Ngiyakumema ukuthi wazi yonke imininingwane ye- Unkulunkulukazi uHathor eyaziwa ngokuthi indodakazi kaNkulunkulu weLanga Omunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu benkolo yaseGibhithe phakathi noMbuso Ophakathi Nomusha. Wayengunina, unkosikazi, unkosikazi, udadewabo kanye neso likaRa noNkulunkulu uHorus. Ubuye aziwe njengonkulunkulu wenjabulo,umama kanye nomvikeli wezingane.Qhubeka ufunda futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nonkulunkulukazi!!
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor ungomunye wonkulunkulukazi abakhulu nezinkomba zenkolo yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Ubani owayebambe iqhaza ekwenzeni imisebenzi ehlukene kanye nemikhuba yabantu baseGibhithe. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor ungunkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka. Ukuthi wayaziwa ngokuthi uMama futhi njengomngane kaNkulunkulu uHorus futhi ngendlela efanayo noNkulunkulu weSolar uRa.
Lo nkulunkulu ubelokhu ehlotshaniswa nobukhosi baseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngalokho unkulunkulukazi uHathor aye aziwa njengomama ongokomfanekiso woFaro baseGibithe, njengoba kunguye owayebamelela endaweni yasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Goddess Hathor wayenendima ebaluleke kakhulu lapho ethatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokuba Iso likaRa njengomuntu wesifazane.
Ephethe umfanekiso weso likaRa. Wayenendlela yokuziphindiselela futhi ngale ndlela wayezivikela ezitheni zakhe. Kodwa futhi inohlangothi lokupha olumelwe ngenjabulo, uthando, umdanso, umculo, ubulili nokunakekelwa komama. Kodwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayezoba umngane wonkulunkulu abaningi besilisa baseGibhithe kanye nomama wabantwana babo.
Lezi zici ezaboniswa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor zenza isibonelo esihle somqondo waseGibhithe wobufazi. Kuthiwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor wakwazi ukuwela imingcele esiza imiphefumulo efile eyalahleka ekuguqukeni kokuphila kuya ekufeni.
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor naye uye wamelelwa ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe enomfanekiso wenkomo, njengoba lesi silwane sihlotshaniswa nekamama nesasezulwini. Kodwa indlela eyimele kakhulu ngeyowesifazane onezimpondo zenkomo futhi phakathi nendawo uphethe i-solar disk. Ukulingana noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor naye umelelwe ngomfanekiso webhubesikazi, umsikamore noma ureo.
Njengamanje kunezethulo zikankulunkulukazi uHathor ngemifanekiso yezinkomo efana nezobuciko baseGibhithe ezenziwa ngenkulungwane yesine BC. Kodwa uphenyo oluye lwenziwa luthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor kungenzeka ukuthi wavela eMbusweni Omdala waseGibhithe iminyaka 2686 AD kanye 2181 BC. c.
Lokhu kwakungenziwa ngosizo lwababusi baseGibhithe noFaro bangaleso sikhathi ababehola uMbuso Omdala ngale ndlela uNkulunkulukazi uHathor waba omunye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu eGibhithe. Ukuba ngomunye wonkulunkulukazi okwanikezelwa kuye amathempeli engeziwe, okugqama kakhulu okwaseDendera etholakala e-Upper Egypt.
Ngokunjalo, unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayekhonzwa emaThempelini onkulunkulu besilisa ababengamaqabane akhe. AbaseGibhithe babeyikhonze kakhulu eyayiyixhumanisa namazwe angaphandle njengeKhanani neNubia njengoba la mazwe ayenezinto ezibalulekile ezinjengamatshe ayigugu ayigugu nempepho. Ngendlela efanayo, abantu abaningi bakulezi zindawo babemkhulekela.
Kodwa eGibhithe unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengomunye wonkulunkulu ababecengwa kakhulu emithandazweni yangasese yabantu baseGibhithe futhi kwenziwa iminikelo yezifungo ehlukahlukene kuye. Ababemnike iminikelo eminingi ngabesifazane ngoba befuna ukukhulelwa bathole abantwana.
EMbusweni Omusha owawuphakathi kuka-1550 BC kanye no-1072 AD, onkulunkulukazi baseGibhithe u-Isis noMut bathatha isikhundla esasiphethwe unkulunkulukazi uHathor kokubili ebukhosini nasemibonweni ayekuyo eMbusweni waseGibhithe. Kodwa wayesengomunye wonkulunkulukazi ababethandwa futhi bethandwa kakhulu abaseGibhithe.
Ngemva kokuphela koMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, unkulunkulukazi uHathor waphinde wasibekela unkulunkulukazi u-Isis owathatha ukuvelela okukhulu. Kodwa wayenabaningi abathembekile futhi inkolo enkulu yakhokhelwa kuye kwaze kwaba yilapho inkolo endala yacinywa emakhulwini okuqala enkathi yamanje esiphila kuyo.
Umsuka kankulunkulukazi uHathor
Imvelaphi kankulunkulukazi uHathor ihlobene eduze nezithombe zezinkomo, njengoba zivela kaningi emisebenzini yobuciko eyayipendwe eGibhithe lasendulo kusukela ngonyaka ka-3100 BC. Ngendlela efanayo baye bagqamisa izibalo zabesifazane abane izingalo zazo ziphezulu futhi zisesimweni sejika elenza umfanekiso wezimpondo zezinkomo.
Zonke izithombe ezenziwe ngobuciko baseGibhithe ezenziwe ngokumelela izinkomo nabesifazane abaphakamise izingalo zabo banobudlelwane obuthile nonkulunkulukazi uHathor. Njengoba izinkomo zesiko laseGibhithe ziye zahlonishwa kakhulu ngoba zimelela izimpawu zokudla kanye nomama. Njengoba izinkomo zinakekela izingane zazo futhi zinikeza ubisi oludingekayo ukuze zikhuliswe futhi ziqiniswe. Ngendlela efanayo, abantu badla ubisi olukhiqizwa yilesi silwane.
Kukhona ucezu lobuciko baseGibhithe olubizwa ngokuthi i-Gerzeh Palette, elithathwa njengetshe lenkathi yangaphambi komlando kaNagada II phakathi kuka-3500 BC kanye no-3200 AD. Lo msebenzi wobuciko waseGibhithe unomfanekiso wekhanda lenkomo elinezimpondo ezigobile ngaphakathi ezizungezwe izinkanyezi ezihlukahlukene.
Indlela ucwecwe lukaGerzeh olwenziwa ngayo ibonisa ukuthi inkomo iseduze kakhulu nesibhakabhaka. Ngendlela efanayo emasikweni aseGibhithe babemelela onkulunkulukazi abaningana ezikhathini zamuva abahlangene esibhakabhakeni futhi besesimweni senkomo, phakathi kwabo onkulunkulukazi uHathor, uMeheret noNut bavelele.
Kodwa-ke kuzo zonke lezi zibonelo uGoddess Hathor akukhulunywa ngaye ndawo, kodwa lapho ubukhosi besine baseGibhithe bufika phakathi kweminyaka engu-2613 BC kanye no-2494 AD. eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo. Kodwa kunezinto eziningi ezixhunywe kuGoddess Hathor okungesikhathi seNkathi Yama-Archaic esukela phakathi kweminyaka engu-3100 BC kanye nonyaka ka-2686 AD.
Kodwa lapho unkulunkulukazi uHathor enesimo sakhe esicacile, izimpondo azigqoka ekhanda lakhe zigobela ngaphandle, kunokuba zibe ngaphakathi njengalezo ezitholakala emidwebeni yaseGibhithe yangaphambi kwesikhathi. Yingakho unkulunkulu waseGibhithe onezimpondo ezigobile etholakala ku-Narmer Palette. Futhi leli phalethi lihlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwesiko laseGibhithe. Njengoba ingaphezulu kwephalethi njengebhande leNkosi uNarmer.
Kodwa ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ku-Narmer Palette, isazi saseGibhithe u-Henry George Fischer weza ukuzoqinisekisa ngokophenyo lwakhe ukuthi unkulunkulukazi ovela ku-Narmer Palette ungunkulunkulukazi uBat. Omunye wonkulunkulukazi baseGibhithe okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wamelelwa enobuso bowesifazane kodwa enezimpondo ezigobile ngaphakathi futhi zibonakala ngaphakathi njengezimpondo zenkomo.
Kodwa olunye uphenyo olwenziwa yi-Egyptologist uLana Troy lwafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi emibhalweni yamaPiramidi oMbuso WaseGibhithe lasendulo unkulunkulukazi uHathor uhlobene nephinifa lenkosi elenza inyunyana nebhande lenkosi. INkosi uNarmer futhi lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ungunkulunkulukazi uHathor hhayi unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uBat.
Ebukhosini besine baseGibhithe unkulunkulukazi uHathor waba unkulunkulu odumile novelele ngaleyo ndlela esusa uNkulunkulu weNgwenya waseGibhithe wasendulo owayekhonzwa eDendera. Lokhu kwakuse-Upper Egypt. Ngale ndlela unkulunkulukazi uHathor waba usanta ongumvikeli walelo dolobha.
Ngesikhathi sisendaweni yaseHu, kwakukhokhelwa ihlelo elikhulu kunkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uBat. Kodwa kusukela ngonyaka ka-2055 BC kanye no-1650 AD laba nkulunkulu bahlanganiswa banikeza igama elilodwa elaziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor. Emfundisweni yenkolo ekhona ezungeze oFaro baseGibhithe boMbuso Omdala, yayigxile kuNkulunkulu uRa, ekubeni lena inkosi yabo bonke onkulunkulu baseGibhithe kanye nomvikeli kaFaro noma inkosi yasemhlabeni. Ngenkathi unkulunkulukazi uHathor enyukela ezulwini noNkulunkulu, waba umkakhe ngakho-ke ungunina wabo bonke oFaro.
Imisebenzi uNkulunkulukazi ayenayo kuSiko laseGibhithe
Esikweni laseGibhithe unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayethatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene futhi wakhonza izindima eziningi kubantu baseGibhithe. Ophenyweni olwenziwa isazi sase-Egypt uRobyn A. Gillam, lapho aqinisekisa khona ukuthi lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezamukelwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi inkantolo yoMbuso Omdala yanquma ukukhipha onkulunkulu abambalwa ababekhulekelwa abantu baseGibhithe. Ngokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kwanikezwa ngokubonakaliswa kukaGoddess Hathor ebukhosini boMbuso Omdala.
Emibhalweni yasendulo yaseGibhithe, kukhona ulwazi mayelana nokubonakaliswa kukankulunkulukazi uHathor, lapho kubikwa khona ukuthi kwakukhona. “AmaHathor ayisikhombisa” kodwa kuneminye imibhalo lapho kukhona ulwazi mayelana nonkulunkulukazi abengeziwe kuze kufike inani lama-362. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu isazi saseGibhithe uRobyn A. Gillam uze bayagomela "Ukuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor ubewuhlobo lukankulunkulu nokuthi akanalo nelilodwa ibhizinisi." Kungakho lokhu kuhlukahluka kuye kwabonakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezimfanelo abantu baseGibhithe ababehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi uHathor, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
Unkulunkulukazi Wasezulwini: Ku-Goddess Hathor, iziqu eziningana zafakwa kusukela ku-Lady of the sky kuya ku-Unkulunkulukazi Wasezulwini. Njengoba abantu baseGibhithe bathi wayehlala esibhakabhakeni noNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa kanye nabanye onkulunkulu belanga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngokocwaningo, abantu baseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi isibhakabhaka sasifana namanzi futhi uNkulunkulu weLanga wayehamba kuwo.
Kungakho kukhulunywa ezinganekwaneni zabo ngokudalwa komhlaba ukuthi ilanga lavela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Ngenkathi unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayemelwe njengenkomo engumama we-cosmic wamaGibhithe. Phela, unkulunkulukazi uHathor nonkulunkulukazi uMeheret babebhekwa njengenkomo eyazala uNkulunkulu iLanga futhi yambeka phakathi kwezimpondo zayo ukuze imvikele.
Ngendlela efanayo, kwathiwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor wazala uNkulunkulu iLanga njalo ekuphumeni kwelanga, njengoba ezalwa nsuku zonke. Yingakho igama lakhe ngesiGibhithe lalingu-ḥwt-ḥrw noma ḥwt-ḥr, elingahunyushwa ngokuthi "Indlu kaHorus" Ngokufanayo, ingaqondwa ngokuthi "indlu yami izulu" Yingakho unkulunkulukazi uHorus ayemelela isibhakabhaka nelanga kubantu baseGibhithe.
Ngale ndlela, lapho kukhulunywa ngendlu kaNkulunkulu uHorus, kubhekiselwa esibelethweni sikankulunkulukazi uHathor noma esibhakabhakeni lapho athuthela khona noma njengoNkulunkulu weLanga ozalwa njalo ekuseni.
I-Sun Goddess: Ngokufanayo, unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayaziwa njengomunye wonkulunkulukazi belanga, futhi wayengumlingani wesifazane wonkulunkulu belanga uRa noHorus. Wayeyingxenye yethimba laphezulu elaligcina inkampani kaNkulunkulu uRa, ngenkathi ehamba esibhakabhakeni ngomkhumbi wakhe omkhulu.
Yingakho unkulunkulukazi uHathor aziwa ngokuthi "IGolden Lady” ngoba ukukhanya kwawo kwakufana kakhulu nokwelanga kanye nemibhalo yasendulo okuthiwa idolobha laseDendera “Imisebe yokukhanya evela kuyo ikhanyisa uMhlaba wonke”. Ngezindaba ezazixoxwa, babemhlanganisa nonkulunkulukazi uNebethetepet futhi igama lakhe lalisho iNkosazana yeminikelo, iNkosazana yenjabulo noma iNkosazana yengquza.
Edolobheni laseHeliopolis, uNkulunkulu uRa, unkulunkulukazi uHathor kanye noNebethetepet babekhonzwa ngoba babengabalingani bakaNkulunkulu uRa. Ngale ndlela, isazi saseGibhithe uRudolf Anthes sacabanga ukuthi igama likankulunkulukazi uHathor libhekisela kwenye yezindlu zikaHorus edolobheni laseHeliopolis nokuthi lalihlobene eduze nemicabango yobukhosi baseGibhithe.
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor naye wayengomunye wonkulunkulukazi abafeza indima yeso likaRa. Wayemele ingxenye yesifazane ngaphakathi kwediski yeLanga kanye nengxenye yamandla uNkulunkulu uRa ayenawo. Ibuye ihunyushwe ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi wamehlo owayebhekwa njengesibeletho lapho kwazalelwa khona uNkulunkulu weLanga.Kule ngxenye imisebenzi kankulunkulukazi uHathor yayiphikisana njengoba wayengumama, isithandwa, unkosikazi, udadewabo nendodakazi kaNkulunkulu uRa ekhona lapha. ukubonakaliswa komjikelezo welanga wansuku zonke.
Ngezikhathi zantambama iLanga libuyele emzimbeni weNkosikazi, liphinde likhulelise futhi lizale onkulunkulu ababezozalwa ngakusasa ekuseni. NjengoNkulunkulu uRa ngokwakhe owazalwa kabusha, kanye nendodakazi yakhe unkulunkulukazi wamehlo. Yingakho uNkulunkulu u-Ra enikeza indodakazi yakhe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo azikhulisela yena futhi lokhu kudala ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo.
Iso likaRa lihloselwe ukuvikela uNkulunkulu weLanga ezitheni futhi lalivame ukuvezwa njengemfezi eqondile, i-auran, noma ibhubesikazi. Enye indlela i-Eye of Ra eyaziwa ngayo yifomu elaziwa ngokuthi "I-Hathor yobuso obune” futhi limelelwa izimfezi ezine lapho ubuso obunye bukhomba iphuzu elibalulekile ngale ndlela bungakwazi ukuqapha izinsongo ezingase zilinde iLanga.
Kungakho kunezinganekwane ezimbalwa eMbusweni Omusha ophakathi kuka-1550 BC no-1070 AD lapho kukhulunywa khona lapho i-Eye Goddess iqala ukuthukuthela ngaphandle kokuzilawula. Inganekwane ebalulekile ichazwe encwadini yomngcwabo engcwele enesihloko esithi "Incwadi Yenkomo Engcwele".
Lapho uNkulunkulu u-Ra ethumela khona u-Goddess Hathor Njengeso LikaNkulunkulu u-Ra ukuze akhiphe izijeziso kubantu abacabanga ukuhlela ukuvukela umbuso kaFaro obekwe uNkulunkulu u-Ra. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor uphenduka ibhubesikazi elikhulu futhi uqala ukubulala bonke abantu abahlela ukuhlasela okunjalo ngokumelene noFaro.
Kodwa uNkulunkulu uRa unesinqumo sikankulunkulukazi uHathor esiphenduke ibhubesikazi ukubulala sonke isintu futhi uyala ukuthi ubhiya udaywe waba bomvu futhi usatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke. Unkulunkulu wamehlo uqala ukuphuza ubhiya awuxube negazi bese edakwa unkulunkulukazi abuyele esimweni sakhe esihle nesihawu.
Okuhlobene eduze nale ndaba yinganekwane exoxwa ngoNkulunkulukazi Okude, ezikhathini zamuva nezePtolemaic. Lapho u-Eye Goddess osesimweni sika-Goddess Hathor eqala ukuhlubuka ekulawuleni uNkulunkulu uRa futhi eqala ukwenza izicebi eziningi ezweni elithile langaphandle, okungaba yiLibya entshonalanga, iNubia eningizimu, ngakho-ke lapho Wenziwa buthaka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa Iso likaRa futhi yilapho uNkulunkulu uRa ethumela omunye uNkulunkulu ogama lakhe linguThoth ukuba ambuyisele.
Unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor ezolile futhi enokuthula, uphinde abe umngane kaNkulunkulu weLanga noma uNkulunkulu ombuyiselayo. Kungakho izici unkulunkulukazi wamehlo anazo, ezinhle futhi ezijabule futhi ezinobudlova futhi eziyingozi kakhulu, zizobonisa inkolelo yaseGibhithe yokuthi abesifazane "ukwamukela izinkanuko ezeqile zothando nokufutheka"
Injabulo, Umdanso nomculo omnandi: Esikweni laseGibhithe, enye yezinjongo zayo eziyinhloko ukugubha injabulo eyenza ukuphila kube nenjongo futhi ezibhekwa njengezipho onkulunkulu abazinikeza isintu. Kungakho abaseGibhithe bazinikezela ukusina, ukudla, ukuphuza nokudlala emikhosini yenkolo. Umoya wawunuka izimbali ezinuka impepho.
Amafomu amaningi athathwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor ayehlotshaniswa nemikhosi futhi waziwa nangokuthi yinkosikazi yomculo, amaphathi, umdanso, amagoda ezimbali, ukudakwa nomure. Uma kudlalwa Izingoma Emathempelini, abaculi kufanele badlale amahabhu, amahabhu, izigubhu nezinsimbi zokudumisa unkulunkulukazi uHathor.
I-sistrum iyithuluzi elifana ne-rettle futhi lalisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhulekeleni unkulunkulukazi uHathor, njengoba leli thuluzi lalinomqondo ovusa inkanuko nobulili. Yingakho leli thuluzi lalihlobene nokudalwa kwempilo entsha.
Lezi zici ezishiwo ngenhla nazo zihlobene nezinganekwane ezishiwo ngeso likaRa. Njengoba yaqiniswa nenganekwane kabhiya futhi ukubhujiswa kwesintu sonke kwavinjelwa. Ezinguqulweni ezikhona ngoNkulunkulukazi Okude, ngenxa yemvelo yayo yasendle, Iso Elizulazulayo lancipha lapho lishwelezwa ngenxa yokuthi impucuko yayikhuthaza umdanso, umculo newayini elimnandi.
Amanzi omfula iNayile uma ekhula aphenduka abomvu ngenxa yengcekeza yamatshe, lokhu kwaqhathaniswa nombala wewayini nobhiya owawunombala obomvu ngenxa yenganekwane yokubhujiswa kwesintu. Ngale ndlela, imikhosi egameni likankulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor yayiqhutshwa ngesikhathi sokukhukhula koMfula iNayile futhi ngaleso sikhathi baqala ukudlala umculo nokudansa ngenkathi bephuza iziphuzo eziningi, ngaleyo ndlela bedambisa ukufutheka kukankulunkulukazi obuyayo.
Embhalweni wasendulo wethempeli lika-Edfu kuthiwa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor okulandelayo: "Onkulunkulu bamdlalela i-sistrum, onkulunkulukazi bayamdansela ukuze basuse ulaka lwakhe olubi”. EThempelini likaMadam kuculwa ihubo likaRattaui lapho umkhosi uchazwa ngokuthi ngowokudakwa.
Kwenziwa njengokubuya kwenganekwane kukankulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor eGibhithe, ngaleso sikhathi abesifazane bengakwazi ukumlethela izimbali, kuyilapho izidakwa nabadlali bemdlalela izigubhu. Abanye abantu banikezela imidanso kuye ebhokisini lamathempeli njengoba umsindo kanye nomkhosi uzovimbela izindawo ezingezinhle namandla anobutha.
Ngale ndlela kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor usesimweni sakhe esijabulisa kakhulu kuyilapho unkosikazi wakhe wesilisa emlindile ethempelini lakhe, nakuba umngane wenganekwane kankulunkulukazi uHathor nguNkulunkulu uMontu ozomzalela indodana.
Ubuhle, Uthando Nocansi: uhlangothi olujabulisayo lukaNkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor lubonisa ukuthi unamandla amakhulu obufazi nawokuzala. Kungakho ezinganekwaneni eziningana zokudalwa komhlaba wasiza ekudaleni umhlaba. Njengoba kwathiwa u-Atm unguNkulunkulu ongumdali futhi uqukethe zonke izinto ngaphakathi kuye. Yonke into yayidalwe ngokushaya indlwabu phakathi kukaShu noTefnuf futhi ngale ndlela inqubo yokudala iqala.
Isandla esasetshenziswa ukwenza lesi senzo kwakuyisandla sikaNkulunkulu u-Atum, okwakunguye owayemele uhlangothi lwabesifazane futhi wayemelwe futhi njengonkulunkulukazi uHathor, uNebethetepet noma u-Iusaaset. Nakuba kuyinganekwane endala kakhulu esikweni laseGibhithe esukela esikhathini sikaPtolemaic phakathi kuka-332 BC no-30 BC, uNkulunkulu uJonsu nguyena ozodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kule nkathi yaseGibhithe njengoba bobabili onkulunkulu bebhanqiwe ngaleyo ndlela banikeza indalo engenzeka. zomhlaba.
Ngale ndlela kucatshangwa ukuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayezoba inkosikazi yonkulunkulu abaningi besilisa baseGibhithe, kodwa uNkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu konkulunkulukazi baseGibhithe uHathor kwakunguNkulunkulu weLanga uRa. Ngenkathi unkulunkulukazi uMut wayengumngane ojwayelekile kaNkulunkulu u-Amun owayengunkulunkulu oyinhloko woMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe. Nakuba unkulunkulukazi uHathor ubelokhu ehlobene noNkulunkulu uRa.
Nakuba onkulunkulu u-Amun noNut abavamile ukuhlobene nokuzala nobulili, futhi ezimweni eziningana babeka onkulunkulu abafana no-Isis noma u-Goddess Hathor. Kungakho ezikhathini zokugcina zomlando waseGibhithe uNkulunkulu uHathor kanye noNkulunkulu weLanga uHorus babebhekwa njengombhangqwana emadolobheni aseDendera nase-Edfu.
Kwezinye izinguqulo ezitshelwayo, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi unkulunkulukazi Okude kanye noNkulunkulukazi uHathor noRattaui babengabalingani bakaNkulunkulu i-Montu. Yingakho esicini socansi kunezindaba eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kunendaba eyenzeka eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Ephakathi eyayinegama Indaba kaMelusi. Lapho ehlangana khona nonkulunkulukazi onoboya ofana nesilwane. Futhi uma eyibuka exhaphozini, wethuka kakhulu. Kodwa ngolunye usuku lapho edlula exhaphozini uzithola enowesifazane omuhle kakhulu futhi okhangayo.
Izazi zase-Egypt eziye zafunda le ndaba ziye zafinyelela umbono wokuthi owesifazane okubhekiselwa kuye nguGoddess Hathor noma owesifazane onezici ezifanayo kakhulu njengoba enobudlova futhi eyingozi kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo enenkanuko futhi emuhle. Omunye umcwaningi ogama lakhe linguThomas Schneider wafika wathi ukuhlangana kukamelusi noNkulunkulukazi kwakuwukushweleza kuye.
Kwenye indaba emfushane engeyoMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe lapho kukhona ingxabano phakathi kukaSeti noHorus, kuwukungqubuzana phakathi kwalaba nkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Njengoba iLanga licasukile kwazise omunye uNkulunkulu wamthuka. Ngenkathi elele phansi ukuze aphumule. Ngemva kwesikhashana, unkulunkulukazi uHathor ubonisa izingxenye zakhe eziseduze kuNkulunkulu weLanga ukuze aqede ukufutheka kwakhe.
Ngemva kwalokho, iNkosi iLanga yasukuma esihlalweni sayo yaqala ukwenza imisebenzi yayo njengombusi ayiyo. Ngaleso sikhathi endabeni, sonke isibalo sabantu sasikholelwa ukuthi ukuhleleka nokuphila kuncike esimweni sikaNkulunkulu ILanga, Ngakho-ke, izenzo zikankulunkulukazi uHathor zazibalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhujiswa kwesintu.
Lesi senzo akucaci ukuthi kwakuyisenzo sokuba nobuhlobo bobulili yini noma uNkulunkulu asuse intukuthelo ayenayo, ngakho akucaci kahle ukuthi kungani uNkulunkulu uRa aqala ukumoyizela unkulunkulukazi uHathor. Kwezinye izincwadi zaseGibhithe ezikhuluma ngoNkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe u-Hathor wanconywa ngezinwele ezinhle anazo kanye nokusikisela ukuthi unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe u-Hathor ngenkathi enza ubulili obuhehayo walahlekelwa ingidi yezinwele.
Lesi sihluthu sezinwele esalahleka unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor siye saqhathaniswa neso laphezulu elalahleka unkulunkulu uHorus nalapho uSeti elahlekelwa amasende phakathi neshawa elinamandla phakathi kwalaba nkulunkulu, okusikisela ukuthi ingidi eyalahleka unkulunkulukazi uHathor yayibaluleke njenge ukucwiywa onkulunkulu bobabili emizimbeni yabo.
Nakuba unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe wayaziwa ngokuthi inkosikazi yothando. Ngenxa yesici sobulili eyayinaso ngenxa yokuthi encwadini ye-papyrus eyayisekhona kaChester Beatty I, wozalo lwama-1189 (c. 1077-XNUMX BC), abesilisa nabesifazane banikezela izinkondlo kunkulunkulukazi uHathor ukuze aziyise ezithandweni zabo. Lapho kukhona iziqinisekiso ezize ziphawule ukuthi zakhuleka kunkulunkulukazi isithandwa safika emakamelweni akhe.
Isithunzi sobukhosi kanye nomama: unkulunkulukazi uHathor uye wabhekwa njengonina wonkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe. Ubuye abhekwe njengonina kaNkulunkulu uHorus kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ufeza umsebenzi wokuba inkosikazi kaNkulunkulu. Uphinde abe unkosikazi weNkosi kanye nomama weNdlalifa. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor ungumlingani waphezulu wezindlovukazi eMhlabeni.
Ku-Mythology yaseGibhithe kubhekwa ukuthi abazali bakaNkulunkulu uHorus ngu-Osiris no-Isis. Enganekwaneni ka-Osiris elandiswe eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo, uNkulunkulu uHorus ugcina ubuhlobo noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor, nakuba kuqinisekiswa ukuthi le nganekwane indala. Njengoba uNkulunkulu uHorus ehlobene kuphela noNkulunkulu Osiris no-Isis lapho inganekwane ka-Osiris ibonakala.
Nakuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi unkulunkulukazi u-Osiris wahlanganiswa njengonina kaNkulunkulu uHorus, unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayehlale enaleyo ndima, ikakhulukazi lapho kufanele ancele uFaro omusha. Yingakho kune-papyrus lapho kumelelwa khona inkomo encelisa ingane ehlathini, lokho kuvezwa njengemfundo umntwana ayenayo ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe.
Ubisi olwanikezwa umntwana unkulunkulukazi uHathor lwaluwuphawu lobukhosi nobunkulunkulu futhi lapho lunezithombe zikaNkulunkulukazi onakekela umntwana, lowo mntwana wayenalo lonke ilungelo lokubusa labo bantu. Ngalendlela efanayo ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi konkulunkulu uHorus noHathor banikeza ubuntu babo amandla okuphulukisa. Ngoba iso elilahlekile likaHorus kwathiwa labuyiselwa ngemva kokuba unkulunkulu uSeti elicwiywe.
Esikhathini sakamuva esisukela ku-624 BC kuya ku-323 BC, abantu baseGibhithe babegxile ekukhonzeni umndeni owodwa kuphela waphezulu kanye nonkulunkulu oyedwa wesilisa omdala, owayenomfazi nendodana encane. Ngale ndlela, kwaqala ukwakhiwa izakhiwo ezisizayo ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-mammisi, ukuze zikwazi ukugubha ukuzalwa kwengane yobunkulunkulu.
Njengoba le ngane uNkulunkulu izokwethula ukuvuselelwa okujikelezayo kwendawo yonke futhi izoba indlalifa entsha yobukhosi, ngokuba unkulunkulukazi uHathor ongunina wezithombe eziningi zonkulunkulu bendawo abakha unxantathu. Edolobheni laseDendera kanye no-Edfu uNkulunkulu uHorus wayengubaba kuyilapho unkulunkulukazi uHathor engumama kuyilapho indodana yakhe yaziwa ngokuthi u-Ihy igama lakhe lisho umculi we-sistrum.
Le ndodana kaHorus enonkulunkulukazi uHathor yenza samuntu injabulo eyayihlotshaniswa nensimbi yomculo we-sistrum. Baphinde baba nezinye izingane ezifana nonkulunkulu omncane owaziwa ngokuthi uNeferhotep edolobheni elibizwa ngokuthi i-Hu. Ngendlela efanayo, imifanekiso eminingana yezingane zikaNkulunkulu uHorus yenziwa.
Kubantu baseGibhithe, ubisi lwe-milky lwesicamore lwaluthathwa njengophawu lokuphila nempilo. Ngale ndlela yaba uphawu olubaluleke kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe. Njengoba lolu bisi lwalufaniswa namanzi omfula iNayile ngesikhathi sezikhukhula kwazise lwaluletha inzalo eMhlabeni owawusomile futhi ungenalutho.
Ekupheleni kwezikhathi zamaRoma kanye nenkathi yePtolemaic emathempelini amaningana aseGibhithe inganekwane yokudalwa komhlaba yahlanganiswa, lapho imibono yokhokho mayelana nokudalwa kwendawo yonke yaguqulwa. Inguqulo ekhona yenganekwane ka-Goddess Hathor edolobheni lase-Dendera igcizelela kakhulu ekubeni unkulunkulu welanga wesifazane.
Ngaphezu kokuba unkulunkulukazi wokuqala waseGibhithe owaphuma emanzini asendulo azalwa ngemva kokudalwa futhi ngokwemibhalo yesandla engcwele ukuthi ukukhanya nobisi lukaNkulunkulu uHathor kwakwazi ukondla nokugcwalisa bonke abantu ngokuphila.
NjengoNkulunkulukazi uMesjenet, ohlobene nokuba ngumama. Kodwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor unomqondo wokudalelwa osekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi unkulunkulukazi uzosebenzisa izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene ukuze azi ukuthi obani abayoba ofaro abazozalwa futhi akwazi ukubikezela labo abayofa. Njengoba kushiwo endabeni yabafowabo ababili nasendabeni yenkosana edalelwe.
Izici zomama ezitholwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor zingaqhathaniswa nezici unkulunkulukazi u-Isis nonkulunkulukazi uMut abanazo. Kodwa kukho kokubili kukhona ama-nuances ahluke kakhulu kusukela ekuzinikeleni kukaNkulunkulukazikazi u-Isis okunikeza umyeni wakhe nendodana yakhe izomelela uthando olwamukelwa umphakathi, kunothando olwedlula ubulili nolungenakuvinjelwa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor alunikeza abalingani bakhe.
Nakuba uthando olunikezwa u-Goddess Mut lunegunya elingaphezu kwemvelo yobulili, kuyilapho u-Goddess Hathor enezici zokuyenga amadoda ashadile njengokungathi ungowesifazane ongaziwa kubo.
Emazweni Angaphandle Nakwezohwebo: Njengoba iGibhithe iwuMbuso ngaleso sikhathi, yagcina ubudlelwano obuningi bezentengiselwano namazwe amaningana kanye namadolobha asogwini njengeSiriya neKhanani. Ikakhulukazi nedolobha laseByblos. Lokhu kwenza inkolo yaseGibhithe yasakazekela nakwamanye amadolobha akuleyo ndawo.
Konke lokhu kwafezwa ngesikhathi esithile soMbuso WaseGibhithe Lasendulo. Kungakho abaseGibhithe babekhuluma ngoNkulunkulukazi kanye nosanta ongumvikeli wedolobha laseByblos elaziwa ngokuthi iBaalat Gebal. Lo Nkulunkulukazi kuthiwa ungunkulunkulukazi wendawo uma eqhathaniswa nonkulunkulukazi uHathor. Lezi zixhumanisi kubo bobabili onkulunkulukazi zaba namandla kangangokuthi imibhalo yasendulo yasedolobheni laseDendera ithi unkulunkulukazi uBaalati Gebali wayehlala kulowo muzi.
Ngokufanayo, abaseGibhithe baqhathanisa unkulunkulukazi uHathor nonkulunkulukazi u-Anat, unkulunkulukazi owaziwa ngokuzala kwakhe. Lonkulunkulukazi wedolobha laseKhanani wayethanda inkanuko kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo enolaka kangangokuthi wayekhulekelwa abaseGibhithe eMbusweni Omusha.
Emidwebeni yobuciko yaseGibhithe evela edolobheni laseKhanani, unkulunkulukazi onqunu u-Anat ukhona egqoke iwigi eligoqekile okungenzeka livela emifanekisweni eyayenziwe unkulunkulukazi uHathor. Nakuba ngokwezifundo akukanqunywa ukuthi yimuphi unkulunkulukazi omele izithombe nokuthi kungani abaseGibhithe bamukela lesi sithombe somfanekiso maqondana nonkulunkulukazi u-Anat. Nakuba babemkhulekela njengonkulunkulu wesifazane ohlukene nonkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor.
Umlingiswa welanga walo nkulunkulukazi uye wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni nokuhweba kusukela abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi uzovikela imikhumbi eyayihamba eMfuleni iNayile nasezilwandle ezingaphesheya kweGibhithe. Ngoba umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuvikela isikebhe esisetshenziswa uNkulunkulu uRa esibhakabhakeni.
Ngokufanayo, uhambo olwenziwa unkulunkulukazi waseNubian ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe lwaluxhunywe nonkulunkulukazi u-Anat kulawa mazwe. Yayixhumene kakhulu neNhlonhlo YeSinayi. Ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungabhekwa njengengxenye yoMbuso WaseGibhithe. Kodwa kwakuyiqoqo lezimayini zaseGibhithe lapho kwakuxhashazwa amaminerali ahlukahlukene, phakathi kwawo kwakukhona ithusi, i-turquoise ne-malachite.
Enye ye-epithets unkulunkulukazi uHathor ayebizwa ngayo, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyintokazi eluhlaza. Lokhu kubhekisela kumaminerali anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yingakho unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor ayaziwa nangokuthi iNkosazana yaseFaience. Lesi kwakuyisitsha sobumba esinombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwathi abaseGibhithe kwakuwumbala oluhlaza okotshani.
Unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor wayekhulekelwa kakhulu ezimayini ukuze avikele ukuphila kwezigqila nasezinkwalini ezihlukahlukene nasezindaweni zezimayini ezazitholakala ogwadule lwase-Arabiya eMbusweni WaseGibhithe. Ezimayini ze-amethyst zaseWadi el-Hudi, lapho ngezinye izikhathi ayebizwa ngokuthi i-Lady of the Amethyst.
Esifundeni esiseningizimu yeGibhithe, ithonya lika-Goddess Hathor lidlulele endaweni yasendulo yasePunt. Wawusendaweni egudle ugu emngceleni woLwandle Olubomvu futhi lena kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wempepho unkulunkulukazi uHathor ayexhumene nawo. Ngendlela efanayo kwenziwa ngesifunda saseNubia esasisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yendawo yasePunt.
Embhalweni wempilo kaHerjuf osemthethweni owayengowozalo lwamakhosi ama-VI phakathi neminyaka (c. 2345-2181 BC), washiya umkhankaso obhaliwe owenziwe endaweni eseduze nedolobha laseNubia. Kwalethwa inqwaba ye-ebony nezikhumba ezihlukahlukene ze-panther nempepho kuFaro. Kulowo mbhalo isikhulu saseGibhithe esiwushiye ubhaliwe, uchaza indlela lezi zimpahla ababefika nazo kuleyo ndawo ezaziyizivela ngayo futhi zaziyisipho esivela kunkulunkulukazi uHathor esiya kuFaro.
Kolunye uhambo olwenziwa endaweni yaseNubia ngenhloso yokukhipha igolide, bethula inkolo entsha phakathi nemibuso yaseGibhithe emisha naphakathi. OFaro abaningana banquma ukwakha amathempeli amaningana esifundeni saseNubian lapho babengababusi.
Ukuphila ngemva kokufa: Kunezindaba ezithi onkulunkulukazi abahlukahlukene basiza imiphefumulo efile ukuba ithole injongo yayo ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Omunye walo nkulunkulukazi wayaziwa ngokuthi u-Amentit. Wayengunkulunkulukazi wasentshonalanga owayemelela amathuna aziwa ngokuthi i-necropolis noma iqembu lamathuna ayesebeni lomfula iNayile, wayaziwa njengombuso wokuphila ngemva kokufa.
AbaseGibhithe babebheka lokhu njengomsebenzi kankulunkulukazi uHathor. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba unkulunkulukazi uHathor efika ukuwela umngcele woMbuso WaseGibhithe namanye amazwe, wakwazi ukuwela umngcele phakathi kwezindawo zabaphilayo nezabafileyo. Wasiza imiphefumulo yabangasekho ukuthi ikwazi ukungena embusweni wabafileyo, yingakho yayixhumene kakhulu namathuna, yilapho kwaqala khona ukuguqukela kulemibuso.
E-Theban necropolis yayimelelwe njengentaba eyenziwe ngesitayela lapho inkomo ivela imelela iHathor. Indima eyafezwa njengonkulunkulukazi esibhakabhakeni yayihlobene eduze nokuphila ngemva kokuba umuntu esewelele endaweni yabafileyo.
NjengoNkulunkulukazi wesibhakabhaka kwadingeka asize uNkulunkulu uRa ekuzalweni kabusha kwakhe kwansuku zonke. Kungakho wayeneqhaza elibalulekile ezinkolelweni abantu baseGibhithe ababenazo njengoba ayesiza imiphefumulo efile endaweni yabafileyo njengoba abaningi babenenkolelo yokuthi iyozalwa kabusha njengelanga elisha njalo ekuseni.
Amathuna nomhlaba wangaphansi kwahunyushwa ngokuthi yisibeletho sikankulunkulukazi uHathor lapho umufi ezozalwa kabusha. Ngale ndlela onkulunkulukazi uNut, uHathor no-Amentit, emibhalweni yasendulo ehlukene, babekwazi ukuthatha imiphefumulo yabashonile bayiyise endaweni lapho babengadla futhi baphuze khona kuze kube phakade. Kungakho unkulunkulukazi uHathor kanye nonkulunkulukazi u-Amentit bemelelwa emathuneni.
Kanjalo bamukela imiphefumulo esanda kufa endaweni yabafileyo njengoba benza ezinganeni zabo ngaphambi kokuba zizalwe kabusha. Emibhalweni yomngcwabo eyaziwa ngoMbuso Omusha, ukuphila ngemva kokufa kwafanekiswa njengengadi enhle kakhulu nevundile yokutshala. Ongamele lensimu enhle kwakungunkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Unkulunkulukazi lapha wayemelelwe esesimweni somuthi futhi wanika umphefumulo owawusanda kufa amanzi. Nakuba unkulunkulukazi uNut wayenesinye isabelo kodwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor wambiza ukuze amnikeze emsebenzini wakhe. Kubalulekile ukuthi esikweni laseGibhithe impilo emva kokufa ibe nengxenye yocansi.
Ngoba enganekwaneni ka-Osiris lapho uNkulunkulu ebulawa, wavuka lapho ezithola ehlanganyela nonkulunkulukazi u-Isis noHorus uzalelwa lapho. Ngendlela efanayo emibonweni yelanga ukuthi kukhona ukuhlangana phakathi kukaNkulunkulu uRa kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi wesibhakabhaka, bayovumela uNkulunkulu uHorus ukuzalwa kabusha kwakhe siqu. Ngale ndlela, isenzo socansi sizovumela umufi ukuthi azalwe kabusha.
Yingakho onkulunkulukazi u-Isis noHathor befaka isandla ekuvuseni umufi ekuphileni okusha, lokhu kwenziwa ngokugqugquzela amandla okuvuselela onkulunkulu besilisa esikhundleni sokufeza noma ukudlala indima ebalulekile. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo bandulela umufi babeka igama lika-Osiris ukuze balihlanganise novuko.
Isibonelo esicacile salokhu kwakungowesifazane owaziwa ngegama elithi Henutmehyt wayezoba "Osiris-Henutmehyt" Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lo wesifazane wayehlobene namandla kaNkulunkulu wesifazane kanye nowesilisa. Ngenkathi kuseMbusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo kwathathwa kalula ukuthi abesifazane kwakufanele bahlanganyele nabakhulekeli bakaNkulunkulukazi uHathor ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Amadoda kumelwe ukuba enze okufanayo ngo-Osiris.
Esikhathini sesithathu esimaphakathi sombuso waseGibhithe osukela phakathi neminyaka (c. 1070-664 BC), abantu baseGibhithe baqala ukwengeza igama likankulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor kwabesifazane abafa esikhundleni sokubeka igama lika-Osiris.
Kodwa kwezinye izimo, abaningi abashonile banikezwa igama lika-Osiris-Hathor ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi umufi wayenenzuzo namandla okuvuselela kokubili onkulunkulu. Ngaleso sikhathi soMbuso WaseGibhithe kwakubhekwa njengenkolelo esebenzayo yokuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayebusa ekuphileni kuyilapho u-Osiris ebusa ekufeni.
Isithombe sika-Hathor
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, unkulunkulukazi uHathor umelwe nomfanekiso wenkomo ethwala i-solar disk ezimpondweni zayo ezigobile. Lesi sibalo sasikhethekile kakhulu lapho unkulunkulukazi enakekela uFaro. Ngalendlela efanayo unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengavela njengowesifazane onekhanda lenkomo. Kodwa ukumelwa okuvame kakhulu okwenziwa ku-Goddess Hathor kungowesifazane ogqoke izimpondo zenkomo kanye ne-sun disk.
Lokhu kumelela wayegqoke ingubo yeshubhu ebomvu noma e-turquoise noma inhlanganisela yayo yomibili imibala kanye nezimpondo zazibekwe engxenyeni ephansi noma isigqoko senqe esasivamile kakhulu ezindlovukazi zabantu baseGibhithe eMbusweni Omusha waseGibhithe.
Lapho unkulunkulukazi u-Isis ethatha isigqoko esifanayo eMbusweni Omusha onkulunkulukazi ababili babekwazi ukuhlukaniswa kuphela lapho isithombe sinelebula elibhaliwe elinegama likankulunkulukazi. Indima kankulunkulukazi u-Amentit. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayegqoka ekhanda lakhe uphawu lwasentshonalanga esikhundleni sokugqoka izimpondo zenkomo.
AmaHathor Ayisikhombisa enza umfanekiso weqoqo lezinkomo eziyisikhombisa ndawonye ezaziphelezelwa unkulunkulu omncane wezulu nokuphila okwathi ngemva kokufa kwaziwa ngokuthi inkunzi yaseNtshonalanga.
Yayimelwe futhi ngezinye izilwane ezifana ne-ureo eyayisesimweni semfezi. Okungumfanekiso wobuciko bemvelo baseGibhithe futhi emele onkulunkulukazi abahlukahlukene abangabonakala ngeso likaRa.
Lapho eboniswa nge-ureo babemele uhlangothi lwakhe olunodlame kakhulu kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo oluvikela kakhulu. Ngendlela efanayo, wenziwa wabonakala eguqulwe waba ibhubesikazi elinomuzwa ofanayo wobudlova kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo evikela uNkulunkulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho unkulunkulukazi uHathor emelelwa njengekati elifuywayo, uvame ukwenza uhlobo olunokuthula lukaNkulunkulukazi Wamehlo lapho emelelwa njengesihlahla somsikamore esibonakala engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba wakhe ephuma esiqwini.
Futhi unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengavela esiqwini se-papyrus njengodondolo. Kodwa esikhundleni salokho wayephethe intonga yezipikili. Okuwuphawu lwamandla ayevame ukuthwalwa onkulunkulu besilisa. Okuwukuphela konkulunkulukazi ababekwazi ukuthwala noma ukusebenzisa intonga ye-uas, kwakungunkulunkulukazi uHathor nalabo abahlobene neso likaRa.
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayevame ukuvezwa nge-sistrum yemikhumbi. Okufana ne-cella noma i-naos ethempelini futhi kuzungezwe imiqulu ekhumbuza izimpondo ezithwelwe unkulunkulukazi uBat. Kodwa lapho i-sistrum ibekwe phezu kwayo, inezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili: Unkulunkulukazi, owokuqala, ugqoka ifindo elilula kanti omunye wakhiwe umgexo wensimbi onezitsha eziningana ezinyakaziswa emikhosini ehlukahlukene.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekile u-Goddess Hathor aluthwala yisibuko njengoba lezi zenziwe ngefreyimu yegolide noma yethusi futhi ngale ndlela zifanekisela i-solar disk ngendlela efanayo ehlobene nobuhle nobufazi. Ezinye izibambo zesibuko zazinomfanekiso ka-Goddess Hathor kanye nobuso bakhe.
Izikhathi eziningi u-Goddess Hathor uye wamelelwa ngobuso bomuntu kodwa ngezindlebe zezinkomo, lapho ebonwa ngaphambili hhayi kuphrofayili, okwakuvame kakhulu kwezobuciko baseGibhithe. Lapho unkulunkulukazi evezwa kuphrofayela, izinwele zakhe zigoqa zibe yiluphu.
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor naye wayependwe ngesifihla-buso esasivela ezinsikeni zezinhloko-dolobha zamathempeli avela eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Elidala. Lawa makholomu asetshenziswa emaThempelini amaningana akhiwa egameni likankulunkulukazi uHathor nakwamanye amathempeli anikezelwe kwabanye Onkulunkulukazi.
Lawa makholomu aklanyelwe ukuthwala ubuso obubili noma obune okwenza ukumelela okukabili kukankulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor. Lokhu kumelwa yileso sokuqapha kanye nobuhle noma ngesimo saso esiyingozi. Amakholomu e-Hathoric nawo ahlobene nesistrum sezinsimbi zomculo.
Yingakho izinsimbi zomculo ze-sistrum zingaqukatha esibanjeni sazo umfanekiso wobuso bukankulunkulukazi u-Hathor kanye namakholomu lapho i- nao sistrum ifakwe ekhanda likaZinkulukazi.
Ukukhulekela okunikelwa kuMvelinqangi
Esikhathini sakudala se-Neit, unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengomunye odume kakhulu futhi ovelele esigodlweni sasebukhosini baseGibhithe. Kodwa ebukhosini be-VI unkulunkulukazi uHathor waba unkulunkulukazi owayenobudlelwane obukhulu kakhulu nofaro. Yingakho umsunguli walolu bukhosi owaziwa ngokuthi uFaro Seneferu. Wayala unkulunkulukazi uHathor ukuba akhe ithempeli futhi indodakazi yakhe u-Djedefra yaba umpristikazi wokuqala walelo thempeli futhi engumphristikazi wokuqala kaNkulunkulukazi uHathor okunobufakazi bayo.
Ofaro boMbuso Omdala baqala ukwenza iminikelo emathempelini ayenikezelwe emakhosini athile noma konkulunkulu ababehlobene eduze nobukhosi baseGibhithe. Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengomunye walabo abangazange bathole lolu hlobo lweminikelo evela koFaro, ngoba ababusi bamadolobha basungula inkolo ekhethekile kunkulunkulukazi uHathor futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukuxhumanisa izifunda nobukhosi baseGibhithe. enkantolo
Ngakho-ke unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathori wathola izintela eziningi kubantu baseGibhithe esifundeni ngasinye lapho kwakukhona ithempeli lokumhlonipha. Abesifazane abaningi ababengabobukhosi baseGibhithe, kodwa bengezona izindlovukazi, babephethe ukuphathwa kwehlelo elalinikezwa uGoddess Hathor phakathi noMbuso Omdala.
UFaro Mentuhotep II, wayeyinkosi yokuqala yoMbuso Ophakathi eyayingenabo ubudlelwano nababusi boMbuso Omdala. Lo Faro wagunyaza ukubusa kwakhe ngokuziveza njengendodana kaNkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Izithombe zenkomo yeHathor zazincelisa uFaro Mentuhotep II, zivela ekubuseni kwakhe kokuqala futhi abapristikazi abaningi bethulwa njengabafazi bakhe, nakuba lingekho iqiniso lokuthi babeshade noFaro. Njengoba inkambo yoMbuso Ophakathi WaseGibhithe yahamba. Izindlovukazi zifaka izimonyo ukuze zifane ngangokunokwenzeka ekuzalweni kabusha okuqondile kuka-Goddess Hathor. Ngendlela efanayo oFaro babekwenza ukuze kufuze uNkulunkulu uRa.
Le ntshisekelo izindlovukazi zaseGibhithe ezazinayo yokufana noma ukufana noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor yaqhubeka isikhathi eside kuwo wonke uMbuso Ophakathi kanye noMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe. Izindlovukazi zaseGibhithe zazigqoke isigqoko sikankulunkulukazi uHathor kusukela ekupheleni kobukhosi be-XNUMX.
Kunesithombe esikweni laseGibhithe lesi-Heb Sed of Amenophis esasihloselwe ukugubha futhi sivuselele ukubusa lapho iNkosi ikhonjiswa khona kanye nonkulunkulukazi uHathor nomkakhe iNdlovukazi uTiy. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inkosi yayinomshado ongokomfanekiso noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor ngenkathi umcimbi uqhubeka.
UHatshepsut wayengowesifazane owayebusa eceleni kukaFaro eminyakeni yokuqala yoMbuso Omusha. Wagqama ngobuhlobo ayenabo noNkulunkulukazi uHathor njengoba babuhluke kakhulu, njengoba ayesebenzisa amagama neziqu ezazimhlobanisa nonkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor. Ngale ndlela wakwazi ukwenza uhulumeni wakhe ube semthethweni phambi kwabantu baseGibhithe ababevame ukuholwa ngamadoda athile.
Lona wesifazane wayala ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli amakhulu okuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor, ngendlela efanayo ayala ngayo ukwakhiwa kwethempeli lakhe lomngcwabo. Ukuthi yayizoba nendlu yokukhonzela eyayinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Edolobheni noma esifundeni saseDeir el-Bahari, yayibekwe njengendawo yokukhulekela unkulunkulukazi uHathor kusukela eMbusweni Ophakathi. Kwakukhona nokubaluleka okukhulu kukaNkulunkulu u-Amun phakathi noMbuso Omusha njengoba lokhu kwenza umkakhe abonakale kakhudlwana futhi nenkosikazi ka-Goddess Mut phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Unkulunkulukazi u-Isis waqala ukubonakala enemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ukuthi ngokwesiko kwakungekaNkulunkulukazi uHathor kuphela njengoba kwakunguye yedwa unkulunkulukazi welanga.
Ngokufanayo, laba nkulunkulu babehlobene kakhulu nonkulunkulukazi uHathor, nakuba aqhubeka engomunye wonkulunkulukazi ababaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke uMbuso Omusha. Lapho kwagcizelelwa khona enkolweni ka-Goddess Hathor kwakuhlobene nokuzala, ubulili nokugcwaliseka.
Umbuso Omusha we-Isis wawuqhubeka ufihla unkulunkulukazi uHathor nezindima zakhe nabanye onkulunkulukazi ababengakwazi ukuthatha izindima zabo. Phakathi nenkathi yobuGreki yaseGibhithe, lapho amaGreki efika, abusa iGibhithe futhi inkolo yawo yathuthuka ebuhlotsheni obuyinkimbinkimbi nesiko laseGibhithe. Ngenkathi ubukhosi bukaPtolemaic baqala ukwamukela nokuguqula imibono yaseGibhithe mayelana nonkulunkulu basebukhosini.
Lokhu kwaqala ngo-Arsinoe II, owayengunkosikazi kaPtolemy II, laba balingisi bahlobanisa izindlovukazi zabo eduze nonkulunkulukazi u-Isis kanye nonkulunkulukazi abambalwa baseGibhithe. Ikakhulukazi benza isixhumanisi nonkulunkulukazi wabo wothando nezocansi owayengu-Aphrodite.
Nokho uma amaGreki ebhekisela kubo bonke onkulunkulu baseGibhithe abahumusha ngamagama onkulunkulu bawo bamaGreki futhi ngezinye izikhathi abizwe ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi uHathor. Izimfanelo unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe u-Isis kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor abanazo zahlanganiswa nezici zikankulunkulukazi wamaGreki u-Aphrodite.
Lokhu kwabangela ukuba kuthethelelwe impatho eyanikezwa izindlovukazi zikaPtolemaic njengonkulunkulukazi. Ngale ndlela imbongi uCallimachus yagomela ngokuthi inganekwane yengidi kankulunkulukazi uHathor yayiwukudumisa uBerenice II ngokunikela ngengxenye yezinwele zakhe ngenxa ka-Aphrodite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezingokomfanekiso azihlanganyela nonkulunkulukazi u-Isis kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor, njengamanqe nezimpondo zezinkomo, zavela ezithombeni ezizobonisa inkathi yezindlovukazi zikaPtolemaic ezipendwe sengathi ziyizindlovukazi. Unkulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite.
Amathempeli aseGibhithe egameni likankulunkulukazi
Unkulunkulukazi okwanikelwa kuye amathempeli amaningi kwakunguHathor, kunanoma yimuphi omunye unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe owayekhona. Kuwo wonke uMbuso Omdala, isikhungo samahlelo esibaluleke kakhulu esakhiwe egameni lika-Goddess Hathor sasisendaweni yaseMemphis.
Unkulunkulukazi wesikhamore uHathor watholakala lapho, lapho ayekhulekelwa khona ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseMemphite necropolis. Ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha, iThempeli LikaNkulunkulukazi uHathor womkhiwane elaliseningizimu laliyithempeli elikhulu lapho ayekhulekelwa khona. Kuleyo ndawo unkulunkulukazi uHathor uchazwa njengendodakazi eyinhloko kankulunkulu wedolobha okuthiwa uPtah.
Ngenkathi kuhlelo lwenkolo olwenziwa kuNkulunkulu uRa kanye noNkulunkulu u-Atum edolobheni laseHeliopolis, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha laseMemphis, kwakukhona ithempeli elaziwa ngokuthi iHathor-Nebethetepet, ngokusho kocwaningo, elakhiwe eMbusweni Ophakathi.
Nakuba umzala nomsikamori kwakuseduze kwalendlu engcwele, kungenzeka ukuthi babekhulekela unkulunkulukazi uHathor ngemikhosi eminingi nezibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene. Kwamanye amadolobha ayesenyakatho yomfula iNayile, njengeYamu neTerenuthis, kwakhiwa amathempeli amakhulu ukuze amkhulekele futhi akhulekele unkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Lapho ababusi boMbuso WaseGibhithe lasendulo beqala ukwakha nokumisa amadolobha eGibhithe Elisenhla nelasePhakathi, kwamiswa izikhungo eziningana zokukhulekela onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu kwakunonkulunkulukazi uHathor. Ezindaweni okuyiCusae, Akhmim kanye neNaga ed-Der.
Phakathi nenkathi yokuqala emaphakathi eyavela phakathi konyaka ka-2181 no-2055 a,C. kwakhiwa isifanekiso sokumkhulekela eDolobheni laseDendera futhi sasivame ukuthuthelwa endaweni yaseTheban Necropolis eyayaziwa ngokuthi indawo yabafileyo.
Lapho uMbuso Ophakathi uqala, uFaro Mentuhotep II wayala ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu ukuze kumiswe unkulunkulukazi uHathor ngale ndlela ukuze amkhulekele unomphela eDeir el-Bahari necropolis. Idolobhana eliseduze yiDeir el-Medina, okwakuyikhaya labasebenzi basemathuneni e-necropolis ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha.
Kuleyo ndawo kwakukhona namathempeli ayenikezelwe kuGoddess Hathor lapho aqhubeka nokusebenza futhi akhiwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile kuze kufike isikhathi sikaPtolemaic. Ngemva kwalokho leli dolobha lashiywa iminyaka eminingi.
Ithempeli likaHathor lisedolobheni laseDendera, okuyithempeli elidala kunawo wonke e-Upper Egypt. LeliThempeli lisukela okungenani osukwini lwesine. Ngokuphela koMbuso Omdala leli thempeli ladlula amathempeli aseMemphite ngokubaluleka.
Nakuba amakhosi amaningi enza ukunwetshwa kweThempeli lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona unkulunkulukazi uHathor kuwo wonke umlando waseGibhithe. Nakuba inguqulo yokugcina yeThempeli yakhiwa ngezikhathi zePtolemaic kanye nezamaRoma, okwamanje ingelinye lamathempeli aseGibhithe agcinwe kangcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Njengoba uMbuso Omdala wawudlula, abaningi babapristi bakaNkulunkulukazi uHathor babehlanganisa nalabo ababenezikhundla eziphakeme, okwakungabesifazane futhi ababengamalungu omndeni wasebukhosini kuwo wonke lowo Mbuso, abesifazane babekhishwa kancane kancane kulezo zikhundla zobupristi. Ngenkathi izindlovukazi ezazixhumene kakhulu nenkolo kaNkulunkulukazi uHathor zinezikhundla namalungelo azo.
Ngale ndlela, abesifazane ababengebona abendlu yobukhosi baseGibhithe babenyamalala ezikhundleni eziphezulu nabapristi, nakuba abesifazane babeqhubeka bekhonza futhi bekhonza unkulunkulukazi uHathor ngomculo, njengoba abaningi balaba besifazane babengabahlabeleli emathempelini okwakukhulekelwa kuwo onkulunkulu kulo lonke izwe. geography yaseGibhithe.
Umkhosi nomkhosi owawunikelwa kakhulu emathempelini ahlukene anoma yimuphi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe kwakuwumnikelo wansuku zonke. Lapho umfanekiso noma umfanekiso kankulunkulu waseGibhithe owayekhonzwa kwakufanele kugqokiswe futhi kudliwe.
Lo mkhuba wansuku zonke wenziwa ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amathempeli aseGibhithe. Nakuba zonke lezi zinto ezanikelwa njengeminikelo evamile kuwo wonke amathempeli. Kodwa amasiko ayewenzelwa ukuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi uHathor ayethola izinsimbi zomculo ezinjengezinsimbi. Ngaphezu imigexo menat. Ezinkathini zakamuva unkulunkulukazi uHathor wanikezwa izibuko ezimbili ezazizomelela ilanga nenyanga.
Amaqembu egameni likaMvelinqangi
Egameni likankulunkulukazi uHathor, kwakuba nemikhosi yaminyaka yonke yokumdumisa nokumdumisa.* Le mikhosi yayihlanganisa umculo, umdanso, neziphuzo okwakunemicikilisho njengenjongo yayo eyinhloko. Bonke abantu ababehlanganyela kule mikhosi babefuna ukufinyelela izinga elithile lenjabulo engokwenkolo.
Yingakho bakwenza njengoba kwakunzima kakhulu noma kwakungavamile ukwenza lolu hlobo lomkhosi enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Umcwaningi nesazi sase-Egypt uGraves-Brown waze waveza ukuthi abantu ababegubha la maholide egameni likankulunkulukazi uHathor babefuna ukufuna isimo esishintshile sokuphaphama ukuze bazivumele bahlanganyele endaweni yaphezulu.
Isibonelo esicacile kwakuyidili elaziwa ngokuthi Ukudakwa, lapho kwakukhunjulwa ukubuya kweso likaRa, lokhu kwakugujwa ngosuku lwamashumi amabili lwenyanga kaTot. Emathempelini lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona unkulunkulukazi uHathor kanye neso likankulunkulu u-Ra, kwakugujwa phakathi noMbuso Ophakathi kodwa wakwaziwa kangcono ngezikhathi zamaPtolemaic nezamaRoma.
Umdanso, ukudla nesiphuzo okwabelwana ngaso ngesikhathi somcimbi Wokudakwa kwakumelelwe njengokuphambene nobuhlungu, indlala nokoma abaseGibhithe okwakumelwe badlule kukho futhi lokhu kwakuhambisana nokufa. Ngenkathi ubudlova beso likaRa budalulwa, lwaletha inhlekelele nokufa kubantu. Kungakho umkhosi wokudakwa okugujwayo kuyimpilo, inala nenjabulo.
Kwelinye iphathi eyenzeka eTheban eyaziwa ngokuthi uMkhosi Omuhle Wesigodi futhi osukela eMbusweni Ophakathi lapho uqala ukugujwa eMbusweni Ophakathi, isithombe abanaso sikaNkulunkulu u-Amun futhi sikhulekelwa eThempelini. eKarnak. Kodwa balidlulisela nakwamanye amathempeli anjengeNecropolis neTebana. Ngesikhathi amalungu omphakathi kudingeke ukuthi aye emathuneni okutholakale ukuthi izihlobo zawo ezingasekho zizokwazi ukuwenzela iminikelo, okukhona kuwo ukudla, ukuphuza nokuzithokozisa.
Nakuba unkulunkulukazi uHathor engakaze angenele kule mikhosi kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqala uMbuso Omusha. Lapho kuqashelwa, ukuba khona kwama-Amun kwakusemathempelini kaDeir el-Bahari futhi lokhu kwakubhekwa njengesenzo sokuhlangana kobulili phakathi kwalo Nkulunkulu kanye Nonkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Amathempeli amaningana akhiwa ngesikhathi sikaPtolemaic, okuhlanganisa nalawo asedolobheni laseDendera, lapho agubha khona uNyaka Omusha waseGibhithe ngochungechunge lwemikhosi nemikhuba, lapho kufanele kube khona umfanekiso kankulunkulu onikelwa kuye. I-Tribute ivuselelwa ngokuthintana ne-Sun God.
Ezinsukwini ngaphambi koNyaka Omusha WaseGibhithe, isifanekiso sikankulunkulukazi uHathor esitholakala edolobheni laseDendera sithuthelwa ku-beet, okuyikamelo elithile ethempelini elinikezelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwezithombe zenkolo kanye nonkulunkulu welanga.
Kuleyo ndawo ibekwe ngaphansi kophahla oluhlotshiswe ngemifanekiso ehlukahlukene yelanga nesibhakabhaka. Khona-ke, ngosuku lokuqala loNyaka Omusha waseGibhithe, okuyinyanga yokuqala kaThoth, umfanekiso kankulunkulukazi uHathor wayiswa phezulu ophahleni lwethempeli ukuze ugezwe ukukhanya kwelanga, wenze okufanayo uNkulunkulu weSolar uRa noma uHorus.
Umkhosi obhalwe kahle kakhulu mayelana nenkolo kankulunkulukazi uHathor umkhosi owenziwa ngesiPtolemaic owaziwa ngokuthi uMkhosi Womhlangano Omuhle. Lo mkhosi wenzeka ngenyanga ka-Apep futhi uhlala okungenani izinsuku eziyishumi nane. Isithombe sikankulunkulukazi uHathor esitholakala edolobheni laseDendera sithuthwa ngesikebhe siye emathempelini ahlukahlukene lapho kukhulekelwa khona unkulunkulukazi uHathor futhi ngaleyo ndlela angavakashela abanye onkulunkulu.
Uhambo oluthathwa yisifanekiso sikankulunkulukazi uHathor luzophelela ethempelini likaNkulunkulu uHorus edolobheni lase-Edfu. Lapho umfanekiso kankulunkulukazi uHathor uyohlangana nomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu uHorus futhi zombili ziyobekwa ndawonye.
Njengoba umcimbi uzothatha izinsuku eziyishumi nane, ngelinye ilanga kuthathwa ukuze kuthathwe izithombe ezimbili zikaNkulunkulu uHorus kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor ukuze zingcwatshwe futhi zibhekwe njengoNkulunkulu weLanga kanye ne-Ennead. Eminye imibhalo yaseGibhithe yangaleso sikhathi iqinisekisa ukuthi onkulunkulu ababili benza imicikilisho neminikelo konkulunkulu abangcwatshiwe.
Abacwaningi abaningi kanye nezazi zase-Egypt bacabange ukuthi lo mkhosi ufana nomshado phakathi kukaNkulunkulu uHorus kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor. Nakuba isazi saseGibhithe uMartin Stadler sihluka kulo mbono futhi ewuqhathanisa, lokho okwenziwa yilaba nkulunkulu ukuvuselela onkulunkulu abangcwatshiwe.
Omunye umcwaningi owaziwa ngokuthi u-CJ Bleeker ubheke uMkhosi Wokuhlangana Okufanelekile njengokugubha ukubuya kukankulunkulukazi Okude. Njengoba lokhu kusekelwe enganekwaneni yeso lelanga elichazwe emathempelini ngamaholide. Ngendlela efanayo, uBarbara Richter ugcizelela ukuthi leli qembu limelela izinto ezintathu kuphela ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuwukuzalwa kukaNkulunkulu uHorus noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor nendodana yabo, uNkulunkulu omncane u-Ihy.
Lokho kugujwa edolobheni laseDendera ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye zoMkhosi womhlangano omuhle njengoba lokhu kumelela ukuvakasha uNkulunkulukazi uHathor akunikeze uNkulunkulu uHorus ngale ndlela bamele ukukhulelwa kwendodana yabo u-Ihy.
Ukukhulekela Emaphethelweni EGibhithe
Ngezikhathi zoMbuso WaseGibhithe Lasendulo, amakhosi noFaro babenikela ngempahla ethempelini lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona unkulunkulu wesifazane uBaalat Gebali, elalisedolobheni laseByblos, esebenzisa i-syncretism kankulunkulukazi uBaalat kanye nonkulunkulukazi uHathor. ubudlelwano obuhle bebhizinisi naleli dolobha elibizwa ngeByblos. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaTuthmosis III, kwakhiwa ithempeli elanikezelwa kunkulunkulukazi uHathor ukuze ahloniphe futhi ambize ngenkosikazi yaseByblos.
Nakuba abaningi bethi okwakwakhiwe kwakuyindlu engcwele phakathi kwethempeli likankulunkulukazi uBaalati Gebali. Ngokuwa koMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor, owayebaluleke kakhulu futhi evelele, wawela kanye nezixhumanisi zezohwebo ezazinazo zombili lezi zifunda.
Ezinye izinto ezigqamayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu zibonisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni abaseGibhithe baqala ukuhlobanisa onkulunkulukazi u-Isis nonkulunkulukazi uBaalat Gebali.
Kunenganekwane edumile mayelana nokuba khona kukankulunkulukazi u-Isis edolobheni lase-Byblos. Nakuba leli qiniso labikwa ngolimi lwesiGreki nguPlutarch emsebenzini onesihloko esithi Isis no-Osiris ekhulwini lesibili AD. C., lapho kuboniswa ukuthi unkulunkulukazi u-Isis wayesethathe isikhundla futhi elawula idolobha laseByblos okwakukhulekelwa kulo unkulunkulukazi uHathor.
AbaseGibhithe baseSinayi nabo bakha amathempeli kuleyo ndawo. Ithempeli elikhulu kunawo wonke kwakuyisakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi iSerabit el-Khadim, esasisentshonalanga yenhlonhlo. Yayinikezelwe enkolweni kaGoddess Hathor owayengumvikeli wezimayini kuleyo ndawo.
Kusuka maphakathi noMbuso Ophakathi kuze kube sekupheleni koMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe. Empumalanga yenhlonhlo kwakunesiGodi SaseTimna esaziwayo. Esemngceleni woMbuso WaseGibhithe, lena kwakuyindawo lapho uhambo lwezimayini lwesizini lwaqala khona ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha.
Kwakukhona indawo engcwele eyayiqondiswe kunkulunkulukazi uHathor okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yashiywa ngenxa yezinkathi eziphansi ezenzeka kuleyo ndawo. AmaMidiyani endawo, okwakungabantu abaseGibhithe ababesebenza ezimayini. Laba bakwazi ukwenza iminikelo Konkulunkulukazi BamaHathor ababeyenziwa nabaphathi babo.
Ngemva kwesikhashana abaseGibhithe banquma ukuyishiya leyo ndawo phakathi nobukhosi bama-XNUMX. AbakwaMidiyani banquma ukushintsha lelo thempeli libe yindawo engcwele yokukhulekela onkulunkulu babo. Esikhundleni salokho, amaNubi ayeseningizimu yeGibhithe anquma ukwamukela inkolo yaseGibhithe, eMbusweni Omusha lapho idolobha laseNubia lingaphansi kombuso waseGibhithe.
Ofaro bayalele ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli amaningana edolobheni laseNubia anikezelwe ekukhonzeni unkulunkulukazi uHathor. Phakathi kwabo, ithempeli likaFaras nelikaMirgissa liyagqama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathempeli kaRamses II kanye no-Amenophis III akhiwa edolobheni laseNubia ahloniphe onkulunkulu besifazane abafanele njengoNkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor. Ngaphezu komka-Amenofi, uTiy edolobheni laseSedeinga.
Ngaleso sikhathi umbuso ozimele waseKush wavuka edolobheni laseNubia. Lo mbuso wawugxile ezinkolelweni zawo emakhosini amaKushite kwazise umbono wawo wawungowobukhosi baseGibhithe. Yingakho babebheka onkulunkulukazi uHathor, u-Isis, uMut noNut njengomama. Lab’ onkulunkulukazi baba nendima ebalulekile enkolweni yamaKushite.
Embusweni waseGebel iBarkal yayiyindawo engcwele kakhulu kaNkulunkulu u-Amun. Yingakho i-Kushita Tahargo yayala ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli amabili, elokuqala egameni likankulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor kanye nelinye ithempeli likankulunkulukazi uMut. Njengoba bobabili onkulunkulu babeyinkosikazi kankulunkulu u-Amun. Lokhu kwaba ukushintshwa kwamathempeli asala embusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe.
Nakuba edolobheni laseNubia unkulunkulukazi owayekhulekelwa kakhulu kwakungu-Isis, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isikhundla sakhe sanda, yingakho enkathini yamaMeroitic emlandweni wedolobha laseNubia unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayezoba umngane wonkulunkulukazi u-Isis emathempelini. kuleyo ndawo.
Ukukhulekela okudumile kukankulunkulukazi
Nakuba amasiko nemikhosi yenziwa emathempelini. AbaseGibhithe babekhulekela onkulunkulu babo ngasese ngezizathu eziningi zomuntu siqu ezindlini ababemenzela ama-altare njengoba ukubeletha kwakuyingozi kakhulu kumama nakumntwana waseGibhithe lasendulo.
Kodwa imikhaya yayinxanelwa kakhulu izingane, yingakho ukuzala nokubeletha okuphephile kwakuyinto eza kuqala kwabaseGibhithe nokukhathazeka enkolweni ethandwayo. Kungakho onkulunkulukazi benzalo abanjengoHathor noTueris babekhulekelwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezingcwele eziklanywe ezindlini.
Lapho abesifazane baseGibhithe sebezobeletha, babequkula noma baguqe esihlalweni sokubelethisa esakhiwe ngezitini ze-adobe futhi esinembobo phakathi.
Njengamanje, kugcinwe isihlalo sokubeletha esisodwa kuphela esivela eGibhithe lasendulo futhi sihlotshiswe esithombeni esibonisa owesifazane ophethe ingane yakhe futhi emaceleni unomfanekiso ka-Goddess Hathor omsizayo.
Ezikhathini zamaRoma kwakunezithombe ezenziwe nge-terracotta ezazisetshenziswa endaweni yasekhaya, lapho abesifazane babemelelwa khona benza isigqoko kodwa beveza izitho zabo zangasese. Njengoba unkulunkulukazi uHathor ayenzile ngaphambili ukuze akhuthaze uNkulunkulu uRa. Nakuba incazelo yalezi zibalo ingakaziwa.
Kodwa abacwaningi baye baphikisa ngokuthi ziyizibalo ezimelela unkulunkulukazi uHathor nonkulunkulukazi u-Isis noma ezihlanganiswe nonkulunkulukazi wamaGreki u-Aphrodite. Ngokubonisa ukuthi avundile futhi anokuvikelwa ezindaweni ezingezinhle.
Unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengomunye wonkulunkulu abambalwa abacelwa ukuba baxazulule izinkinga zomuntu siqu, njengoba abaseGibhithe abaningi babeletha iminikelo yabo yomuntu siqu ethempelini. Nakuba iminikelo eminingi eyayinikezwa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor yayingokomfanekiso ayewumelela eGibhithe.
Iminikelo eyatholwa unkulunkulukazi uHathor kwakuyizindwangu ezipendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kanye nezithombe zikankulunkulukazi ofanayo nemifanekiso nezingcwecwe ezazimelela izilwane, kodwa lolu hlobo lweminikelo akwaziwa ukuthi lwalusho ukuthini. Ezinye izithombe zibhekisela emisebenzini ayenayo ebukhosini baseGibhithe. Kodwa kwakungahlosiwe njengomgomo oyinhloko walowo onikelayo. Nakuba kuthiwa le minikelo kwakumele igcine iNkosazana ijabule futhi ingakhiphi uhlangothi lwayo oluyingozi nolwesabekayo kwazise ingahle idale umonakalo omkhulu edolobheni nasemhlabeni.
Abantu abaningi baseGibhithe benza imithandazo ebhaliwe kunkulunkulukazi uHathor ukuze ajezise amasela nokuba abantu ababenempilo ebuthakathaka belashwe nabanye baphenduke ngenxa yezenzo zabo ezimbi. Nakuba imithandazo egqama kakhulu ngoNkulunkulukazi uHathor yayiwukuthi alethe inala emndenini nakubantu baseGibhithe kanye nokudla okuningi ngesikhathi sokuphila kanye nokungcwatshwa okuhle ngesikhathi sokufa.
I-Práctica amakhaya omngcwabo
Njengoba unkulunkulukazi uHathor aziwa njengonkulunkulu wangemva kokufa, indaba yakhe ivela emibhalweni yobuciko yomngcwabo waseGibhithe. Kanye nabanye onkulunkulu abafana no-Osiris no-Anubis. Unkulunkulukazi uHathor wayengunkulunkulukazi ovame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlobiseni amathuna asebukhosini phakathi noMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe.
Ngaleso sikhathi unkulunkulukazi wayebonakala kaningi njengoNkulunkulukazi owamukela abafileyo ukuze abasize bawelele ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Ezinye izithombe eziye zasinda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zibhekisela kunkulunkulukazi uHathor ngokungaqondile. Kunezithombe ezikhombisa abesifazane nabesilisa benza usiko lwe-papyrus ababewenza bewunyakazisa kodwa lo mkhuba akwaziwa ukuthi bekuyini inhloso yawo enkulu. Kodwa eminye imibhalo esasekhona inquma ukuthi lo msindo wawungokaNkulunkulukazi uHathor.
Uma uthole le ndatshana mayelana noNkulunkulukazikazi uHathor ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: