Zidlani izimfudu ngokohlobo lwazo?

Zidlani izimfudu?Ukudla kwezimfudu zasolwandle kuyehluka kuye ngohlobo lwazo neminyaka yazo, zikwazi ukuba yi-omnivorous, herbivorous or carnivorous. Ukuba khona kwalezi zilwane kukhinyabezwe wukudotshwa budedengu kwemithombo yokudla kanjalo nokungcoliswa kolwandle okuholele ekutheni ulwandle lugcwale opulasitiki abagcina bebagwinyile.

Zidla izimfudu

Zidlani izimfudu zasolwandle?

Izimfudu zasolwandle noma ama-kelonoid (i-Chelonoidea superfamily) zakha iqembu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo esezijwayele ukuphila olwandle. Kuze kube manje, njengoba sizobona, baneqoqo lezinto ezibonakalayo ezibenza bakwazi ukubhukuda isikhathi eside futhi eziwusizo ekuphileni kwabo emanzini.

Okudliwa yizinhlobo zezimfudu zasolwandle kuhlotshaniswa nemininingwane yazo, nezifunda zeplanethi ezihlala kuyo kanye nokufuduka kwazo. Uyafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe? Ngezansi sizophendula yonke imibuzo yakho mayelana nokuphakelwa kwezimfudu zasolwandle.

Izici Zomfudu Zasolwandle

Ngaphambi kokuthola ukuthi izimfudu zasolwandle zidlani, sidinga ukuzazi kangcono. Kulokhu, kufanele siqonde ukuthi i-kelonoid superfamily ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-7 kuphela emhlabeni wonke, ezinochungechunge oluphelele lwezimpawu ezihlobene:

Zidla izimfudu

  • Igobolondo: Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zinegobolondo elingamathambo elakhiwe izimbambo nengxenye yomgogodla. Yakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili: i-carapace (i-dorsal) ne-plastron (i-ventral) ehlangana eceleni.
  • Amaphiko: Ngokungafani nezimfudu zasolwandle, izimfudu zasolwandle zinamaphiko esikhundleni sezinyawo futhi imizimba yazo iye yathuthukela ukuhlala emanzini amahora amaningi.
  • Habitat: izimfudu zasolwandle zisatshalaliswa, ikakhulukazi, olwandle olunezinga lokushisa elifudumele nolwandle. Cishe ziyizidalwa zasemanzini ngokuphelele eziphila olwandle. Izinsikazi kuphela ezihlala emhlabathini ukuze zikhulule amaqanda azo ogwini lolwandle lapho zizochamisela khona.
  • Umjikelezo wokuphila: isikhathi sokuphila kwezimfudu zasolwandle siqala ngokuzalwa kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa emabhishi kanye nokufakwa kwazo olwandle. Ngaphandle kwe-flatback turtle (Natator depressus), izimfudu ezincane zinesiteji se-pelagic esivame ukudlula iminyaka emi-5. Phakathi naleyo minyaka, bafinyelela ekuvuthweni futhi baqale ukufuduka.
  • Ukufuduka: izimfudu zasolwandle zifuduka kakhulu phakathi kwendawo yokudla kanye nendawo yokukhwelana. Ezinsikazi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziya emabhishi lapho zizalelwa khona ukuze zizalele amaqanda, nakuba ngokuvamile aseduze nendawo yokukhwelana.
  • Izinzwa: Njengezilwane eziningi zasolwandle, izimfudu zinomuzwa othuthuke kakhulu wokuzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amehlo azo abuye abe nokuthuthuka okungaphezu kwalokho kwezimfudu zasezweni. Okugqama ngokufanayo yikhono lazo elinamandla lokuziqondisa ngokuhamba kwazo okude.
  • Ukuzimisela ngocansi: izinga lokushisa lesihlabathi yilo elichaza ngokucacile ubulili bamaphuphu lapho esengaphakathi kweqanda. Ngendlela yokuthi, lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, ukukhula kwezinsikazi kwenzeka, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa aphansi ethanda ukukhula kwabesilisa.
  • Izinsongo: zonke izimfudu zasolwandle, ngaphandle kwe-flatback turtle (N. depressus), zisengozini emhlabeni wonke. Ufudu lwasolwandle i-hawksbill kanye nofudu lwase-Kemp's ridley sea zisengozini yokushabalala. Izinsongo ezikhathaza kakhulu lezi zilwane zasolwandle ukungcoliswa kolwandle, ukuhlasela kwabantu emabhishi, ukudoba ngengozi kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo ngenxa yokudotshwa ngamanethi.

Izinhlobo Zokudla

Izimfudu azinawo amazinyo, kodwa sebenzisa iziphetho ezicijile zomlomo wazo ukuze usike ukudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukudla kwezimfudu zasolwandle kusekelwe ezitshalweni zasolwandle kanye nama-invertebrates. Nokho, impendulo yalokho okudla izimfudu zasolwandle ayilula kangako, ngoba akuzona zonke ezidla into efanayo. Ngempela, izigaba ezintathu zezimfudu zasolwandle zingahlukaniswa ngokudla kwazo:

  • Izidliwayo
  • ezidla izitshalo
  • ama-omnivores

Izimfudu Zasolwandle Ezidla inyama

Ngokuvamile, lezi zimfudu zidla zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle, njenge-zooplankton, izipontshi, i-jellyfish, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans, ama-echinoderms nama-polychaete annelids. Ngezansi sibala amakilasi ezimfudu zasolwandle ezidla inyama nokuthi ukudla kwazo kuhlanganisani:

  • I-Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): iwufudu olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi umhlane walo ungafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-220. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ku-jellyfish yekilasi le-Scyphozoa kanye ne-zooplankton.
  • Ufudu lwasolwandle lwe-Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii): lolu fudu lwasolwandle luhlala eduze nogu futhi ludla zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Ekugcineni, ingadla nolwelwe oluthile.
  • I-Flat turtle (Natator depressus): ijwayelekile eshalofini lezwekazi lase-Australia futhi, nakuba cishe idla inyama kuphela, ingadla nezingxenye ezincane zolwelwe.

I-Herbivorous Sea Turtles

Izimfudu zasolwandle ezinohlaza ezinoqhwaku olunamasaha azivumela ukuthi zisike izitshalo ezizodla kuzo. Ikakhulukazi, zidla ulwelwe kanye nezitshalo zasolwandle ezifana neZoostera noma iPosidonia. Lunye kuphela uhlobo lofudu lwasolwandle oludla uhlaza olwaziwayo, ufudu oluluhlaza (Chelonia mydas).

Kodwa-ke, noma bebancane futhi bebancane bayadla izilwane ezingenamgogodla, okusho ukuthi zingama-omnivores. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ekudleni kwazo zingabangelwa isidingo esiphezulu samaprotheni phakathi nokukhula kwazo.

Omnivorous Sea Turtles

Izimfudu zasolwandle ezi-Omnivorous zidla izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izitshalo nezinhlanzi ezithile ezitholakala olwandle. Njengengxenye yaleli qembu, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zingafakwa:

  • I-Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta): lolu hlobo olusatshalaliswe kabanzi ludla zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla, ulwelwe kanye nama-marine phanerogam futhi lungakwazi ngisho nokugwaza izinhlanzi ezithile.
  • I-Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidchelys olivacea): ufudu olutholakala emanzini ashisayo nangaphansi. Ukuphakelwa kwayo kunethuba elikhulu futhi kuyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo lapho ikuyo.
  • I-Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): ama-hawksbill turtles angavuthiwe adla inyama. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala bahlanganisa i-algae ekudleni kwabo okujwayelekile, ngakho-ke bangabhekwa njengama-omnivores.

Izimfudu Zidla Izikhwama Zepulasitiki Futhi, Ngeshwa

Kuzimfudu zasolwandle, ukukwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo kungaba lula kakhulu. I-Jellyfish iwukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco kwalezi zimfudu, ezinamazenga azivikela kubuthi obusetshenziswa yi-jellyfish. Kodwa into eyodwa yepulasitiki ingabulala izimfudu zasolwandle ngoba azazi ukuthi ipulasitiki isho ukuthini futhi azinayo indlela yokwazi.

Zivame ukudlani izimfudu zasolwandle? Ezilwandle zeplanethi yethu, kutholakala izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezimfudu zasolwandle, ngayinye inokukhetha okuhlukile kokudla.

  • i-loggerhead: inzalo yabo iyizilwane zonke, okusho ukuthi, idla kokubili izilwane nezitshalo, kodwa ekukhuleni kwayo yizilwane ezidla inyama, ezithanda kakhulu izinkalankala kanye neminenke.
  • oluhlaza: Izimfudu zasolwandle ezindala zidla utshani futhi zikhetha ukubhukuda endaweni eseduze yezixhobo zamakhorali, ziklebhula utshani nolwelwe. Kodwa-ke, izingane zabo ziyi-omnivores.
  • Carey: Uqhwaku lwayo, olufana nolwenyoni, luvumela i-hawksbill ukuthi ifinyelele emifantwini yezixhobo zamakhorali ukuze ifinyelele ezipontshini zasolwandle, okuyilokho ngempela lezi zilwane ezifiphele ezikufunayo.
  • Lute: Izimfudu zasolwandle ze-leatherback zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-gelatinivorous, okusho ukuthi zidla kuphela izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezifana ne-jellyfish kanye nama-sea squirts.
  • Flat: Lolu hlobo ludla yonke into, okuhlanganisa izimila zasolwandle, izimfanzi nezinkalankala.
  • Lora: okuwukuphela kokudla okukhona kumenyu ye-Kemp's ridley inyama, okungcono inkalankala.
  • U-Olive Ridley: Lolu olunye ufudu oludla izindwani oludla i-jellyfish, ukhukhamba wasolwandle, izinhlanzi, nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane.

Nakuba amadlozi okuqala alezi zinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ayesemhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-220 edlule, izimfudu zanamuhla ziye zavela ukuze zizingele ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwamagagasi. Lokho kwakuyiqiniso kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela ipulasitiki.
 
Ipulasitiki ikhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940, kodwa muva nje sibone ukuthi ibe nomthelela omubi kanjani ezimfuduni zasolwandle. Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi u-52% wezimfudu zasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele zigwinye imfucuza yepulasitiki. Isizathu silula kakhulu: isikhwama sepulasitiki esintantayo olwandle singafana ne-jellyfish enkulu, i-algae noma ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezivame ukuba yingxenye yokudla kwezimfudu zasolwandle.

Zonke izinhlobo zezimfudu zasolwandle zisengozini ngenxa yepulasitiki. Ngokocwaningo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseTokyo, kokubili ufudu lwasolwandle okuthiwa i-loggerhead (ludla inyama ngokwemvelo) kanye nofudu lwasolwandle oluluhlaza (oludla izitshalo) bezidla ipulasitiki ngobuningi obukhathazayo.

Eqinisweni, izimfudu ze-loggerhead zidle ipulasitiki izikhathi ezingu-17% zezikhathi ezinazo, mhlawumbe ziyiphutha nge-jellyfish. Le nombolo ifinyelele ku-62% ezimfuduni eziluhlaza, okungenzeka zifune ulwelwe. Nokho, ukudla ipulasitiki akuyona ukuphela kwento ebeka izimfudu zasolwandle engozini. Ngokubanjwa emanethini okudoba ashiywe dengwane, angafa kalula, agwilize noma awavimbele ekubalekeleni izilwane ezizidlayo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi9MMtYV_ns

Ngokudabukisayo, ukunqwabelana kwepulasitiki emabhishi abaluleke kakhulu okuzalela kuyo kwenza kube maningi amathuba okuthi izimfudu ezisafufusa zibhajwe kupulasitiki, ziwavimbe zingafiki olwandle. Ezimfudumeni zasolwandle ezigwinya ipulasitiki, isithombe sibi: ku-22% walabo abagoqa into eyodwa yepulasitiki kungasho isigwebo sentambo.

Amapulasitiki abukhali angadabula izitho zawo zangaphakathi futhi izikhwama zingabangela ukuvaleka kwamathumbu, ukuvimbela izimfudu ukuthi zingadli, okuholela ekulambeni. Ngisho noma zingasinda, ukudla ipulasitiki kungabangela izimfudu ukuba zintante ngendlela engavamile, okungase kuthiye ukukhula kwazo futhi kuholele emazingeni okuzala kancane.

Izimfudu zasolwandle zibhekana nezinsongo eziningi, kodwa sonke singazisiza ngokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokungasebenzisi izinto ezilahlwayo. Ngendlela efanayo, ohulumeni kufanele bathathe isinyathelo sokuqeda lolu bhubhane lokungcola.

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