Uyini umsuka wemiBhalo? nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo

Kunedatha eminingi yomlando ephakamisa ukuthi umsuka wokubhala wenzeka ezikhathini ezahlukene kanye impucuko; Kukholakala ukuthi yayiseMesophothamiya Yasendulo, eGrisi, eShayina, ngisho naseNdiya. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyasiza ukuba nolwazi olunembile lwalokho umsuka wokubhala futhi kwakunjani ukuziphendukela kwayo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu.   

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umsuka wokubhala

Eminyakeni eyi-100.000 kuye kwezingama-40.000 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, umuntu ukwazile ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lolimi lwakudala ngokusebenzisa imisindo ephuma emlonyeni. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ikakhulukazi ngo-30.000 BC, baqala ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi, njengama-pictographs angabonakala emihumeni ehlukene yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.  

Naphezu kwalokhu, uhlelo lokuqala lokubhala olwabhalwa emhlabeni lwenziwa eMesopotamia Yasendulo ngabantu baseSumeri ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesine BC, ngonyaka wezi-3.500. Ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi itimu, ukuzalwa kokubhala kungahlukaniswa kube amaphuzu amaningana.  

Izinhlelo zokubhala zakuqala 

Njengoba sikuchazele kafushane, umsuka wokuloba uhlehlela emuva cishe ku-3.500 no-3.000 BC IMesopotamia Yasendulo, esiyazi namuhla ngokuthi iMpumalanga Ephakathi, yahlukaniswa yaba izifunda ezimbili; eningizimu yeSumeri nasenyakatho uMbuso Wase-Akkad. Le ngxenye yomhlaba ibhekwa njengenye yemiphakathi yakudala.  

Kuyo, imiphakathi yayinabelusi nezakhamuzi, okwakudingeka bahlanganise izikweletu zabo nezikweletu zabo ngokubhala phansi. Lapho, ukubhala kwakwenziwa ngosizo lwezibhebhe zobumba namashizolo, lapho kwakubekwa khona izinto ezilula, njengobudlelwane phakathi kwamasaka okusanhlamvu nezikhwebu zezinkomo. 

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Ngamanye amazwi, ngokusebenzisa amamaki, imivimbo nemidwebo, izakhamuzi zazimelela izinto, izilwane noma abantu abathile ukuze babe nesipele salokho okwakukhulunywa ngakho ngaleso sikhathi. Ngisho nangale modeli elula yolimi, bangaveza umqondo othile ngokusebenzisa izithombe ezihlukahlukene, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-ideogram.  

Nokho, inqubo yokuxhumana yaba inkimbinkimbi, ngoba ulwazi lwaludluliselwa ngamabizo ayisisekelo kuphela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kamuva kwaqalwa ukubhala nge-cuneiform, lapho abantu banikezwa khona ithuba lokuveza okwengeziwe abstract futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.  

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi indlela inqubo eyenziwa ngayo, njengoba izinhlamvu noma amagama ayemelwe ngezimpawu ezinesimo esifana neso wedges kanye izinzipho.   

Kancane kancane, njengoba impucuko yayikhula, kanjalo nokubhala kwayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubhala kwe-cuneiform kwaba ulimi olukhulunywayo, ukwazi ukuveza amagama kokubili ngefonetiki nangendlela yokukhuluma.  

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Amahubo, amafomula ngisho nezincwadi zakudala zazibhalwa ngayo. I-cuneiform yaduma kangangokuthi yashintshwa yashintshwa kwezinye izilimi, njengalezi; ama-Akhadi, namaHeti, nama-Elamu, namaLluvi. Kwaba ugqozi ngisho nokudalwa kwe amagama AmaPheresiya kanye i-ugaritic 

ukubhala kweGibhithe 

Kukholakala ukuthi umbhalo waseGibhithe uvela embonweni wabantu baseSumeri, futhi inkolelo-mbono yenza umqondo omkhulu, ngoba ngesikhathi esiqondile emlandweni kwakukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasiko amabili. Nokho, kokubili kuhlukene ngo Okuningi kwe. 

La ukungafani evelele kakhudlwana, njengoba Uyazi kahle, ukuthi amaSumeri athumba izimpawu zabo ezibhebheni zobumba kuyilapho abaseGibhithe bekwenza ikakhulukazi ezikhumbuzo zabo, emihumeni nasezitsheni. 

Ukubhalwa kwale mpucuko kwavela eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kwe-cuneiform, ngenkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BC, futhi ngaleso sikhathi futhi nanamuhla kwakungenye yezici ezihluke kakhulu zesiko laseGibhithe.  

Lezi zimpawu zibizwa ngokuthi i-hieroglyphics, futhi zaziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Eqinisweni, eziningana zazo kwakuyizimpawu ze-ideographic, okungukuthi, zazimelela imiqondo ethile noma amagama; amaplanethi, imilaza, imizwa, njll. Kunalokho, kwakunamanye ayemelela imisindo nencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa.  

Nakuba amaSumer ayeseqalile kakade ukuhlanganisa indaba yefonetiki ngokubhala, abaseGibhithe bayithola kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo. Lokhu kufaka olimini lwabo ukukhishwa kwama-hieroglyphs abawaqopha ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.  

Ngokwayo, izimpawu ezibunjwe abaseGibhithe zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu; ama-pictograms, amelela izidalwa noma izinto; amaphonogram, amelela imisindo; kanye nezinqumo: okuyizimpawu ezivumela ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi isigaba kungokwakho into ngayinye noma ubukhona.  

Ngenxa yokuthi lolu limi lwaluyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, ababhali bakhetha ukwenza lula lo mkhuba ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwephepha le-papyrus. Leli phepha lenziwe ngemicu yeziqu zesitshalo.i-anta eyamila osebeni loMfula iNayile.  

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Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awuzange ubasebenzele isikhathi eside noma, ngoba bacabanga ukuthi ngisho nale nqubo yokubhala idinga amandla amaningi nokucophelela. Ngakho-ke, banqume ukwenza uhlobo olusha lokubhala olusheshe ludwebe futhi lubukeke lufana ne-cursive. Kwakubizwa ngokuthi ukubhala kwe-hieratic futhi kwakuyinhlanganisela phakathi kwe-hieroglyphic nalokhu. 

Ngonyaka wama-650 BC, emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, baphumelela ukusungula isichazamazwi esicace nakakhulu nesilula ukusibhala, esibizwa ngokuthi i-demotic. Lokhu ngokushesha kwaba umbhalo oyintandokazi yempucuko yonke kanye aphushelwe kude kuya ku edlule. 

Yize lungekho ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nezincazelo zophawu ngalunye lwemibhalo yaseGibhithe lasendulo, kuyaziwa ukuthi kube nesandla ekubhalweni kwemibhalo yaseGibhithe lasendulo. indalo yezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zaseFenike. Njengabanye abantu abangamaSemite ababengaphansi kokubusa kwabo.  

alfabhethi ye-Phoenician 

Nakuba abantu baseFenike baklama i-prototype yokuqala yezinhlamvu zefonetiki, kwakungelona uhlelo lwezinhlamvu zamagama nhlobo. Ukuze i-alfabhethi ibhekwe njengaleyo, kufanele ibe nomsindo wophawu ngalunye oluhilelekile.  

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Emfanekisweni wamaFenike, imisindo yongwaqa kuphela (onkamisa babengakhululwa), into efanayo nalokho okwenzeka ezinhlamvwini zamanje zesiHeberu nesi-Arabhu. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lunegama elihlukile, abizwa ngalo i-adjad. 

Lesi script savela ngonyaka we-1.200 BC, sinenani eliphelele lamagilamafoni angama-22 futhi sasibhalwe kusukela kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele, njengamaningi awo. okuphuma kokunye. Vuliwe emuva ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zazibasebenzela ukuze baxhumane kafushane nangendlela enembile.  

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lesi simiso samukelwa futhi sashintshwa ngamanye amasiko lapho le mpucuko yenza uhambo lwezohwebo oluzungeze uLwandle iMedithera. Kungashiwo ukuthi ezinye ezintathu zazisuselwa kuzinhlamvu zamagama zaseFenike: 

  • IsiHebheru, i-alfabhethi okwamanje enezinhlamvu ezingamashumi amabili nambili umsuka kabani iqala ngonyaka wama-700 BC Ezinsalela ezitholakele, izazi zefilosofi ziqinisekisa ukuthi laba bantu basendulo abangamaSemite abazange babhale onkamisa futhi bafunde ukusuka kwesokudla ukuya kwesobunxele.  
  • Isi-Arabhu, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izitayela zamuva; UThuluthnash y UDiwani, elakwazi ukusabalala ngokushesha ngenxa yokwanda kobuSulumane emhlabeni wonke, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-Asia nase-Afrika. Lokhu kwavela cishe ngonyaka wama-512 BC nangaleso sikhathi kubaliwe enezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ngokungafani nanamuhla.  
  • IsiGreki, ekuqaleni esasinezimpawu ezingu-18 kuphela ngaphambi kokuba onkamisa bafakwe. Izinhlamvu zamagama zesiGreki zokuqala zavela ngo-900 BC futhi yahlukaniswa yaba kabili, ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic futhi ngokungaqondile zibe zezinhlamvu zesiLatini nesi-Ulfilan.  

Ngokuhambisanayo, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iSyria, kwazalwa amagama afanayo, isi-Aramu, okwabhalwa ngaso izincwadi ezimbalwa zeTestamente Elidala. Lokhu futhi bekunwebeka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezikhiqiza okuhlukile kwakho. 

I-alfabhethi esemthethweni yokuqala  

Impucuko yaseFenike, eyayibizwa nangokuthi abantu basolwandle, esikhathini esidlule yayidabula iMedithera kwaze kwaba yilapho isibhekwa njengabanini bayo. Kulolu hambo babelana ngamasiko nolwazi lwabo nabanye abantu, omunye wabo bekungamaGreki. 

Nakuba ayesithola sithakazelisa isimiso samaFenike, amaGreki ayekhuluma ulimi oluhluke kakhulu futhi ayengakwazi ukubhala ngokunembile amagama akhona. Ukuze baxazulule le nkinga, bashintsha izimpawu ezithile ngokweziqondiso zabo ukuze baveze imisindo yonkamisa ababentuleka ngesiFenike. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zamukela ezinye izimpawu zesi-Aramu ezimelela labonkamisa; kusukela lapho kwazalwa i-Alpha, i-Omicron, i-Epsilon kanye ne-Ipsilon. Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC bahlanganisa i-Iota.  

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Sonke siyawazi amagalelo amakhulu le mpucuko ewanikeze esintwini. I Izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiGreki zithathwa njengezokuqala emlandweni, ngenxa yokuhleleka kwazo, kulokhu kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mingaki iminyaka edlule, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-3 kamuva, ayikalungiswa nganoma iyiphi indlela.  

Ezinye izinhlelo zokubhala zasendulo 

UmFenike akazange akhiphe zonke izinhlamvu zezwe elidala, zikhona ezinye ezifana namaShayina, amaJapane noma amaNdiya, azalwa ngendlela ehlukile. I-Ideography yasakazekela nakwezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Nokho, abaningi bacabanga ukuthi umsuka walo usesiqhingini saseKrethe, eGrisi.  

Kusukela yadalwa ngenkulungwane yesibili BC, ukubhala kwesiShayina kuthuthuke kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngemibono. Njengamanje, lolu hlelo lokubhala lubizwa ngokuthi i-Sinogram, kodwa ezikhathini zasendulo babeyiqoqo lezinhlamvu ezifana nalezo zesiko laseGibhithe. 

Kokubili kwakuhlanganisa ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso kanye nejiyomethri okwakusebenzela ukudlulisa imilayezo yokuphila kwansuku zonke emasikweni abo, njengelanga noma inyanga. Ezindaweni zemivubukulo kulesi sifunda kwaphawulwa ukuthi amaShayina athatha imibono yawo eminingi ngamagobolondo ofudu namathambo. 

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Kula magobolondo kwakungabonakala sengathi imigqa egobile ayenziwe neze, izimo ezenziwe ngokuvamile zaziqondile, ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi obuhilelekile ekubhaleni lezi zitsha eziqinile.  

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukuvela kukasilika kwasusa amathambo futhi, kamuva, kwathatha indawo kasilika. Futhi, kwase kuphelelwe yisikhathi ukusebenzisa inyongo njengoba yayizoklebhula iphepha, yingakho yathathelwa indawo i-awl. ukuxubha 

Imivimbo enebhulashi kwakudingeka ibe yi-harmonic, iyunifomu futhi ibe noketshezi, izama ngangokunokwenzeka ukugwema ukunqanyulwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ababhali banikezwa i-calligraphy yaseShayina enhle kakhulu; isigqi, ukuhleleka, ibhalansi, ukuma komzimba kanye nezilinganiso kwakubalulekile ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle.  

Ama-sinogram amaningi ahlanganyela imivimbo elula futhi efanayo engadluli imigqa emithathu, noma kunjalo, ukubhala kwesiShayina kungabhekwa njengokuhlukahluka kakhulu. Eqinisweni, uzokwazi ukuthola abalingiswa abanemivimbo engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, bonke endaweni efanayo yesithombe.  

ukubhala e-america 

Phakathi kwempucuko yokuqala yaseMelika, amaInca yiwo kuphela akwazi ukuthuthukisa umbuso wawo ngaphandle kosizo lokubhala, ayemane asebenzise izindlela zakudala neziphelelwe yisikhathi.  

Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi ukuze babe nerekhodi lokubalwa kwabantu basebenzise uhlelo lwezintambo ezinamafindo olwaluvame ukwenza umsebenzi "wokubhala" futhi ngezinye izikhathi lowo wokubala okudingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho wendawo.  

Impucuko yamaMeya yayingesinye sezandulela ezanikeza ukukhombisa ukubaluleka kwalesi sici ekukhuleni komphakathi ophumelelayo. Cishe ngeminyaka yama-300 no-200 BC, babona kunesidingo sokwenza eyabo indlela yokushiya amarekhodi edatha yezinkanyezi, izinombolo, izindawo, izinsuku, imicimbi. zomlando, imithetho kanye nobuciko. 

Nokho, leli kwakuyilungelo ukuthi kule mpucuko abapristi kuphela ababenabo, yibona kuphela ababenethuba nekhono lokufunda nokubhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yibona ababechaza kabanzi ama-codex futhi yakhelwe izimiso zomphakathi wakho. Lapho kufika abaseSpain eMelika, kwasala amakhophi ambalwa alezi zincwadi ezingcwele.  

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Isakhiwo sokubhala sabantu baseMaya sifana kakhulu neseGibhithe, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi ama-glyphs. Kodwa-ke, ihluke kakhulu kuneyamanye amasiko e-pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, ngenxa yezimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi zemifanekiso yawo.  

Njengamanje, umbhalo wamaMaya ubhekwa njengenye yezinhlelo zasendulo eziphelele kakhulu ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwefonetiki ephezulu. Isebenze ngesistimu i-logosyllabic, uphawu ngalunye lungamelela igama elilodwa (ngokuvamile i- morpheme) noma uhlamvu oluthile, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lungase lusho kokubili.  

Ngakho-ke, kwakunzima ukuyifunda, ngisho nanamuhla kunemibhalo yasendulo eminingana engahunyushwanga. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi amagama asetshenziswa amaMayans anikeza amandla okuhumusha izinhlanganisela ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili.  

Ukuze babambe imibono nemicabango yabo, basebenzisa opende bezitshalo namaqabunga amagxolo esihlahla noma isikhumba sezilwane. Endaweni yokubaza, babehlobisa izindonga zabo, usilingi, amathambo, amatshe, nezitsha zabo ngemihlobiso yomuntu siqu, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngemihlobiso yenkolo.  

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I-alfabhethi eyathatha umhlaba 

E-Italy, phakathi kwezifunda zaseTuscany, Lazio kanye ne-Umbria, kwakukhona idolobhana elibizwa ngokuthi i-Etruria. Izakhamuzi zakhona zazithakathwa kakhulu isiko lamaGreki, ngakho zanquma ukusebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiGreki ezazisetshenziswa emakoloni amaGreki. eningizimu ye-italy futhi ulungise njengoba ubona kufanele. 

Lokhu kwaqhutshwa kuyo yonke indawo yesizwe, kwanda kancane kancane, ngaphandle kokuba nombono omncane wobubanzi obuzoba nawo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kamuva. Ngale ndlela, kwaba ukuthi wafika kwenye yempucuko eyaziwa kakhulu eYurophu naseNtshonalanga, eRoma.  

Lezi zinhlamvu zaba yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emiphakathini yasentshonalanga nakwezinye izindawo eziningi ezaqoqwa amazwe aseYurophu, futhi emazweni lapho isiNgisi siwulimi lwesibili ngenxa yokuthi, nakuba kunezinguqulo ezihunyushwe kuye ngolimi ngalunye, eziningi zazo zisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezifanayo.  

Kule alfabhethi, kwazalwa ezinye izilimi ezisuselwa kuLatini, ezaziwa ngokuthi izilimi zesiRomance, lezi yiSpanishi, isiNtaliyane, isiPutukezi, isiFulentshi, isiRomania, phakathi kwezinye. Ulimi lwesiRomance olusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla iSpanishi, esikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400.  

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Ekuqaleni, cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, izinhlamvu zesiLatini zazibhalwa kusukela kwesokudla kuye kwesokunxele, kanye nezilimi zokuqala zasendulo noma imibhalo engeyona eyesiLatini. Njengoba amaRoma ebusa izifunda, ayebeka isiko lawo kubantu bendawo; ubuciko, inkolo, amasiko, njll.  

Ngakho-ke, lezi nazo zaphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwazo, ngenxa yalokho, nezinhlamvu zamagama. Ngaphandle kwalokho, bebengeke bakwazi ukuqondana, bavimbele ubudlelwano bebhizinisi obuphumelelayo ukuba bungenzeki. IsiLatini ngesikhathi esifushane saba yi- ulimi Isikhulu sebandla.  

Ezikhathini zasendulo, izinhlamvu zamagama zesiRoma zakhiwa izinhlamvu ezingamashumi amabili nambili: A, B, C, D, E, F, Z, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S. , T , V kanye no-X. Ngaleso sikhathi, ifonetiki yayihluke kakhulu, isibonelo: uhlamvu C lwalunomsindo ofanayo noka-G kokuthi “drop”, futhi lumelela inani elifanayo nelika-K, okungukuthi, laliveza kokubili umsindo we-K njengoka-G.  

Ngemva kwesikhashana, kwenezelwa umugqa ku-C ukuze uwuhlukanise nomsindo okhishwa u-K, okwaphumela ekuzalweni kwe-G evamile. Lokhu kuthathe indawo ye-Z eyayisusiwe ngenxa yokungasetshenzisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-V yayiyilokho i-U eyikho manje kithi.  

umsuka wokubhala

Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweGreece nguMbuso WamaRoma, ulimi lwesiGrikhi lwaqala ukuhlasela isiLatini, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kwaqalwa kabusha uhlamvu Z, lwabuyiselwa ezinhlamvwini zezinhlamvu ukuze lube nomsindo ofana noka-S ngesiFulentshi. okufanayo Z ngesiNgisi. Ngamanye amazwi, lo uzoba nendodana efanayo naleyo. Spanish 

Iqiniso elimangalisayo liwukuthi uhlamvu u-Y ekuqaleni lwalumelela umsindo oyinkimbinkimbi ofanayo nowe-French U, njengoba nalo livela esiGrekini. Nokho, abantu babengenasithakazelo ngempela ekubizeni ngendlela efanele i-las palabras, yizicukuthwane kuphela ezazithatha isikhathi sokukhuluma kahle.  

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lamaRoma lasinika osonhlamvukazi nabancane bolimi lwethu. Izinhlamvu ezisetshenziswe embhalweni omkhulu zabangela ukuba kube nezinhlamvu zamanje, kuyilapho isichazamazwi sesiRoma esasisetshenziswa abathengisi nezikhulu emibhalweni yabo saba nomthelela ekubhaleni amagama asetshenziswayo. indalo of the isikhwama esincane.   

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

Kusukela ekuqaleni komlando wesintu, eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-300 edlule, abantu bebelokhu befuna izindlela zokuxhumana, ngisho nangokubona ngemidwebo. umhume. Ngalesi sizathu, amadoda asendulo angabhekwa njengabanduleli bolimi nokubhala.  

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Inguquko yokubhala yasuka ekumeleleni okukhumbulayo ngokuphelele, kanye nokubamba ngekhanda amakhodi alula ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza ukulandelana kwamagama, izinombolo noma idatha, kuya ezakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezimele imisindo namagrafu ngokungaqondakali okuthile.  

Ngokwesiko lika-Aristotle, ukubhala akuyona into engaphezu kweqoqo lezimpawu ezivela kwezinye izimpawu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvezwa ukuthi okubhaliwe akumeleli ngqo imiqondo okuhlobene nayo, kodwa amagama aqanjwe ngawo le miqondo.  

Lezi zitatimende emuva nanamuhla zaholela abantu abaningi ukuba bazilolonge i-phonocentrism. Ezikhathini eziningi, lokhu kwaze kwavimbela ukufunda ngolimi lokubhala ekuthuthukisweni kancane, futhi kwathanda ukukhula kwephonology.  

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uJacques Derrida wakugxeka kakhulu lokhu, sagcizelela ukubaluleka kokubhala kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhambisana enakho ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ukubhala kuye kwadingeka kuguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili: 

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Simiso i-ideographic 

Kulesi simiso, abantu, izilwane, izinto ngisho nezindawo ngokuvamile zimelelwa ngezimpawu zezithombe ezilingisa isici sangempela noma esiphakeme salokho okuvezwayo. I-conceptualization yenziwa ngokusebenzisa kokubili ama-pictograms nama-ideograms.  

Okokuqala, ake sichaze ukuthi iyini i-pictogram: isithombe hhayi uphawu lolimi, oluxhunywe ngokubonakalayo nokumelelwa kwento yangempela noma yophawu. Izinhlamvu eziningi zasendulo zisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwaleli thuluzi.  

Eqinisweni, ngaphambi komlando womuntu wabonisa izimo ezenzeka ngosizo lwama-pictogram. Imidwebo esingayibona emidwebeni yomhume iyizithombe. Ukube lezi bezingekho, ukubhala njengoba sikwazi namuhla bekungeke kudalwe. 

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, zisaqhubeka nomsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa azisasetshenziswa njalo. Izimpawu zethrafikhi zingathathwa njengama-pictogram ngenxa yokucaca kwazo kanye nokuba lula kwazo lapho uzwakalisa umlayezo. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana lunqoba yonke imigoqo yolimi, luqondakala kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.  

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ama-ideograms, anhloso yawo iwukumela imibono engabonakali ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwanoma yimuphi umsindo. Lezi zisasetshenziswa emasikweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, njengaseningizimu yeNigeria, eJapan noma eChina, kuze kuthiwe ingenye izindlela kwemibhalo emidala kakhulu yesintu.   

 Kwezinye izilimi, ama-ideogram angafanekisa amaleksemu noma amagama, kodwa awavezi amafoni noma imisindo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, impucuko yamanje yamaShayina inekhono lokufunda imibhalo ye-ideographic ezingakwazi ukuyibiza. Umehluko phakathi kwemiqondo yomibili useqinisweni lokuthi ama-ideogram anemininingwane eminingi kunama-pictogram. 

isimiso sefonetiki 

Emthethweni wefonetiki, izimpawu zaqala ukuba nemisindo ehambisana nazo, okwenza kube lula ukuqonda kangcono izikhulumi. Kodwa-ke, akuyona yonke into eyayilula futhi ishesha, kwakusenokudideka maqondana nemiqondo kanye nokuphinyiselwa kwayo.  

Isibonelo salezi zinxushunxushu yileso sophawu lwaseSumeri olwasetshenziswa ukubiza igama lomcibisholo, okwathi kamuva nalo lasetshenziswa ukunikeza incazelo yegama elithi ukuphila, ngoba zombili zezwakala ngendlela efanayo.  

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 Ezinye izimpawu kancane kancane zaqala ukumelela izinto eziningana ezinomsindo ofanayo noma okungenani ezifanayo, ngaleyo ndlela amasistimu avelayo okusekelwe ngesimiso sefonetiki. Kancane kancane, indlela yokucindezela nokubiza yathuthukiswa, ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha. 

Ezinhlelweni ze-hieroglyphic, kokubili kwaseGibhithe naseSumeri, izimpawu zazimelela imisindo yamagama. kulezi izilimi isimiso se-ideographic sihambisana ne- ifonetiki 

Emandulo noma manje, alukho uhlelo olulodwa lokubhala oluwumbono ngokuphelele. Nakuba abaningi bebheka isiMandarin njengesibonelo esicacile solimi lwe-ideographic ngokuphelele, lokhu akulona neze iqiniso, njengoba eziningi zezimpawu zalo. futhi zingamafonimu futhi azimeleli ngokoqobo uphawu lwezithombe.  

Kwenzeka into efanayo embhalweni waseGibhithe, kuwo amagama athile abhalwe ngezimpawu ama-monoliters, i-biliteral noma i-triliteral futhi iphethe nokugcwaliseka kwe-semantic. Izimpawu zilandela isimiso sefonetiki neziphelelisi izimiso ze-ideographic 

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Isiphetho

Uhambo oluya ekudalweni kokubhala kwamanje sonke esaziyo belubanzi futhi lunamathonya avela ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba; EMesophothamiya, eGibhithe, eFenike, eGrisi, e-Italy, phakathi kwabanye.  

Singabona yonke le minikelo ibonakala lapho sibhala ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo salokhu yindlela izingane ngisho nathi uqobo esidweba ngayo ulwandle.  

Indlela evamile esenza ngayo uphawu lwamagagasi ivela ikakhulukazi kwabaseGibhithe. Laba bapete igama elithi amanzi ngendlela efanayo nendlela ingane noma umuntu omdala angenza ngayo. 

Noma yikuphi i-modo Njengoba sikubona, ukusungulwa kokubhala kwasho intuthuko enkulu emlandweni wesintu. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo woguquko lapho abaningi babambisana futhi bakhonza ukuze sikwazi ukuxhumana ezindaweni esingasoze sacabanga ukufinyelela kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaholela ekusekelweni kwemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.  

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Eqinisweni, uma singacabangi kahle, akukho phuzu eplanethini elingenawo a indlela ulimi lwakhe noma alutholile, ngoba wonke umuntu udinga indlela yokuziveza futhi abe nokuxhumana okufanele nokunempilo.   

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kolimi oluxoxwayo lube olimini olulotshiwe kwenze izinto eziningi zaba lula, njengokuhlukanisa nokukhomba amagama, ukushintsha ukuhleleka kwawo, nokuthuthukisa izibonelo zokucabanga ngendlela evumelana nezimo.  

Ukwengeza, ngenza kube nokwenzeka kokubili ezingeni elingokomfanekiso kanye nezinga lokubhala elihlelekile, ukuveza izinkolelo zabo, ulwazi, imizwa kanye nemizwelo. Ulimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lukhulunywa noma lubhaliwe, lusenza sizizwe kanjalo singabakhe emphakathini.  

Futhi, ngempela, ikhono lokuxhumana nemibono yethu alisinikanga amandla okudala izinhlelo ezinkulu zamasiko kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithini isifunda lapho iqembu labantu litholakala khona.  

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U-Giovanni Sartori, umcwaningi wesayensi yezombangazwe odabuka e-Italy, wathatha umcabango owavezwa isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi u-Erin A. Havelock kwenye yezincwadi zakhe, emashumini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi impucuko ithuthuka ngokubhala, wuguquko lwezokuxhumana phakathi komlomo nokulotshiwe ovumela umphakathi ukuthi uthuthuke kakhulu.  

Uthe umlobi naye uyakuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa kwavuna isisekelo somphakathi wanamuhla, ngoba kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaba nokusatshalaliswa okungcono kakhulu kolwazi.  

Kuze kube sekhulwini le-XNUMX, ingxenye encane kuphela yabantu emhlabeni yayinayo i-fortgio yokwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla kufanele siwazise amalungelo sonke esinawo ukuze sizifundise futhi sikhule njengabantu.  

Ukuba nolwazi akusoze kwalimaza. Ukuthi ukuvela kokubhala kusivumela ukuba sazise futhi sihloniphe ulimi lwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, njengoba ngaphandle kwalo besingeke siphile. Ukwazi ukubhala kusinika ikhono lokuxhumana, kodwa futhi nekhono lokweqa futhi siveze izinkolelo zethu ukuze siziqinisekise njengabantu.  

Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphambilini ungayifundanga:

Umsuka wamasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian

Umsuka wesiko lamaRoma

Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece


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