takaici, wannan filastik yana fitowa ne daga dattin da ake zubarwa daga jiragen ruwa, daga juji na bakin teku, datti a bakin teku da kuma sharar da aka wanke a cikin teku ta koguna. Roba ba ta iya narkewa kuma idan tsuntsun ya makale ya kan dauki sarari a ciki ko gizagi da ya kamata a yi amfani da shi wajen abinci, ko kuma yana iya haifar da cikas wanda kai tsaye ya hana tsuntsun abinci.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a arewacin tekun Pasifik ya nuna cewa shan robobi ya haifar da raguwar kiba da lafiyar jikin wadannan tsuntsaye, a wasu lokutan ana yin gyaran robobi a lokacin da ake ciyar da 'ya'yansu, kuma wani bincike da aka yi kan kajin Laysan albatross a tsibirin Midway ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da robobi masu yawa. ƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan da suka mutu ta dabi'a sun cinye su, idan aka kwatanta da ƙoshin lafiya waɗanda suka mutu daga hatsari.

Duk da cewa ba ita ce sanadin mutuwa kai tsaye ba, kasancewar robobi a jikin albatross yana haifar da damuwa ta jiki kuma yana sa matasa su ji koshi yayin ciyar da su, wanda ke sa su rage cin abincin da ake ci. kuma yana iyakance damar su na rayuwa.

Wasu masana kimiyya da kuma wasu kungiyoyin kare muhalli, irin su BirdLife International, wadanda suka fara kamfen na Save the Albatross, sun mayar da hankali kan kokarinsu wajen ilimantar da gwamnatoci da masunta, ta yadda za a iya samun mafita kan barazanar da ta ke fuskanta.

Ana kokarin aiwatar da sabbin dabarun kamun kifi, masu sauki kamar jefa dogon layin da daddare, sanya bama a karkashin ruwa, da kaurin layin da yin amfani da na'urori da dabaru don tsoratar da wadannan tsuntsaye, wanda hakan zai haifar da rage yawan wadanda suka makale a tarko. tsuntsaye.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar tare da hadin gwiwar masana kimiyya da masunta a New Zealand ya sami nasarar gwada na'urar da ke gudanar da gyare-gyare a karkashin ruwa a cikin kwale-kwalen kamun kifi masu tsayi, wanda ya kunshi layukan da aka sanya a cikin zurfi fiye da yadda suke iya zama. isa ga albatrosses na m nau'in.

Yin amfani da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sabbin dabaru a cikin kifin haƙoran haƙori na Patagonia (Dissostichus eleginoides) a cikin tsibirin Malvinas ya yi nasarar rage yawan albatrosses na haggard waɗanda jiragen ruwan kamun kifi suka saba kama a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata.

Har ila yau, abin lura shi ne aikin da masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari a fannin gyare-gyaren muhalli na yankin, cimma nasarar korar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta da aka gabatar da su a cikin kuskure, wanda ya yi barazana ga dabbobin daji, wanda ke ba da taimako mai mahimmanci don cimma burin. kariya daga albatrosses daga mafarauta da aka gabatar.

Wani muhimmin mataki mai mahimmanci don cimma mafi girman tsarin kariya da kariya ga sauran nau'in tsuntsayen teku shine Yarjejeniyar Kula da Albatrosses da Petrels, da aka sanya hannu a cikin 2001, wanda ya fara aiki a 2004 wanda kasashe goma suka amince da shi: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, New Zealand, Peru, Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila.

Ko da yake ba a amince da shi ba, Norway da Uruguay sun bi ta kuma Faransa ta amince da shi. Yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa wadda wadannan kasashe suka amince da daukar kwararan matakai masu ma'ana don rage yawan albatrosses da za a iya kama su ta hanyoyin da ake yin kamun kifi na kasuwanci bisa doka, da rage gurbatar yanayi da kawar da nau'in kasashen waje, an gabatar da su a tsibiran inda suke. yi gidajensu.

Wannan yerjejeniyar ta zama muhimmin tushe na shari'a na kasa da kasa ga tsarin hadin gwiwa kan kare albatross ta yadda kasashen da suka kuduri aniyar su yi kokari tare don hana wannan kyakkyawan iyali na tsuntsayen teku da ajujuwansu daga bacewarsu daga muhallinsu, amma ana bukatar karin matakai. musamman ma wadanda ke nuni da jajircewar mutum daya-daya, wajen kiyayewa da kiyaye muhallinsa.

Hakika, har sai mutum ya daina al’adarsa na gurbata ruwa da yankunan bakin teku, har sai an sanya takunkumi kan amfani da robobi kuma ba mu san cewa muna cutar da kanmu ba, illar da mu ke yi ga muhalli, saboda haka. , ga dukkan halittun da ke zaune a cikinta, musamman albatross, wanda ya ga yawan jama'arta ya ragu sosai, har zuwa mahimman bayanai a cikin wasu nau'o'insa.

Shi ya sa muke gayyatar ku da ku sani, ku kasance da abokantaka da muhalli da kuma taimaka mana mu adana halittun mu domin biosphere ya sake haifuwa. Har yanzu muna kan lokaci a shari'ar albatross, muna buƙatar sadaukarwar ku kawai.

Muna ba da shawarar waɗannan wasu labarai masu ban sha'awa:

Postposmo

Albatross: Menene su?, Halaye, Habitat da ƙari