Isayensi yezinkanyezi Kuyigatsha lesayensi elithakazelisa kakhulu, eliphethe ukutadisha nokubona yonke into ehlobene nendawo yonke. Kulesi sihloko, konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nale ngxenye emangalisayo yesayensi kukhonjisiwe, ¿yini?, izici nokunye. Uzothola kanye nathi, impumelelo yesayensi le gatsha eye yanikela ngesayensi.
Iyini i-Astronomy?
Isayensi yezinkanyezi ithathwa njengesayensi, ebhekele ukufunda, ulwazi, ucwaningo, ukubheka nokuhlaziya noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinkanyezi ezisemkhathini, okuye kwenziwa uphenyo oluningi ngalo emkhathini ongaphandle owakha iplanethi enguMhlaba. I-astronomy ngokwayo isinikeza intuthuko enkulu njengesayensi eye yasivumela ukuba sazi yonke into kusukela empilweni yenkanyezi kuya ezicini ezithile zomthala.
ukuvela
Ukuvela kwesayensi yezinkanyezi akurekhodwa noma kurekhodwe ngedethi ethile. Singaphikisa kuphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nokwembuleka kwalokhu, kwaqaliswa ngokwemibuzo eyaphakanyiswa isintu mayelana nezimpawu zomkhathi esiwubona ngokumangalisayo emhlabeni.
Nakuba umuntu engazange ayithole impendulo yombukwane ovezwa phambi kwamehlo akhe, kancane kancane ayethuthukisa futhi ethuthukisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisa ezazivumela umuntu ukuba athole izimpendulo zemibuzo yakhe mayelana nalokho okwakungalé komhlaba.
Phakathi nokudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka kanye nokuguquguquka kwesikhathi, umuntu uye wafundiswa, futhi uzame ukukhiqiza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, imiphumela ehlukene yolwazi, eye yamvumela ukuba athole izimpendulo ku-incognito yendawo engaziwa.
Kuye kwazanywa ukutadisha kuzo zonke izindleko, ngokuqhubekayo, izindawo ezahlukene ezakha imithala, ukudalwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, kanye nokuzama ukuchaza ukudalwa nokuqhuma kwe-supernova, okuholele ezinkulungwaneni zezifundo ezenziwayo. ngaphandle kokudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka.
Iminyaka yocwaningo ithathe isisekelo sokuqonda okwembulwa kumuntu ngolwazi lokuthi uphenyo olwenziwe lumnikezile, luzobonisa izinto ezintsha ezitholakele ezimangalisa kakhulu nsuku zonke mayelana nokuqagela esinakho namuhla kwendawo yonke.
Kulokhu, kuthiwa isayensi yezinkanyezi ibilokhu ihambisana nesintu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kucatshangelwa ukuthi izinkulungwane zezizukulwane ziye zahlanganyela entweni engavamile enikezwa isayensi yezinkanyezi ezindaweni eziningi zeminikelo yayo yesayensi.
Abanye babalingisi abafake isandla ezifundweni zabo, ngesayensi yezinkanyezi yilaba:
- UGalileo Galilei
- UNicolaus Copernicus
- UClaudius Ptolemy
- UJohannes Kepler
- Albert Einstein
- Isaac Newton
- Kant
Laba bangabanye bososayensi okwathi emakhulwini eminyaka asendulo ehlukene bakwazi ukwenza iminikelo eyahlukene yosizo olukhulu ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo lwe isayensi yezinkanyezi eziyisisekelo nezindikimba zasezulwini ezikomunye umhlaba ofanayo njengalowo omele indawo yonke nobukhulu bayo.
Ngenxa yabo, isayensi yezinkanyezi ikwazile ukuthola intuthuko engenakubalwa ezingeni lesayensi, okube nomthelela olwazini nasekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Ngakho-ke, namuhla baye bacatshangelwa, Ososayensi ababalulekile emlandweni. Kushiya ifa elikhulu ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla.
Izici eziyinhloko ze-astronomy
Isici saso esiyinhloko sisekelwe ocwaningweni oluningiliziwe lwezici ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala endaweni yonke, phakathi kwazo sithola isifundo salokhu:
- izinkanyezi nemilaza
- Izimbobo ezimnyama zikhona emkhathini
- Imithala
- Indlela yobisi, phakathi kwezinye izindikimba zasezulwini isintu esinquma ukutadisha ukuze sithole ulwazi lwesihloko esithile.
I-astronomy isekela futhi yabelane ngocwaningo lwayo nezinye izindawo zesayensi ezihambisana nayo ngomqondo obanzi kakhulu, phakathi kwazo sithola:
- i-nuclear physics
- iplanethi physics
- I-Geology
- i-electronic physics
- Futhi i-astronaut physics.
I-astronomy yona imele isayensi eguquguqukayo, evamise ukufuna izimpendulo eziyikhuthaza ukuthi yenze izifundo eziqondile ezicini ezihlukahlukene zezenzakalo okufanele zifundwe.
Amagatsha lapho i-astronomy ihlukaniswe khona
Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezisemseni wokutadisha, isayensi yezinkanyezi ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ezihlukahlukene zokufunda, lapho indawo ngayinye ifeza umsebenzi othile, njengoba ihloselwe ukufinyelela izimpendulo eziphathekayo. Lawa magatsha ahlukaniswe ngokulandelayo:
I-Astrophysics
Leli gatsha lesayensi yezinkanyezi ligxile emizamweni yalo yokubona indawo, inqubekelaphambili kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinkanyezi. Ucwaningo oluqala ngentuthuko muva nje emlandweni wesintu, ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ukuba sibe ncamashi. Isikhathi lapho isintu siqaphela ukuthi izinkanyezi azikwazi ukuhlala unomphela.
Isikhathi lapho kwenziwa izifundo ezijulile ezivumela ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinkanyezi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zishisa i-hydrogen ukuze zihlale zikhiqiza amandla emkhathini.
Kwakukhona imizamo ethakazelisayo ekhulwini le-XNUMX yokuchaza ukukhishwa kwamandla elanga.
Ososayensi babonisa ukuthi uma ilanga belakhiwe ngamalahle ahlanzekile e-anthracite, (uphethiloli owaziwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi) belingahlala iminyaka eyi-10.000 XNUMX kuphela ngezinga elikhipha amandla ngalo njengamanje. Ngenxa yocwaningo lwe-astrophysics, kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuphila kwenkanyezi kuyimpi phakathi kwemililo yenuzi namandla adonsela phansi.
Ngenxa ye-nuclear physics, namuhla singakwazi ukwazi ukuthi umthombo wamandla wezinkanyezi ukuhlangana kwenuzi, ekujuleni kwelanga, ama-nuclei e-hydrogen ahlangana ndawonye ochungechungeni lokusabela omkhiqizo wawo wokugcina uyi-helium namandla angaphezu kwamandla. Izinkanyezi eziningi zikhiqiza amandla ngendlela efanayo esikhathini esiningi sokuphila kwazo.
I-Cosmology
Kubhekwa njengenye yamagatsha esayensi yezinkanyezi, okufundwa kwayo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekuqhubekeleni phambili, izici nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nakho konke okukuwo. Ngenxa yesayensi yendawo yonke kanye nezifundo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma imvelaphi yendawo yonke, kuvela inkolelo-mbono yokuqhuma okukhulu, ezama ukuchaza ukwanda kwendawo yonke kanye nomsuka wayo wesayensi.
Ucwaningo oluzimisele kakhulu nolucocise kakhulu lwembula esintwini ezinye zezici ezivelele kakhulu zendawo yonke, phakathi kwazo ukuthi indawo yonke yenziwe ngokukhethekile ngezinto ezimnyama, phakathi neminyaka, i-90% yezazi zezinkanyezi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi indaba emkhathini, ingaphakathi. ifomu elingenakubonwa.
omakhenika basezulwini
Ucwaningo lwakhe lusekelwe ezifundweni ezisukela ekucabangeni okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi. Leli gatsha lesayensi yezinkanyezi ligxilise yonke imizamo yalo ekwazini nasekugqamiseni ukuzungeza kwenyanga ezungeza umzungezo womhlaba, kanye nokwenza izifundo eziningi ezihambisana nokuziphatha kwamanye amaplanethi.
isayensi yezinkanyezi endaweni
Ibhekwa njengegatsha elidala kakhulu elikhona kwisayensi yezinkanyezi, isekela izifundo zayo ekubukeni nasekumeni kwezinkanyezi, ize isebenzise izilinganiso ngaphansi kwendlela yendiza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yigatsha elicwaninga ngezinye izigigaba ezifana nokusitheka kwelanga phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Eminye imikhakha yezifundo ze-astronomy
I-Astronomy ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha ethile yocwaningo, lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo olusekelwe endaweni ethile. Phakathi kwale mikhakha yocwaningo sithola lokhu okulandelayo:
izinkanyezi
Ngalo mkhakha wocwaningo, kwenziwa uphenyo oluhlanganisa indawo yemizimba esibhakabhakeni, lokhu ngokuchaza uhlelo lokuxhumanisa, kusetshenziswa ukusheshisa noma ukunyakaza kwezinto ngendlela yobisi.
I-Astrophysics
Umkhakha wayo wokufunda ugxile kuzo zonke izinkolelo-mbono ezisekelwe endaweni yonke, ehumusha ezicini zayo, njengokuminyana, ukwakheka, ukwakheka, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwakheka.
isayensi yeplanethi
Lenza uphenyo lwakho konke okuphathelene namaplanethi. Njengoba nje ekwazile ukuchaza Sakheka kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi
Kusho ukucwaninga ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokubukeka kwezinto eziphilayo ezenza ukuphila endaweni yonke.
I-Cosmology
Isekelwe ocwaningweni lwesakhiwo somkhathi, imvelaphi yawo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokunye. Omunye umkhakha wocwaningo owaziwa kakhulu ukwakheka, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezici zemithala.
Ukwakheka nokuvela kwemithala kungenye insimu yocwaningo isayensi yezinkanyezi enayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona kwemithala akuzange kuqinisekiswe kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engamashumi amabili, kwaziwa ngezifundo, ukuthi imithala eminingi inomumo oyisiyingi njenge-Milky Way, imithala eyisicaba iyisicaba, futhi inezingalo ezimbili noma ezine ezigobile.
Kunezinye izinhlobo zemithala engezona ezisathandeka, iningi lazo limelelwa imithala eyi-elliptical, njengoba negama lisho, iwukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezinkanyezi ezisesimweni esiyi-elliptical esingenaso esinye isakhiwo samangqamuzana. Lolu hlobo locwaningo oluningiliziwe lubizwa nangokuthi i-galactic astronomy.
i-stellar evolution
Ukuziphendukela kwe-Stellar kusekelwe ngokuqondile ekutadisheni kokuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi, ezifika ukuhumusha isikhathi sazo ngokusebenzisa isambulo somlando wokuphila wenkanyezi, kuze kube ukuwa noma ukubhujiswa kwayo.
Inesibopho socwaningo olunzulu lwezinto, imizimba noma izinto ezingaphandle kwe-Milky Way.
i-stellar astronomy
Igxilisa umgomo wayo wesayensi ocwaningweni lwezinkanyezi nakho konke okuhlobene nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuzalwa, ukuphila, nokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
ukwakheka kwenkanyezi
Ucwaningo olufeza ulwazi nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo ezungezile nendawo, kanye nezinqubo ezenza ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-astronomy ne-astrology
I-astronomy ne-astrology amagama amabili okuthi ezingeni lohlelo lolimi afane ngandlela thize ngendlela yokuveza amagama. Nokho, ukufunda izinkanyezi nezinkanyezi akufanele kudidaniswe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.
Bobabili bahlukaniswa ngenxa yemibono yabo, amazinga, kanye nemikhakha yokufunda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isayensi yezinkanyezi iyisayensi ehlose ukuhumusha izinkanyezi, okungenzeka ukuthi zinobudlelwano obuseduze nesibopho nabantu.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi igxilisa imizamo yayo ekuxhumaniseni amaplanethi nezinkanyezi nomuntu wangaphakathi womuntu, namuhla anobubanzi obukhulu, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kunikeza isakhiwo esikhulu esingaphezu kwamandla esihlanganisa yonke into ehlobene namashadi ezinkanyezi, i-tarot, i-horoscope, nokunye. Okwenziwa ngawo umzamo wokuchaza nokuhlukanisa ukuziphatha kwabantu okuthile eduze kwezimpawu zezinkanyezi.
Ububanzi lokhu okube nakho emlandweni wesayensi, kuyiqiniso ngempela. Ngenxa yocwaningo oluye lwenziwa, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kuye kwaholela ngendlela egculisa kakhulu imiphumela etholiwe, ukuhlobanisa isayensi yeplanethi nezindlela ezingokomoya nezomphefumulo amadoda anazo.
Ukubhula ngezinkanyezi ekugcineni kuyafika ukuze kutholwe imiphumela yokufika ngesikhathi mayelana nethonya lamaplanethi athile ezimpawini zezinkanyezi. Nakuba isayensi yezinkanyezi igxile ekuhloleni kwayo emaqinisweni angokwesayensi kuphela, afuna ukuxazulula nokucacisa ukungabaza ngemibuzo ethile umuntu aye wayiphakamisa kuwo wonke umlando.
Ngakho-ke, igama elilodwa akufanele lihlanganiswe nelinye. Njengoba ngokusobala bobabili banezinjongo ezingaguquki ezihluke kakhulu ngokwesakhiwo socwaningo olwenziwe mayelana namaplanethi, indawo yonke, nendawo engaphandle.
Iminikelo yesayensi ye-astronomy
Ngezansi kukhona okunye okuzuziwe kanye negalelo isayensi yezinkanyezi eye yayenza phakathi namakhulu eminyaka neminyaka, ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi ethuthukisiwe kanye negalelo lesayensi.
Ngenxa yesayensi yezinkanyezi, kuye kwenziwa izifundo ezithuthukisa ulwazi oluhlukahlukene emqondweni womuntu, phakathi kwazo sithola:
Ucwaningo olumayelana nendlela inkanyezi efa ngayo
Ngenxa yokuvezwa okuhlukene okunikezwa umkhakha wocwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi ye-extragalactic, namuhla siyayazi indlela inkanyezi efa ngayo, uphenyo olwenziwayo lubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuncike ngobukhulu bayo.
Okuwukuphela kwento ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izigaba zokugcina zempilo yenkanyezi zizoba zingakanani ukuthi inkulu kangakanani. Izinkanyezi ezinkulu ziyafa njenge-supernovae. Lapho inkanyezi enkulu iqeda ukushisa i-hydrogen ne-helium yayo, iyaqhubeka incipha futhi ishisa kakhulu.
Izinga lokushisa liqeda i-helium, bese kuba ikhabhoni, bese kuba i-silicon, futhi ekugcineni likhiqize insimbi. Insimbi yakha umlotha wenuzi wokugcina. Awukwazi ukuthola amandla ensimbi ngokuyivumela ukuthi ihlangane nabanye. Kalula nje inkanyezi ngeke ishe, enkanyezini enkulu kakhulu umlotha wensimbi uqala ukuvala umongo.
Lapho amandla enuzi ema phakathi kwenkanyezi enkulu, umnyombo wawo uyabhidlika ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla adonsela phansi. Izingxenye ezingaphandle zenkanyezi zibona umata ukhishwa ngaphansi kwezinyawo zazo futhi ziqala ukuwela ngaphakathi. Endleleni bathola umnyombo, obhampa futhi udedelwa esihogweni. Umphumela uba ukuqhuma lapho inkanyezi iphihlika ngokoqobo njengoba ithela amandla emkhathini.* Isikhathi esifushane, i-supernovae ingakhipha amandla angaphezu kwawo wonke umthala.
I-Supernova 1987A bekuyi-supernova ekhona yakamuva kakhulu endaweni yethu eseduze. I-Supernovae ayitholakali, kukhona amaningana ekhulwini emithaleni eminingi, ngo-February 1987 i-supernova yaqhuma efwini le-Magellan, eduze ne-Milky Way. Lena kwakuyi-supernova yokuqala esondele ngokwanele ukuba ibonwe ngawo wonke amasu esayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje.
Izindaba ezimnandi ngo-1987 ukuthi azikho izindaba. Yaziphatha kakhulu noma ngaphansi njengoba izinkolelo-mbono zazibikezele. Lokhu bekuwukunqoba okukhulu kwe-astrophysics yesimanje njengoba umcimbi uthuthukise indlela ososayensi ababeyifunde ngokucophelela, futhi imiphumela yabonakala isobala.
i nova
Ngokuphambene ne-supernova ibhekisela kunoma iyiphi inkanyezi ebonakala ngokuzumayo ikhanya esibhakabhakeni. Lokhu manje esikubiza ngokuthi i-nova empeleni kuwuhlelo lwezinkanyezi ezimbili lapho elinye lamalungu liyi-white dwarf. Isisindo senkanyezi enkulu siwela phezu kwento encane emhlophe kuze kube yilapho iqoqana ekujuleni okungaphezudlwana kwengxenye yemitha.
Bese kuthi ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu nokushisa, inqwaba eyengeziwe ithungela umlilo wenuzi futhi iyashabalala. Lokhu kuthungela kubonakala njengokwanda kokukhanya kwenkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Ngakho-ke i-nova efanayo ingaqhubeka futhi izikhathi ezimbalwa, futhi isikhathi esivamile phakathi kokukhanya okulandelanayo cishe iminyaka eyi-10.000.
i-black hole theory
Imbobo emnyama iwukuphela okungenzeka kwe-supernova, uma ingqikithi ye-supernova iwa futhi inkulu ngokwanele, amandla adonsela phansi angaphoqa ama-neutron ukuthi ahlangane futhi inkanyezi iguquke ibe umgodi omnyama, kulesi simo akukho ngisho nokukhanya okungaphunyuka kuso. ubuso bayo. Umgodi omnyama umele ukunqoba kokugcina kwamandla adonsela phansi phezu kwendaba yenkanyezi.
izifundo ze-galaxy
Uma sibheka esibhakabhakeni sibona izinkanyezi ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi imithala. Owethu umthala ovamile, unezinkanyezi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-10.000 80.000, futhi isici sawo esisobala kakhulu siwukuthi izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo zisezingalweni ze-spiral. Uma ubhekwa ukude, umthala wethu ubungase ubukeke njengekhekhe eliyisicaba, idiski elingama-light-year angaba ngu-XNUMX elinezingalo ezine ezisontekile eziphuma kudiski.
Maphakathi nendawo kunenkanyezi enkulu eyindilinga ebizwa ngokuthi umnyombo, ilanga lethu elitholakala cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendlela yokuphuma kwenye yalezo zingalo ezithandelayo.
Izinkanyezi ezisenkabeni emaphakathi yomthala zifinyene kakhulu. Eduze nelanga izinkanyezi zihlukene ngeminyaka eminingi yokukhanya. Enkabeni yomthala, ibanga eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi lincane kakhulu, mhlawumbe izikhathi ezimbalwa kunobukhulu besimiso sonozungezilanga. Ngakho-ke, ukube besiseplanethini ezungeza enye yalezo zinkanyezi, ngabe abukho ubusuku.
Ngisho noma uhlangothi lwethu lweplanethi lubheke kude nelanga lethu elithile, bekuyoba nokukhanya okwanele kwezinye izinkanyezi ezisendaweni eseduze ukuze kuqhubeke kube semini. Ukuba khona kweminye imithala njengoba sesike sasho ngaphambili kwavela esikhathini esingeside esidlule. Imithala imelela ingxenye ebalulekile yomfanekiso wethu wendawo yonke, ngakho-ke kunenkulumompikiswano enkulu emhlabeni wesayensi mayelana nokuba khona kweqiniso kweminye imithala.
Impikiswano isuselwe ekutheni ukukhanya okuguqubele esibhakabhakeni kwakungezinye iziqhingi zasemkhathini, njenge-Milky Way, noma amafu nje egesi. Udaba luxazululiwe ngenxa yesazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika u-Edwin Hubble.
Ubani owayenetheleskopu engamamitha angu-2,58 eMount Wilson eCalifornia. Ngalesi sibonakude, wakwazi ukubona inkanyezi ngayinye emthaleni i-Andromeda, umakhelwane wethu oseduze, futhi wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi iqhele nge-light-year engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili.
Ngenxa yesayensi yezinkanyezi kuyaziwa ukuthi imithala yakhiwa ukufiphala kwamafu egesi, ngenqubo efana naleyo eyakha ilanga nesimiso sonozungezilanga, efwini elikhulu legesi, kuhlale kunezindawo ezithile lapho kuqoqwa khona insada enkulu kunezinye. . Lezi zindawo eziminyene kakhulu zihehe izinto eziseduze kuzo, zizenze zibe nkulu kakhulu futhi zikwazi ukuheha izinto eziningi.
Ekugcineni, le nqubo kumelwe ukuba yabangela ifu elikhulu ukuba lihlukane libe imithala ehlukene, futhi emthaleni ngamunye le nqubo kumelwe iqhubeke yenza izinkanyezi ezihlukene.
ubukhona bemithala yemisakazo
I-astronomy iphinde yathatha umsebenzi wokuthola nokufunda ubukhona bemithala yemisakazo, lezi zichazwa njengezindawo ezinodlame. Imithala yomsakazo efana ne-Milky Way ivame ukukhipha imisebe yayo eminingi ngendlela yokukhanya okubonakalayo, njengoba kwenza ilanga. Nokho, kunemithala eminingana ekhipha izimpawu zomsakazo ezinamandla kakhulu. Leyo mithala yaziwa ngokuthi imithala yomsakazo.
Uma ubheka imithala yemisakazo enezibonakude ezivamile, uvame ukubona imithala lapho kunokunyakaza okukhulu, ukugingqika, nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha esingakuhlanganisi nezindawo ezithule njengeMilky Way, ngakho kubonakala sengathi kube izinhlobo ezimbili zemithala endaweni yonke: imithala enodlame njengemithala yomsakazo, kanye nezindawo ezithule, ezithokomele njenge-milky way.
I-Discovery of the Solar System sibonga i-astronomy
Amakhulu eminyaka okubuka kanye namashumi eminyaka okusebenza ngemishini yasemkhathini kuye kwakhiqiza ingcebo yolwazi mayelana nesimiso sethu samaplanethi. Ngemva kokuphawula okumbalwa mayelana nesakhiwo esijwayelekile sohlelo ngokwalo. Ucwaningo nokusabalalisa isayensi yesimiso sonozungezilanga kungenye yempumelelo evelele kakhulu isayensi yezinkanyezi esifinyelele kuyo mayelana nokujulisa ucwaningo lwaso. Ngenxa yalokhu, umuntu ukwazile ukwazi izici ezichaza i-Solar System namaplanethi ayiqamba.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi ikhombisa ukuthi amaplanethi akhiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa neLanga futhi enziwe ngento efanayo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.600 edlule, ilanga namaplanethi kwakha ifu lothuli eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye obunzima befu eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi aya eLangeni.Ukuzungeza kwefu lothuli okwavela kulo iSolar System kwaphoqa zonke izinto ezingayi eLangeni zibe yi-flat disk ebizwa ngokuthi i-elliptical. Amaplanethi kanye nalo lonke uhlelo olwakhiwe kule ndiza.
Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani wonke amaplanethi ngaphandle kwe-Pluto enemizila endizeni efanayo, futhi wonke ahamba ngendlela efanayo. Ukukhanga kanye namandla adonsela phansi kwephule i-elliptical disk yaba amaplanethi ngamanye. Inqwaba yento ekwidiski yakhanga into endaweni eyizungezile, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yaba nkulu kakhulu. Ekugcineni lezo zixuku eziqoqiwe zakha amaplanethi.
Amaplanethi amakhulu kunawo wonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga amancane kakhulu afana noMhlaba. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa i-Solar System, kwakunomehluko obalulekile ezingeni lokushisa phakathi kwezingxenye zangaphakathi nezingaphandle zesistimu. Ucwaningo lwezinkanyezi luchaze ukuthi eduze neLanga lapho izinga lokushisa laliphakeme khona, izakhi eziningana ezifana ne-methane ne-ammonia zazisesimweni somhwamuko, kuyilapho ngaphandle kwalokho zahlala ziyiqhwa.
Lapho imililo yenuzi yeLanga ibaselwa, imisebe yaphephula indaba eguquguqukayo isuka engxenyeni engaphakathi yeSolar System, kuyilapho ngaphandle kwalokho leyo ndaba, kanye ne-hydrogen ne-helium, yayivame ukuhlala ukuze ihlanganiswe namaplanethi. Ngakho, amaplanethi aseduze nelanga avame ukuba mancane futhi abe namatshe, kuyilapho lawo akude evame ukuba mikhulu futhi anegesi.
Intuthuko yesayensi yesayensi yezinkanyezi iye yachaza imininingwane ngayinye yezici ezikhona amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga, kanye nokwenza isigaba esiwahlukanisa abe amaplanethi angaphakathi anamatshe, njengeMercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, abizwa ngokuthi amaplanethi asemhlabeni, futhi inyanga yethu ifakiwe kulesi sigaba, nakuba yona ngokwayo ingeyona iplanethi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-UyRQaeVH4
Amaplanethi angaphandle afana neJupiter, Saturn, Uranus, neNeptune abizwa ngokuthi ama-gas giants, noma abuye abizwe ngokuthi amaplanethi eJovian. Lawa maplanethi angase abe nomnyombo omncane wamadwala, into enkulu kakhulu kuneplanethi ewumhlaba. Kodwa zizungezwe izingqimba ezijulile zoketshezi namagesi.
Ucwaningo oluvezwe isayensi yezinkanyezi luye lwaphetha ngokuthi umhlaba uwukuphela kweplanethi e-Solar System enomsebenzi we-tectonic, okuwukuphela kweplanethi enamanzi aluketshezi phezu kwayo, futhi kuwukuphela kweplanethi equkethe ukuphila.
INyanga yiyona yodwa indikimba eSolar System esikwazi ukubona izici zayo ngeso lenyama, inezindawo eziphakeme ezakha izindandatho zemigodi. Kodwa-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi iNyanga yabunjwa nini ngempela, kuthiwa kumele ukuthi yakheka ngesikhathi kwakhiwa umhlaba.
K Es Es Escha! Escha Escha! Escha Escha! Escha!
El Iplanethi iMercury iyiplanethi eseduze neLanga, iqeda uhambo lokuzungeza umjikelezo wayo njalo ezinsukwini ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili. Iplanethi ibonakala eMhlabeni njengenkanyezi yasekuseni neyakusihlwa. I-Mercury ayinawo umkhathi, ingaphezulu layo ligcwele ama-craters futhi libukeka lifana kakhulu neNyanga yethu, iplanethi inengaphakathi elicishe lifane nelomhlaba, linomgogodla wensimbi ozungezwe ungqimba lwamaminerali asuselwa ku-silicon.
Venus
Yiplanethi efana kakhulu nomhlaba, izinga lokushisa lobuso bayo liphezulu, lilinganiselwa ku-470 degrees Celsius, kukholakala ukuthi isizathu salokhu kushisa okuphezulu yi-greenhouse effect ebangelwa inani elikhulu lomhwamuko wamanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide. emkhathini weVenusian.
Mars
Ikude kakhulu namaplanethi asemhlabeni, inohhafu wobukhulu bomhlaba kuphela. Unyaka wayo uhambisana neminyaka emibili yoMhlaba, futhi kungashiwo ukuthi inezinkathi zonyaka ngoba singakwazi ukubona ukuthi ama-polar caps akha futhi aphela kanjani.
Abukho ubufakazi bokuphila ku-Mars nanoma yimuphi omunye umzimba eSolar System, kuVenus, enyangeni nakuMars abukho ubufakazi bokuphila. Lokhu bekungabamangaza ngokuphelele ososayensi ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, lapho kwakuzwakala sengathi amanye amaplanethi aphethe ukuphila.
I-Jupiter iyiplanethi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Solar System, ijikeleza ngokwayo ngokushesha, usuku lwayo lunesikhathi samahora ayisithupha. Ngenxa yokuzungeza kwawo, umkhathi weJupiter uhlukaniswe waba amabhande anemibala ehlukene. Iplanethi inezinyanga eziningi, eziyizungeza njengamaplanethi azungeza iLanga.
Izinyanga eziningi zeJupiter zinkulu impela futhi zifana namaplanethi asemhlabeni ngokwakhiwa. Le planethi yayisizoba inkanyezi, isisindo seJupiter singaphansi ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kuphela kunalokho okudingekayo ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa langaphakathi, kuze kufike eqophelweni lapho ukuqala kokuhlangana kwayo.
Saturn
Ngezindandatho zayo imele umbukwane kunawo wonke amaplanethi, iwumdondoshiya wegesi njengeJupiter futhi ingeyokugcina kumaplanethi angabonwa eMhlabeni ngeso lenyama. inamashumi amabili nanye Iziphuphutheki zemvelo, enye yazo ibizwa ngokuthi i-titan futhi iyinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Kuwukuphela kwesathelayithi enomoya ohlanganisa i-nitrogen, i-methane ne-argon, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu le-titan oscillates elizungeze ama-degrees Celsius angama-280. Le nhlanganisela yenza i-titan ifane nomhlaba.
Izindandatho zeSaturn cishe zidonsela ukunaka okukhulu kunanoma yini enye ngeplanethi. Lezi zindandatho zenziwe ngamabhande amancane emfucumfucu, iningi lawo lingamadwala neqhwa. Amaringi mancane kakhulu, ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zikholelwa ukuthi nakuba ebonisa ukukhanya kakhulu, angase abe ngaphezu kwamamitha angamakhulu ambalwa.
I-Uranus
Inezinyanga ezinhlanu kanye nochungechunge lwezindandatho ezincane kakhulu, ezimnyama ezizungezile, ezithi zifane nezindandatho zeSaturn. Lezi zindandatho zatholwa ngo-1977, lapho iplanethi idlula phambi kwenkanyezi futhi kwatholakala ukufiphala kokukhanya ngenxa yokumuncwa izindandatho.
I-Uranus iphotha emaceleni. Iningi lamaplanethi ku-Solar System lizungeza i-axis yawo, ukuze emva kosuku, zombili izinhlangothi zivezwe eLangeni. Ngokungafani nabo, i-Uranus iphendulelwa ohlangothini lwayo, ngakho-ke i-axis yayo yokuzungeza isendaweni efanayo nendiza yayo. i-orbit, ngakho isigxobo esiseningizimu sithola ukukhanya ingxenye yesigamu sonyaka, kanti ingxenye yasenyakatho ithola ukukhanya kwenye ingxenye.
Neptune
IneNyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, kanye nesethi yayo yamasongo. Imimoya engaphezulu kwayo iyona eshesha kakhulu kuSolar System, ibalwa ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-2.500 ngehora. INeptune kwakuyiplanethi yokuqala etholwe ngenxa yesibikezelo.
Zibona ukuchezuka kwendlela ka-Uranus emzileni wayo owawubikezelwe, izazi zezinkanyezi zekhulu le-1845 zabala ukuthi iplanethi kufanele ibe kuphi ukuze ibangele lokhu kuchezuka. Baqondisa izibonakude zabo kulelo phuzu, futhi bathola iplanethi ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nantathu kuSeptemba ngonyaka we-XNUMX.
Pluto
Ngezindlela eziningi iyinqaba yamaplanethi. Incane, futhi ineNyanga enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi iCharon, ukuzungeza kwayo ku-eccentric, okungabangela ukuthi ibe nezinkathi zonyaka, ngendlela yokuthi uma isiseduze nelanga, uketshezi lwe-methane olungaphezulu kwayo luyabila ukuze lube uhlobo oluthile inkungu yomkhathi , lapho iplanethi isuka elangeni futhi, iqala ukukhithika i-methane eqinile. Lokhu ekugcineni kuye kwaba enye yentuthuko engokwesayensi eyembulwa ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi mayelana nokwakheka kwendawo yonke nezindikimba zasemkhathini ezihambisana nawo.
Umthelela wesayensi yezinkanyezi ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe
I-astronomy ithuthukiswa ngezinjongo ezizama ukukhiqiza nokusungula ulwazi oluhlukahlukene olugxile emizamweni yazo ekuqondeni i-superstructure yayo yonke into ehlanganisa indawo yonke. Iqiniso eliye lavumela isintu sisonke ukuthola izinzuzo zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezengeza futhi zandise ulwazi olusekelwe kwisayensi.
I-astronomy yona ivule indlela, ngokusebenzisa izifundo ezenziwa isayensi, ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba kuphela ngale nsiza ekuphenyweni okwenziwe, ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile. Ukufika komuntu enyangeni kuwumphumela omkhulu kakhulu wokuqanjwa okusha okwenziwe ngumuntu ukuze afeze lo msebenzi, ngenhloso eyinhloko yokwandisa ulwazi.
Ngenxa yentuthuko entsha yesayensi, isayensi yezinkanyezi ihambisana nokuqaliswa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, lapho ububanzi bolwazi buqhelelene nesinyathelo esisodwa ngokushesha. Ngamathuluzi zobuchwepheshe afana namasathelayithi, izibonakude, amarokhethi, phakathi kwezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe, avumela ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe kwemikhakha yocwaningo esetshenziswa yisayensi yezinkanyezi namuhla.
Enye idatha ethakazelisayo isayensi yezinkanyezi eye yanikela ngesayensi
- Isazi sefilosofi esidumile saseJalimane u-Immanuel Kant waba ngowokuqala ukuqagela ukuthi eminye imithala ingase ibe khona endaweni yonke. Uphinde waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi island universe ukuze abhekisele kuzo.
- Izinkanyezi ezinkulu ziphila ngokushesha futhi zakha izidumbu ezimangalisayo.
- Ukukhanya kwenkanyezi kukalwa ngokobukhulu bayo.
- I-Jupiter yayisizoba inkanyezi, ngenxa yobuningi obufinyelele kuyo. Kulokhu, kwakungenakwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuphila emhlabeni kube khona, njengoba imisebe eyengeziwe, ngisho nenkanyezi encane kangaka, yayiyophazamisa ukulinganisela okuntekenteke okwenza ukuphila kube nokwenzeka emhlabeni wethu.
Lena eminye yedatha enelukuluku okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokwezifundo ezinikezwe isayensi yezinkanyezi, namuhla sinenjabulo yokwazi. Ukuthola ulwazi oluningi kunalokho ebesikulindele.