Ukutholwa kanye Nomlando We-X-Rays

Uyazi yini ukuthi yini umlando we-x-ray  Futhi akhiwa kanjani, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi umphumela onjalo wenziwe? Iyini isisekelo sokuba khona kwayo, noma izindlela zezinjongo zayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde ngomlando othakazelisayo we-X-ray kanye nolunye ulwazi olufanele mayelana nalesi sihloko esikhangayo.

umlando wombani

Incazelo ye-X-Ray

Okokuqala, ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-X-rays iyini, kubalulekile ukubhekana nezigaba lapho kutholakala khona isici. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i- Imisebe ye-electromagnetic Yakhiwe ngochungechunge lwamagagasi kagesi, amanye awo asizungezile.

Lawa maza ajwayele ukutholakala ngokwemvelo ku-spectrum kagesi, ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukahluka kwamagagasi angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo zamagagasi kagesi. Phakathi kwamagagasi i-physics ewafunde ngokucophelela nangokucacile, sithola okulandelayo:

  1. Imisebe yeGamma
  2. I-X-ray
  3. Isikhala seso
  4. Isibani esibomvu
  5. Ukukhanya kwe-Violet
  6. I-Ultraviolet
  7. I-Microwave
  8. Umsakazo we-FM - TV
  9. AM Radio

Njengoba singabona, ama-X-ray amelela uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwamagagasi olungaphakathi kwezigaba zemisebe kagesi. Le misebe ayibonakali emehlweni abantu. Ngakho-ke, ama-X-ray awuhlobo lwemisebe kagesi esebenza ngokungena komunye umzimba noma into ephilayo ukuze kunyatheliswe izithombe ezibonisa umkhawulo othile womzimba.

Lolu hlobo lwemisebe ye-electromagnetic lenza imisebenzi ethile eyenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele ngenxa yezimfanelo ezihambisana nayo, esingabala phakathi kwayo njengebalulekile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphelele, yilezi:

Ikhono lokungena kunoma yimuphi umzimba

Lokhu kumelela ukuguquguquka okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezici ezichaza ama-X-reyi, ngenxa yaleli khono okwashiwo ukuthi imisebe inalo, kungenzeka ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kule nqubo eyenza umcimbi oshiwo. Ngokucatshangelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwenziwa kuphela ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo endaweni yezokwelapha, ikwazi ukunikeza ukubonakala kwengxenye ethile yomzimba nge-X-ray.

Ngenxa ye-digitization yamanje yesistimu, namuhla kungenzeka ukubuka isithombe, lapho umzimba ongenisiwe uboniswa, okuvumela ukwazi nokuhumusha isithombe esishiwo ngisho nakumshini we-elekthronikhi, njengekhompyutha noma ucingo.

La mandla, abizwa ngokuthi ama-X ray, abekwe phakathi kwezici ezimbili esike sazibala ngaphambili, lezi imisebe ye-ultraviolet, yona, imisebe ye-gamma, ekhula ngendlela engokwemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-X-ray enza inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-ionizing. Umthelela ohumushela ekufezekeni okuvumela inani lezinhlayiya ezikhiqiza amashaji e-ion ngokusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe 

ukutholakala kwama-x-ray

El umsuka kanye nomlando we-x-ray Kufakazelwa ukuthi sibonga uWilliam Crookes, umfundi wesayensi owagcizelela futhi wajulisa izifundo zakhe mayelana nemiphumela nemiphumela yamagesi akhishwa amandla, ngenhloso yokubheka umphumela eziwukhiqizayo. Indlela Atholwa kanjani ama-x-ray?  ibuyiselwa ngesisekelo sokuhlola noma ukuhlolwa okwenziwe kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lamashubhu angenalutho. Okubuye kuhambisane nama-electrode, ukuze kuhlinzekwe ama-voltage currents.

Usosayensi unikeze igama elithi experiment, wengeza isibongo sakhe. Ngakho-ke, kwakuchazwa ngokuthi amashubhu e-Crookes. Izithombe ezisabalale zabonakala ngala mashubhu, nokho, ukuhlolwa kwaqhubeka futhi uWilliam wagxila kulo mphumela othakazelisayo owakhiwe amashubhu. Okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi usosayensi wagcizelela ububanzi obuyingozi obungakhiqiza imisebe enjalo.

Ngonyaka we-1985, umlando uqokomisa ezinye izifundo ezisekelwe ku-Hittorff Crookes tubes, kulokhu ngu-Wilhelm Roentgen, ohlonishwa nge-radiology yokuqala. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi umlingiswa lowo wathola ingqikithi yombani, futhi wakwazi ngokulandela ukuthatha isithombe sokuqala sesandla, nokho. owathola ama-x-ray kwakungusosayensi uCrooker, ngaphansi kokubhekwa kweminye imibono kamuva eyajuliswa ngochwepheshe abahlukahlukene kulo mkhakha.

umlando wokutholwa kwe-x-ray

Lesi sisho esihlakaniphile sesayensi sakwazi, ngokubheka, ukuthola okuguquguqukayo okwamvumela ukuba aveze umbono owawuzothola izimpendulo ezibambekayo kamuva. Uphenyo lomphumela we-fluorescent owaphuma ngokushintshana, ukukhanya kwe-violet, lokhu okukhiqizwa ngemisebe ehlukahlukene ye-cathode kwahlelwa.

Ngemva kwalesi senzo esimangalisayo, wathola ukuthi amanye amashubhu enziwe ngekhadibhodi emnyama aphumelele ukuqedwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ngalokhu, ukukhishwa kokukhanya okubuthakathaka kwakhiqizwa ngendlela yokukhanyisa ngethoni ephuzi, kanye namathoni aluhlaza, avela empumputheni ehlanganiswe ne-platinum, ngamathoni e-cyanide, agcina ephelile lapho ithubhu ichitheka.

Isiphetho sakhe sasisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi imisebe yakhiqiza uhlobo lwemisebe eyangena kakhulu, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ikwazile ukudlula izinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana nephepha futhi, futhi, izinto ezilula kakhulu zensimbi. Wagxila ekusetshenzisweni kwamapuleti ezithombe ukuze afike ekuboniseni ukuthi izinto zaziboniswa ngokusobala ngokumelene nama-X ray, lokhu ngaphansi kogqinsi oluguquguqukayo lwento.

Izimpumelelo zaba zinkulu futhi ngokushesha, the umlando we-x-ray ngakho kuhlole. Usosayensi wakwazi ukwenza i-radiography yomuntu yokuqala. Le x-ray ikhombisa isandla, umkakhe nguyena owayeziboleke nge-x-ray. Ebhekene nalokhu kuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo, wanquma ukuqamba lo mkhuba, ngaphansi kokuphela kwemisebe engaziwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubengakayitholi imbangela yalokho akutholile. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kucatshangelwa, okuwukuphela kwedatha etholwe ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi imisebe yathi yenziwa imisebe ye-cathode lapho ishaya ezinye izinto.

Kamuva indaba igcizelela ukuthi izifundo ezintsha ezijulile zavezwa ngemvelaphi yaleyo misebe. Nokho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abanye ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okuthile okubalulekile, isayensi yakhetha ukulondoloza igama lokuqala elalinikiwe. Ukuza ngale ndlela ukuze kwaziwe ngaphansi kweziqu ze-Roentgen, owasungula ama-x-ray

U-Wilhelm Roetngen wathola ukuqashelwa okuningi ngenxa yokwambulwa kokutholwa kwesayensi kwe-X-ray, okuyiqiniso elilotshwe emlandweni. Wathola ngokuhloniphekile uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ngo-1901. Ngokulandelayo, waphinde waklonyeliswa ngeNkohlakalo Yobukhosi, enguMbusi waseJalimane uWilhelm II ngokwakhe owamhalalisela futhi wamnika umklomelo obaluleke kangaka. Ekugcineni ngonyaka we-1986 iRoyal Society yaseLondon nayo yamklomelisa ngendondo yokuhlonipha imizamo yakhe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-X-ray

Kungenzeka ukukhombisa ubukhona be-X-ray njengoba ingabonwa kusukela ngesikhathi lapho insimbi ye-electron enamacala amakhulu anamandla ikwazi ukwehlisa ijubane lapho ishaya ithagethi yensimbi. Lesi senzo sidala imisebe, ngakho-ke, umphumela ukhiqizwa ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni a I-spectromagnetic spectrum yona iphinde ikhiphe izibukeli ezahlukene ngokuqhubekayo ezibuye zichazwe ngokuthi ama-X ray.

Le misebe ichazwa ngokuthi "i-braking radiation" eyenziwa ngobude begagasi obufushane kakhulu obuncike emandleni athile akhishwa ama-electron, kucatshangelwa ukuthi amanye ama-athomu avela entweni esesimweni sensimbi akhiqiza ama-X-ray awo. zichazwa ngokuthi monochromatic. Omunye umthombo kuyimisebe ye-synchrotron evezwa ama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana.

Ngale ndlela, kucatshangelwa ukuthi kulo lonke leli umlando we-x-ray imiphumela kanye nezinqubo zayo kuthuthukiswa ezindaweni zasesibhedlela, kanye nasemalabhorethri, lapho kuvame ukusetshenziswa khona amashubhu e-X-ray.Lawa ahlukaniswa abe yizici ezimbili, amashubhu ngesimo semicu namashubhu egesi.

i-filament tube

Lolu hlobo lwe-tube ene-filament lumelwe into esesimweni sengilazi engenalutho, okungukuthi, engenalutho, lapho ama-electrode angu-2 angatholakala khona eduze kokuphela kwawo. Ine-elementi echazwa ngokuthi i-catado ehambisana nomcu okuthiwa i-tusgten, futhi inesici sensimbi esinomsebenzi wokukhipha amandla.

Ngokulandelayo, inqubo ikhiqizwa ukusheshisa kwe-cathode egxile ekuhlosweni, okuvumela ukuba ama-X-ray athuthukiswe ngenxa yokushayisana. Ekugcineni, imisebe iqedwa ngephesenti elilodwa elilingana namandla akhishwa inqubo ye-X-ray.

Kucatshangelwa ukuthi okunye kumelelwa ama-electron ahambisana namandla ashisayo. Umsebenzi we-anode uwukupholisa impahla ukuvimbela izinto ezishiwo ukuthi zingaphumi, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma usebenzisa injini eyenza ukuzungezisa njalo.

Lapho uphenduka, izinga lokushisa livame ukusabalalisa kulo lonke ubude be-anode, futhi ngaphambi kokubulawa okunjalo, kungenzeka ukwenza umsebenzi owanelisayo ngamandla amakhulu nokumelana. Ishubhu elishiwo linefasitela elibonisa ngale ngokuphelele kuma-X-ray, elakhiwe ngezinto ezinhle kakhulu nezintekenteke, njenge-aluminium ne-beryllium.

I-X-ray tube schematic

Ishubhu inokuqukethwe kwegesi esondela ku-001 mmHg ebalwa njengokucindezela. Lokhu kuhlolwa uhlobo lwevalvu ehambisana ne-cathode yezinto ezikhanyayo ecwile, lokhu kuvuma ukugxila kwama-electron kanye nokushintshana kwe-anode. Lezi zinhlayiya ezine-ionized ziqukethe i-nitrogen kanye nomoya-mpilo otholakala ngaphakathi kwe-tube cavity okuthi yona ihlale ikhangwa yi-cathode ne-anode.

Ama-X-ray detectors

Njengamanje, kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zama-X-ray detectors.Enye yemishini yokuqala engafakazelwa ifilimu yezithombe, umsebenzi wayo i-emulsion enikeza umfutho ubude bamagagasi akhishwa Ama-X-ray.

umlando we-x-ray detectors

Amanye amafilimu asakazwa ngale frikhwensi anqunywa isici noma isici sokumunca ngobuningi okuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo sibhekane nomkhawulo oholela ekulandeleni kwemigqa ye-spectral. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuyacatshangelwa, okulinganiselwe, iqiniso elibenza bangabe besahlala ezindaweni zabo njengamanje.

Isimanje saqala ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezitholwayo ezinekhono lokwenza izithombe ezifakwe kwidijithali ngokugcwele nezinokulungiswa okuphezulu. Njengesibonelo salokhu singabala ama-plaque aziwayo asetshenziswa kakhulu ezibhedlela.

Lawa mapuleti anesitayela sezinto ze-phosphorescent, lapho ama-electron akhulisa amandla abamba ama-X-ray, futhi afeza umsebenzi wokubamba imisebe eshiwo ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa. Lawa ma-electron anesibopho sokukhulula amandla ngemva kokukhanyiswa kwamapuleti anikezwe ukukhanya kwe-laser futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akhiqize ukukhanya okunamandla alingana nawama-X ray ashaya ipuleti.

Kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi izitholi zinokuhleleka kobukhulu okuzwela kakhulu ngokungafani nefilimu yezithombe. Ekuqaleni kuka-2.000, inqubekelaphambili yayimangalisa njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwemitshina emisha enamakhamera anesinqumo esihle futhi eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwamapuleti amasha aziwa ngokuthi i-PAD kwaqaliswa.

Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ngendlela ye-ionizing nazo zibalwa njengezitholi ze-X-ray Umsebenzi wazo usesilinganisweni se-ionization esikhula ngenxa yokusebenzisana okwenziwa ama-X-ray nama-molecule ahlukahlukene akhiwe igesi.

Izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona

Kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene engakhiqizwa ama-X-ray ezigabeni ezihlukene zezinto eziphilayo, lezi zingozi zingaba ngaphansi noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngomthamo owenziwa ngokuchayeka emisebeni eshiwo. Endabeni yokuvezwa okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-X-ray, imiphumela ayilimazi noma iyingozi empilweni.

Kodwa-ke, ukuchayeka njalo kwemithamo ephezulu kufeza ukukhiqizwa komonakalo onamandla obangelwa imisebe ehlukahlukene ye-ionizing ekhona. Phakathi kwezimo ezigqama kakhulu njengemithamo eqinile yokuchayeka kwe-X-ray sithola:

  • isifuba scan
  • kanye ne-abs
  • Izifundo zokungenelela ezifana ne-hemodynamics

Lokhu ukuchayeka kwe-X-ray okuvame ukuletha imiphumela eyingozi ebuqothweni obunempilo banoma yimuphi umuntu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izindlela ezintsha zokushiswa kwemisebe kufanele zisetshenziswe kulo mkhuba, kucatshangelwa ukuthi kufanele zilungiswe ngokuphelele ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokugcwele.

Eminye imiphumela yemisebe ye-ionizing

Imisebe ye-ionizing iza nayo eminye imiphumela engaba yingozi empilweni ngokwejwayelekile, le miphumela ihlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

umdlavuza obangelwa imisebe

Ihlobene nemiphumela ekhiqizwa amanani athile e-X ray isikhathi esithile, yona futhi inwetshwe ezimisweni zokwelashwa ezihlukene, kulesi senzakalo abasebenzi bezokwelapha bahlala bechayeka njalo. Nokho, ambalwa kakhulu amacala aye anikezwa ngaphansi kwalesi simo.

umlando wemiphumela ye-x-ray

Imiphumela kwabesifazane abakhulelwe

La umlando we-x-ray igqamisa ukuthi lezi ziyingozi kakhulu kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Izinga lengozi liphezulu kakhulu ezikhathini ezithile zokukhulelwa, esimweni esingamasonto ayisithupha kuya phambili, ngalesi sikhathi ukwelashwa kwe-X-ray kungaba yingozi kakhulu.Lokhu kuchayeka kungaba nemiphumela efana nale:

  • Ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa
  • Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
  • ukukhubazeka kofuzo

Lena eminye yemiphumela ekhona ekukhulelweni lapho kwenziwa ama-X-ray.Ngale ndlela, kutuswa ukuba ungalwenzi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokwelapha oludinga ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlobo lwemisebe.

Eminye imiphumela eyenzeka kubantu ngenxa yamandla e-X ray yile:

  • Ukulahleka kwezinwele
  • isikhumba siyasha
  • I-cataract noma ukulahlekelwa umbono
  • Umdlavuza
  • Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
  • Ukugula
  • Ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukukhubazeka
  • Phakathi kwabanye

i-deterministic

Zibonakala ngezingozi ezimbi kakhulu, ezithintekayo kangangokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-X-ray akubalwa njengendlela engcono kakhulu mayelana nezinqubo zezokwelapha.

I-deterministics yendawo

Kubhekiselwa kulabo bantu abadinga ukwenziwa njalo kwama-X-reyi, futhi inani elenziwayo ngokuvamile linomfutho omkhulu ngokwamandla anikeziwe. Kulezi zindlela zokwelapha singagqamisa umkhuba we-radiotherapy kanye nokulethwa kwezifundo ezidinga ukungenelela ezifweni ezibucayi zesikhumba.

Umphumela oshaqisayo kakhulu ngenxa ye-X ray yisifo solwelwesi olubangelwa ukuthintana kwe-X ray ngqo emehlweni, nakuba kuyivelakancane kubantu, lolu hlobo lwengozi luvame ukwenzeka kulabo abazinikele emsebenzini wedayari yohlobo oluthile lwemisebe. . Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kufanele ugadwe futhi kufanele ugcinwe ngaphansi kwamazinga athile okuvimbela. Ekugcineni, ngokusebenzisa umlando we-x-ray Kuye kwaphawulwa imiphumela ehlukahlukene eyingozi ethinta kakhulu impilo yomuntu.


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