Namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitayela zomculo nemidlalo. Ngeshwa, ezinye izinhlobo zilahlekelwa izethameli njengoba imisindo yesimanje iba ngobaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi kukhona abantu, ikakhulukazi abantu abasha, abangazi kahle yini i-opera Nokho, ukuze sikhiphe wonke umuntu ekungabazeni, sizokuchaza kulesi sihloko.
Sizokhuluma ngokuthi iyini i-opera, imvelaphi yayo nokuthi ihluke kanjani kwezinye izinhlobo zethiyetha yomculo. Ekupheleni kosuku sikhuluma ngohlobo lobuciko ukuthi Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kuyingxenye yesiko namasiko ethu. nokuthi yibaphi abantu ababalulekile abanjengoMozart ngokwakhe abeyingxenye yabo. Uyazi kakade ukuthi ulwazi aluthathi indawo, kodwa luyasicebisa kakhulu ezingeni lobuhlakani.
Iyini i-opera futhi uyini umsuka wayo?
Ake siqale ngokuchaza ukuthi iyini i-opera. Ngokuyisisekelo iwuhlobo lomculo weshashalazi. Phakathi, zonke izenzo ezenziwa ezigcawini zinezinsimbi ezihambisana nezinsimbi futhi ziyaculwa. Igama elithi "opera" livela ku-Italian futhi lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi yomculo". Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo zokusebenza zenziwa ezindlini ze-opera, njengoba zidinga ama-acoustics amahle ekamelweni. Ngokuvamile ahambisana namaqembu omculo, njenge-orchestra. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-opera iyingxenye yesiko namasiko omculo wasendulo waseNtshonalanga naseYurophu.
Njengakwezinye izinhlobo zetiyetha yomculo, I-opera ihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
- ubuciko obudlalwayo: Umdanso, i-ballet, ukulingisa, njll.
- ubuciko be-scenic: Ubuciko bePlastiki, izakhiwo, umhlobiso, ukudweba, njll.
- imiphumela yescenic: Ukukhanyisa, isibonelo.
- Maquillaje
- Umculo: Ikhwaya, umqondisi, i-orchestra, abadlali abacula ngabodwana, njll.
- Izinkondlo (ngeFreedman)
- amagumbi okushintsha
Uma sikhuluma ngama-opera sibhekisela emisebenzini yobuciko yangempela yemidlalo nobuciko bomculo. Kodwa yaqala kanjani imisebenzi eminingi kangaka? Ngokusho kwabanye ababhali, kwakukhona izandulela ezimbalwa ezisemthethweni zalolu hlobo, ikakhulukazi lezi:
- Inhlekelele yamaGreki: Iwuhlobo lwetiyetha yaseGrisi Yasendulo ephefumulelwe izethulo ezingcwele kanye izinganekwane zamaGreek.
- I-mascerata yase-Italy: Ezinye izingoma ze-carnival zekhulu leshumi nane ebeziyingxenye yokuzijabulisa kwamaholide ezinkantolo.
- Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu: Ziyizingcezu zomculo ezincane ezazivame ukufakwa kuyo yonke imidlalo yaseshashalazini.
Yayiyini igama le-opera yokuqala futhi kwakungubani?
I-opera yokuqala, njengoba lo mqondo uqondwa futhi uchazwa namuhla, kwakuyingoma edumile ebizwa ngokuthi Daphne, umbhali wayo nguJacopo Peri. Wayibhala ngonyaka we-1597, ephefumulelwe yi-"Camerata Florentina" noma "Camerata de Bardi". Lona bekungumbuthano we-elitist owakhiwe ngababhali abahlukahlukene be-Florentine humanist.
Osukwini lwayo, inhloso yalo msebenzi Daphne kwakuwukuvuselela, noma okungenani ukuzama, inhlekelele yasendulo yamaGreki. Lo mbono wawuyingxenye yesifiso sokubuyisela izici eziningi zasendulo, into egxilile eNkathini Yokuzalwa kabusha. Ngokusho kwamalungu abeyingxenye yeCamerata, ezinhlekeleleni zamaGreki kwakuhlatshelelwa zonke izingxenye zamakhwaya, futhi ngokuqinisekile nawo wonke umbhalo. Ngakho, i-opera kwadingeka ibuyisele leli siko.
KwakungoDisemba 26, 1598 lapho wenziwa Daphne okokuqala. Kwenzeke eFlorence, ikakhulukazi eTornabuoni Palace, ezingeni elizimele. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngoJanuwari 21, 1599, wenziwa esidlangalaleni, naseFlorence, kodwa kulokhu ePitti Palace. Ngeshwa, le opera, ebingeyokuqala yazo zonke, ilahlekile. Okuwukuphela kwento esele kuyo yi-libretto nezingcezu ezimbalwa zomculo.
Nokho, kunomsebenzi wakamuva, nawo owabhalwa nguJacopo Peri, okhona namuhla. Eqinisweni, i-opera yokuqala emlandweni esisekhona, njengoba umculo wayo ulondolozwe uwonke. Kubizwa I-Eurydice kanye nezinsuku kusukela ngonyaka we-1600. Bagunyaze ukudalwa kwalo msebenzi wokugubha umshado phakathi kuka-Maria de' Medici no-Henry IV waseFrance.
Umehluko kwezinye izinhlobo zetiyetha yomculo
Uma sikhuluma nje, i-opera ibonakala ngokumelela njalo ephelezelwa umculo. Kulesi sici ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zetiyetha yomculo, lapho kungase kube nezingxenye ezikhulunywayo kuphela noma into yazo eyinhloko kuwumdanso. Nokho, kusukela ngesikhathi i-baroque kukhona amafomu emngceleni angadideka. Lezi ezinye izibonelo:
- umaskandi
- Die Dreigroschenoper
- I-ballad opera
- El I-Singspiel
- i-zarzuela
Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi lena yimisebenzi esemngceleni phakathi kwe-opera nethiyetha eshiwo, kokubili i-zarzuelas kaJosé de Negra kanye ne ingoma nguWolfgang Amadeus Mozart athathwa njengama-opera. Kunalokho, Die Dreigroschenoper nguKurt Weill, owaziwa ngeSpanishi ngokuthi "The Three Cent Opera," ifana kakhulu nemidlalo yaseshashalazini eshiwo kune-opera.
Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zeshashalazi zomculo ezifana kakhulu ne-opera. Isibonelo kungaba i-opera-ballet, eyazalelwa e-French Baroque. Okunye ukudideka kungavela ngeminye yemisebenzi ye-neoclassicist yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Phakathi kwabo, lezo ezabhalwa umqambi waseRussia u-Igor Stravinsky, omunye wabaculi abahamba phambili nababalulekile bangaleso sikhathi, bavelele ngaphezu kwakho konke. Noma kunjalo, ingxenye esemqoka yale misebenzi umdanso. Kulezi zinxushunxushu, ukucula kudlala indima yesibili. Ngokuqondene nomehluko phakathi kwe-opera yase-Viennese ne-operetta, i-zarzuela yaseSpain, umculo waseMelika nesiNgisi kanye nomculo. ingoma NgesiJalimane, lokhu kusemthethweni nje.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngikucacisile ukuthi iyini i-opera nokuthi uyakhuthazwa ukuthi ujabulele ukudlala kwayo. Uma uthanda umculo nethiyetha, kufanele uzame. Ngokwami, ngaba nenjabulo yokukwazi ukubona i-opera eyaziwayo ethi “The Magic Flute” bukhoma e-Liceu edumile e-Barcelona, futhi ngajabula! Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngangizophinde ngimbone ukuze ngijabulele izingoma zakhe ezimangalisayo nezigcawu ezidonsa amehlo.