Ayini ama-AFP? chaza umqondo lapho kucatshangelwa khona izinhlobo zempesheni emazweni athile aseLatin America, funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ngokufunda isihloko esilandelayo.
Ukuze wazi ukuthi ayini ama-afps?, kubalulekile ukwazi izinhlobo ezahlukene zokutshala imali
Ayini ama-AFP?
Kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni kukhona okuthiwa yizikhwama zempesheni, ezisebenzela ukudala ukuvikelwa kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni, abasebenzi bakahulumeni nabazimele besizwe. Kulokhu sizobona ama-AFP axhumene ngqo nemisebenzi eyenziwa eChile; kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi basebenza kanjani, basebenzelani futhi basebenza kanjani emphakathini walelo zwe.
Incazelo nokubaluleka
Igama elithi AFP limele “Abaphathi Besikhwama Sempesheni” okuyinhlangano kahulumeni ephethe izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe uhlelo lomhlalaphansi kanye nempesheni yabasebenzi abahlukene nezikhulu zomphakathi waseChile.
Inhloso yawo wukuphatha imali yabo bonke abasebenzi ngokuphatha izinhlelo ezikhiqizwa yilezi zikhulu inyanga nenyanga. Izimali ziqondiswe kuma-akhawunti osonhlamvukazi angasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo ukuxhasa zonke izinhlobo zezimpesheni neminye imisebenzi.
Baphinde baphathe imali yokunxephezela umhlalaphansi kanye nempesheni yokukhubazeka, ukuphila ngisho nezindleko zomngcwabo. Uma senza le ncazelo, abantu abaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi sebeyazi kakade ukuthi ayini ama-AFP. Nokho, kusenenqwaba yendwangu yokusika.
Lezi zimali ziphinde zithole umjovo wezinsiza kuhulumeni, njengoba inhloso yazo kuwukufuna inhlalakahle yezikhulu eselathatha umhlalaphansi kanye nabahola impesheni. Izinsiza ezikhiqizwe yilesi sikhwama ngamanani amakhulu, lapho izinkampani ezibhekelele ukusiphatha zizibeka emakethe yamasheya nakwezinye izimakethe zokutshalwa kwezimali ukuze zifune imbuyiselo ephakeme.
Ngokunjalo, ezinye izinkampani eziphethe lezi zimali ziphoqeleka ukuthi zitshale ingxenye yezinsiza nokonga kwabantu kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene ezimali wendawo. Inhloso iwukufuna inzuzo yesikhathi eside ku-akhawunti ngayinye, nokho le nsizakalo ayimahhala, futhi izisebenzi ngokwazo kufanele zicabangele ukukhokha amakhomishini anyanga zonke ukuze kusetshenziswe imali.
Enye ingxenye yezibopho zabasebenzi abane-AFPs ihlanganisa ukukhokha inani ngesikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi, umqondo uwukuthola inani lemali yabo yokulondoloza eyenziwe kuyo yonke iminyaka yokusebenza. Inkundla yezemidlalo yaseChile idinga isisebenzi ngasinye noma isikhulu ukuthi songe u-10% womholo wanyanga zonke.
Nokho, leli nani alilona iqiniso, njengoba izindleko zokuphatha nezokusebenza ezenziwa izinkampani eziphethe ama-AFP zicabangela ukukhokhwa kwezindleko zesevisi ezingaphezu kuka-10%.
Esihlokweni esilandelayo Iyiphi i-afp ehamba phambili e-Chile?, uzokwazi kangcono ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezithile ezihlobene nalesi sihloko.
Ubani okhetha i-FP?
Kusukela ngo-2010, isinqumo sokuthi ubani okhetha ukuthi uzotshala kuphi isikhwama sempesheni silawulwa umthetho waseChile. Ibeka, isibonelo, kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2018 ukuthi inkampani i-Plantival ilawula izimali. Ngemuva kwalo nyaka kube nenye ithenda lapho kwavela khona izinkampani eziyisi-6 okuyizona eziphethe ama-AFP.
Ngaphambilini, ababoshwe babenamandla okunquma ukuthi bazotshala kuphi izimali zabo. Kodwa-ke, ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokubhida, isikhulu ngokwaso sinquma ukuthi iyiphi inkampani ezobeka imali. Ngalokhu, umbuso wenze iziphakamiso ezikhulwini ezehlukene ukuze zikhethe leyo ehlangabezana kangcono nezidingo zazo zezezimali.
Ubani oyiphethe?
Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwayo, uhlelo lwe-AFP eChile luye lwaba nezinguquko eziningi kuzo zonke izici, ukulawulwa, ukuphatha, ukusebenza nokuphatha amanani; ngamafuphi, uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezibangele izinkinga kubantu abaningi.
Lokhu kwehluka kanye nokuguquguquka ekuphathweni nasekuhleleni kusho ukuthi njengamanje kunezinkampani zokuphatha ze-AFP eziyisi-6. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa uhlelo kwakukhona inkampani eyodwa kuphela, ngakho namuhla kukhona okulandelayo:
I-Planvital yayingomunye wabokuqala ukuyiphatha futhi namuhla iyaqhubeka nokuba yingxenye yezinkampani eziphethe ama-AFP, siphinde sibe ne-AFP Cuprum, i-AFP Capital, i-AFP Modelo, i-AFP Habitat ne-AFP Provida; bonke abanehlelo lenhlalo eChile.
Isakhiwo nezinhlelo
Njenganoma yisiphi isikhwama sempesheni, uhlelo luvumela izimo ezithile ukuthi zisungulwe futhi izinhlelo zinikezwe amalungu. Kulokhu, ama-AFP azinikele ekukhuthazeni izimo zezimali ukuze avikele asebethathe umhlalaphansi, abahola impesheni nabakhubazekile.
Enye yezinhloso ezinkulu zalesi sikhwama wubumbano, sifuna ukuvimbela isimo sobumpofu isisebenzi esingase siwele kuso ngemva kokusebenza kwaso. Kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezizama ukugcina izinga lempilo yabantu abadala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezelwa uhlelo lokunikela lapho isisebenzi ngokwaso sisebenzisa imali esiyongile ngayinye, okungukuthi, izinzuzo zikhokhwa ngqo ku-akhawunti yakhe, ukuze kuthi lapho esethatha umhlalaphansi akwazi ukubala inani elizokwazi ukuligcina. impilo eyamukelekayo yesimo.
Enye yezinhlelo ezinikezwa ama-AFP yindlela isisebenzi esiqhuba ngayo imali, ngenxa yalokho uhlelo lusebenzise lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-APV, okuyi-Voluntary Pension Savings. Iqukethe inqubo yokusebenza yama-akhawunti okonga ngokuzithandela ukuze kukhuthazwe futhi kugqugquzelwe abantu ukuthi bonge.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko, sincoma ukuthi ufunde isihloko Izibonelo Ezinhle Kakhulu Zezimali Zotshalomali , isebenza njengethuluzi lokukhetha isiginesha enhle.
Iphi imali etshaliwe?
Izinkampani ezilawulayo zama-AFP zitshala amanani ezinkampanini ezinikezwe iBhange Elikhulu laseChile kanye Nomphathi Omkhulu wama-AFP. Ukwenza lokhu, basungula ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali nokuthi yonke le nqubo kufanele yenziwe kanjani njengesinyathelo sokuvikela abasebenzi.
Ukutshalwa kwemali emholweni ongaguquki
Esinye seziphakamiso esokwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali kuzibambiso zeBhange Elikhulu LaseChile, kanye nakumgcinimafa jikelele weRiphabhulikhi. I-investimenti kufanele ifakwe kumadiphozi esikhathi esinqunyiwe, kunoma iyiphi inhlangano yamabhange kazwelonke, bhala amanothi esithembiso noma izincwadi zokuboleka.
Ukutshalwa Kwemali Emalini Engenayo Eguquguqukayo
Lolu hlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali luhlukile kodwa luhlala lugcina imingcele yokulwenza ezinkampanini zezezimali zezwe, ngakho-ke isiphakamiso siwukuthi bangatshala izimali kumasheya emakethe yamasheya, amabhondi anoma yiluphi uhlobo, ama-Mutual Funds nanoma yiluphi uhlobo. utshalomali kanye nezitifiketi zasebhange.
Lolu lwazi lunganwetshwa ngokuchofoza isixhumanisi esilandelayo Izinsimbi zokutshala imali , lapho izinqubo zalolu hlobo zichazwe ngokucacile.
Ukulawula nokuhlola
Kukhona i-superintendency yama-AFP noma impesheni, ephethe ukuqondisa nokulawula izenzo zezinkampani ezixhumene nokuphatha kwazo. Kunemithethonqubo nezinkambiso ezimbalwa ezifana ne-DL 3500, esungula izimo lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kwenziwe futhi nokuthi izinzuzo kufanele zabiwe kanjani kuma-akhawunti abasebenzi.
I-Superintendence ixhumene ngqo nombuso ngoMnyango Wezabasebenzi Nezenhlalakahle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iTechnical Council of Investors kanye nezinye izinhlangano zilawula imisebenzi yezomthetho neyokuphatha yezinkampani.
Izinhlobo zokutshala imali
Izimali eziphethwe ngama-AFP zingatshalwa, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, emalini engenayo engashintshi noma eguquguqukayo. Nokho, ziyahluka ngenani lezinsiza ezifakwa kuhlobo ngalunye lokutshalwa kwezimali; izimali ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwezimali abaqhubeka ngalo ukwenza ukubekwa kwezinsiza.
Lo mehluko kufanele uhlolwe njengoba ushintsha izimo ezithile uma kwenziwa ekutshalweni kwengcuphe enkulu noma encane. Ngalo mqondo, lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ama-multifunds kwakhiwa: Kuyizinhlelo ezinamandla okuphatha izikhwama zempesheni ze-5 AFP, ezihlukaniswa nezici zephothifoliyo yazo, zibizwa ngezinhlamvu A,B,C,D kanye no-E.
I-Multi-funds yenza kube lula ukukhulisa inani lempesheni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isisebenzi ngasinye sinenzuzo enhle. Inxusa ngalinye linganquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali abangalwenza licabangela ezinye izindlela ezimbalwa ngokuya ngokuthanda kwabo.
Imibandela kanye nezinzuzo multi-funds
Inani ngalinye elifakwe ohlelweni lwe-multi-fund lakhiwe izici ezihlukene kuye ngohlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali. Isibonelo, isikhwama sohlobo A sisetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokulingana, okusho ubungozi obuphezulu kanye nembuyiselo yesikhathi eside; kuyilapho izimali zohlobo E (eziphansi kakhulu ohlwini) zinenani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali kwemali engenayo engashintshi.
Ingxenye ibe isisungulwa ngokohlobo lwebhondi ezotshalwa emalini engaguquki noma eguquguqukayo, iguqule izici ezithile zobungozi, umthamo kanye nembuyiselo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwesikhwama lukuvumela ukuthi ucabangele izimo ezihlukene, kulesi simo izimali zohlobo C aziyingozi encane futhi zinamandla okubuya ngesikhathi esifushane.
izingcaphuno zokonga
Izingcingo eziyisibopho zilawulwa ngokomthetho, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeleni isisebenzi lapho sifinyelela iminyaka yobudala engama-55, abesilisa nabesifazane eminyakeni engama-50, ukuze sikwazi ukukhetha phakathi kwezinhlobo ezi-5 zesikhwama sokutshalwa kwezimali kwaso. Ngasohlangothini lwawo, umthetho ubeka nemibandela kwabangaholi impesheni.
Kulokhu, abesilisa abaneminyaka engu-56 ubudala nabesifazane abangaholi impesheni abaneminyaka engu-51 ubudala banethuba lokukhetha noma yisiphi isikhwama esingu-B, C, D kanye no-E, kuyilapho abahola impesheni benenketho yezinhlobo zesikhwama C kuphela, D kanye no-E. Njengoba sibona, bahlukaniswa ngokweminyaka kanye nohlobo lwempesheni.
Izilinganiso Zokonga Ngokuzithandela
Kulolu hlobo lwezisebenzi akukho okuhlukile, kulokhu ukutshalwa kwezimali kungenziwa kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezinhlanu zebhonasi. Kubandakanya labo basebenzi abafisa ukujabulela uhlelo ngaphandle kokusebenza kunoma yisiphi isikhungo, uhulumeni noma inhlangano ezimele ezweni.
Ungakwazi yini ukushintsha ingemuva?
Umthetho awucabangi ngemikhawulo yokwenza izinguquko, ubheka kuphela ukuthi kuyimpoqo ukukhetha inkampani eyodwa kweziyi-5 eziziphethe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kungenzeka ukuguqula i-AFP futhi ngokomthetho we-AFP wokuphatha impesheni, kungenziwa noma nini lapho isisebenzi sifisa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhR33es5Qz8
Ngokusobala, kufanele uhambisane nochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezivumela inqubo ukuthi ibe semthethweni, ushiye irekhodi lesicelo. Into yokuqala ukwenza isitatimende nenkampani ephethe i-AFP, ukwenza ukucaciswa nokwazisa isizathu soshintsho; Inqubo yokufaka isicelo ingenziwa ngezindlela ezintathu:
- Okomuntu siqu nokuya nokuxhumana emahhovisi enkampani
- Ukucela ukubamba iqhaza nge-ejenti yomphathi ophethe zonke izinqubo zokuthumela nokucubungula ukuxhumana.
- Ngokusebenzisa i-inthanethi ngokuvula isicelo kuwebhusayithi yenkampani futhi nangewebhusayithi ye-superintendency.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lezi zinqubo zonke zimahhala, futhi asikho isikhulu esikwazi ukucela noma iyiphi inkokhelo ngokusebenza kwesevisi noma izindleko zokusebenza. Umsebenzi kumele azi, izinyathelo okumele zilandelwe yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Faka isiginesha ku-oda lokudlulisa uma lifika noma lihoxiswa.
- Sayina i-afidavithi yokwenqatshelwa kwesinxephezelo sezimali
- Siyaqhubeka nokukhetha uhlobo lwesikhwama lapho kuzobekwa khona ukonga. Uma ungakhethi noma iyiphi inkampani, uhlelo lunikeza ngokuzenzakalelayo omunye wabalawuli abayi-5.
- Esikhathini esingeqile ezinsukwini ezintathu, uhlelo luzobe seluhlanganisiwe futhi luzoba nokuphathwa okusha kokonga.
Izikweletu
Sesiyazazi izinhlobo zezimali nokuthi ubani oziphathayo, ukuze sibe nesisekelo sokuphendula: Ayini ama-AFP?Kodwa-ke, kusenezinto ezingaziwa, njengokwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwama-akhawunti imali efakwa ukwenza utshalomali. .
Kulesi sici, uhlelo lwase-Chile lunikeza izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zama-akhawunti lapho imali kufanele ibekwe ukuze iphathwe, i-akhawunti ngayinye enemibandela ekhethekile evumela ukufinyelela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zokutshalwa kwezimali, ake sibone:
Osonhlamvukazi ngabanye
Kuyi-akhawunti lapho kubhaliswa khona igama lenkampani noma umsebenzi, kuyimpoqo ukuba nayo futhi akukhathaleki ukuthi uzimele noma ubeyingxenye yezikhungo zikahulumeni. Imali ehambisanayo ifakwa kule akhawunti futhi inomkhawulo wokuba nokuhamba lapho isikhulu sithatha umhlalaphansi.
Ukonga Ngokuzithandela
I-akhawunti yohlobo oluzimele, inkampani esebenzisana nayo ingenza amadiphozi ngokuzithandela, lapho ingakwazi ukucubungula lapho ihoxisa imali ayilondolozile. Inzuzo yale akhawunti ixhunywe kumthetho wentela ojwayelekile eMthethweni Wemali Engenayo Egxilile Neguquguqukayo.
Isinxephezelo
Kunqunywa yinkontileka, ethatha indawo yohlobo lwesinxephezelo esisemthethweni, ilawulwa ngumthetho ukuze kuvikelwe abanye abasebenzi abangenalo uhlelo oluzinzile lwempesheni.
Isiphetho
Sesiyazi keAyini ama-AFP eChile??, uhlelo lwempesheni oluvikela abasebenzi, asebethathe umhlalaphansi, abahola impesheni nabakhubazekile. Nakuba ukuphatha kwabo kulethe izinkinga ezithile, lapho abasebenzi abaningi bezizwe bekhohlisiwe; abanye bacabanga ukuthi kungenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi, ukuxhumana kanye nentshisekelo yokuthi izinqubo zenziwa kanjani.
