Uhlanganisani Umkhathi?

Abantu abaningi bavame ukuzibuza, umkhathi uhlanganisani Nokho, leso ngesinye sezihloko okuzoxoxwa ngazo namuhla. Ngokufanayo, kuboniswa ukuthi uma siqala ukuchaza ngendawo yomoya osemkhathini, kungashiwo ukuthi lona nguye ophethe ukugcinwa kwamagesi athile endaweni eyiplanethi yethu.

Kulolu hlelo lwemibono, umsebenzi oyinhloko wale ngxenye ebalulekile awulutho ngaphandle kokuvimbela imisebe yenkanyezi yenkosi ngena kungazelelwe emhlabeni wethu futhi uvumele impilo engcono kulabo abahlala eMhlabeni.

Iqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi akuwona kuphela uMhlaba onomoya, akhona namanye amaplanethi awujabulelayo.

Uyini umkhathi nokubunjwa kwawo

umkhathi

Okwamanje ukuveza lokho umkhathi sakhiwe, singakwazi ukunquma ukuthi ngokusebenzisa amagesi ayo ungakwazi ukuvikela ukuba khona kokuphila kumaplanethi amaningi. Ngalo mqondo, umkhathi wakhiwe ngo-21% we-oxygen, 78% we-nitrogen, u-1% wamanzi wamanzi kanye nenani elincane leminye imihwamuko efana ne-argon noma i-carbon monoxide. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu okungenhla, umkhathi uhlukaniswe waba izigqoko eziningana lapho okungavamile okudlula khona, lezi yizi:

1. I-Troposphere

Esinye sezisekelo noma izingqimba umkhathi onazo, ngokungangabazeki i-troposphere, okuyiyona etholakala ebusweni boMhlaba. Phakathi kwezinye zezici zayo ukuthi ayivezi lutho futhi ayikho ngaphansi kuka-75% wesisindo somkhathi.

Ngalo mqondo, i troposphere inendawo okungangabazeki ukuthi yiyona enezinga lokushisa elizinzile kakhulu, njengoba ngibala "ungqimba olushisayo" noma "umgibe obandayo" futhi bathola lawa magama njengoba yibona kuphela abanekhono lokunikeza isevisi lapho igesi yamanzi ingakwazi khona' ngeke ngingene shí njengoba eshintsha eqhweni futhi eqonywa. Ukube bekungekho mgibe obandayo, uMhlaba ubungamosha wonke amanzi awo.

Isimo sezulu, esivame ukujwayele, sibangelwa ngokufanayo troposphere. Ukushisa okungafani kwezindawo ze-troposphere yiLanga kusungula ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezijwayelekile kanye nemimoya. I-tropopause iqhubeka njengodonga olungabonakali futhi iwukubona lapho amafu nesikhathi esimangalisayo kwakhiwa khona ngaphakathi kwayo.

2. I-Stratosphere

I-Stratosphere

Enye ingxenye umkhathi onayo ngokungangabazeki stratosphere, lokhu kutholakala phezu kwalena eshiwo ngenhla. Ikhula ukusuka endaweni eyi-15 kuya ku-50 km. Lena indawo enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kune-troposphere.

3. I-Mesosphere

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi njengoba ingxenye yesithathu yomkhathi yiyona i-mesosphere ebekwe phezu kwaleli elishiwo ephuzwini lesibili. Ibanga phakathi kwalolu ungqimba neplanethi yethu lingaba ngu-50 kuya ku-80 km. Ngalo mqondo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa njengendawo ebanda kakhulu ngesikhathi kwenziwa ukuphakama. Lapha ama- meteor akhayo ayabola, aguquke abe izinkanyezi ezidubulayo esizibona ngobunye ubusuku.

4. I-Thermosphere

La i-thermosphere, ungqimba lwethu lwesine lomkhathi lunebanga ukusuka eMhlabeni elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-80. Mayelana namadigri ayo okushisa, kungashiwo ukuthi lokhu kuhluke kwedlule njengoba kushisa ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, empeleni wenziwe ama-athomu ashajwa ngogesi, kusho ama-ion.

Ngesikhathi i-thermosphere iphathelene ne-heterosphere, isifunda lapho kungekho khona ukuhlelwa okufanayo kwamagesi. Nakuba amagesi engaxubekile kahle, ahlukaniswa abe yi-togas, ehambisana nobuningi bamangqamuzana awo. Ngokuphikisana nemihwamuko ye-homosphere (ihlala ku-troposphere, stratosphere, ne-mesosphere) eshintshwa ngokufanayo.

5. Exosphere

Ekugcineni, lapho sibhekisela ku- ingxenye yokugcina yomkhathi, singasho ukuthi lena umkhathi. Ngakho-ke i-thinnest capuz futhi isebenza njenge-metamorphosis ebheke endaweni engenawo umhwamuko noma ubunzima obucatshangwayo. Kulesi sigaba sokugcina, amandla adonsela phansi asezingeni eliphansi, okuholela ekutheni amanye ama-vapor angakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo.

Izici zomkhathi

Ezinye zezici ukuthi i umkhathi, yilezi:

1 indawo

La umkhathi womhlaba Itholakala eduze kobuso beplanethi, inweba kusukela emhlabathini ukuya kumakhilomitha angaba ngu-10.000 ukusuka enkanyezini, ezingqimbeni eziningi ezilingana noma ezilinganayo zomusi.

I-75% yesisindo sayo esiguquguqukayo itholakala ku-11 km wokuqala wokuvelela ukusuka e- indawo yolwandle, futhi njengoba ezuza ukuphakama ngokufanayo uzuza isilinganiso esibalulekile sokucindezela.

2. Umthethosisekelo

La Umthethosisekelo womkhathi sekushintshile kuwo wonke umlando wezwe, ikakhulukazi kusukela imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuthi sichitha imihwamuko ethile futhi sibangele ezinye. Nokho, ukwakheka kwayo ngokuyisisekelo ingama-78% nitrogen kanye 21% komoyampilo, kanye nezinye izihwamuko ezibalulekile ezifana hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ozone, argon, kanye namanye amagesi ahloniphekile. Ngokunjalo, ukumelela okudlulele komhwamuko kuyabusa.

Umphumela wokushisa

Umthelela we-greenhouse waziwa njengokumelela umhwamuko womkhathi ofana ne-carbon dioxide eyenza ungqimba olugqinsi emkhathini futhi ibambezele ukuphuma kokushisa komhlaba (okufana nezindonga zendlu ebamba ukushisa). Lo mphumela ubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukushisa komhlaba, okudingekayo ekuphileni.

Isiphetho ngomkhathi

Umkhathi uhlukaniswe waba izingqimba, ezihluka ngezinga lokushisa nokucindezela, ngaleyo ndlela kudala ukuthweswa iziqu okubhekiselwa ku-gradient yokushisa komkhathi. Lezi zingubo zingaba:

I-Troposphere: Ingubo engezansi, ehamba ukusuka kumakhilomitha angu-6 kuya kwangu-20 okuphakama. Yisendlalelo lapho i- izenzakalo zasemkhathini futhi isiphetho se-hood sitholakala ezingeni lokushisa -50 °C.

I-Stratosphere: Ngomunye umqondo, sithola iStratosphere ehamba ukusuka kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-50 ukuphakama, ihlelwe ngokwezigaba noma izinkathi zomoya ezahlukahlukene (yingakho igama layo lokuqamba). Kuyo, ukuguqulwa kwe-oksijini ibe yi-ozone kwenzeka ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet, imbangela ebangela ukushisa, ukuqonda lapho amazinga okushisa akhuphuka kulolu ungqimba (-3 °C).

I-Ozonosphere: Ukunemba kakhudlwana, yinkathi ye-stratosphere, lapho inani elikhulu le-ozone liqala khona futhi, ngakho-ke, kutholakala ungqimba lwe-ozone olulashiwe oluvikela iplanethi ekuqhumeni okuqondile kwemisebe yelanga, okucwilisa ngaphezu kweyodwa 95% bona.

Umkhathi: Endabeni ye-Mesosphere, ikhula phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-50 kuya kwangu-80 ukuphakama, futhi ibamba kuphela u-0,1% wesisindo somoya osemkhathini. Yindawo ebanda kakhulu emkhathini wonke: ifinyelela amazinga okushisa angu -80 °C.

I-Ionosphere: Ngendlela efanayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-thermosphere, isuka kumakhilomitha angu-90 kuya kwangu-800 ukuphakama, futhi kuyo izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngokuphakama, ngokuvumelana nokumelela imisebe yelanga. Amazinga okushisa angu-1500 °C namazinga okushisa aphezulu nakakhulu aqoshiwe kuyo.

Umkhathi: Okokugcina, uma sikhuluma ngokuthi umkhathi uquketheni, asikwazi ukushiya eceleni ezinye izingqimba zawo, i-Exosphere, lena ungqimba lwangaphandle lomkhathi, olufundisa ngamakhilomitha angu-800 futhi luphele ku-10.000. Lapho ama-athomu ahlakazeka abheke emkhathini, futhi indawo yokuhamba phakathi kwenkanyezi yethu nendawo yonke yangaphandle.


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