Yazi ezinye izici zomdwebo wesimanje

Ukuqamba okusha kuwukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kwalokho okwakuyikho inkathi yesimanje. Ngokwayo, le nhlangano yaletha elinye lamagalelo amakhulu kakhulu kwezobuciko bekhulu lama-XNUMX. Futhi yingakho sinqume ukukwazisa izici eziyinhloko zale nhlangano kwezobuciko, ikakhulukazi ku- umdwebo wesimanje nokuningi

I-Modernism kanye nemidwebo yesimanje

Ubuciko besimanje yigama elisetshenziswa ukuchaza inkathi yomlando wobuciko oqala cishe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1860 kuya ko-1970. Leli gama libonisa isitayela nefilosofi yobuciko ekhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi. Izimpande zawo zisemisebenzini yamaciko asekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX afana noVan Gogh, uCezanne, noGauguin, ukuqeqeshwa kwabo nemisebenzi yabo yokuqala kwakusekelwe kusitayela sokudweba esivamile.

Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX abaculi abaningi baqala ukuqhela ekulandiseni okungokoqobo endabeni nasesitayelani, beya endleleni engaqondakali yokudweba eyayikhuluma ngemibono yabo emisha yobuhle, lokhu kamuva kwakuzokwaziwa njengomdwebo wesimanje. Ngakho igama elithi "modernist noma yesimanje" lihlotshaniswa nobuciko, liqhelelanisa le nkulumo yobuciko emdwebeni wendabuko.

Abadwebi besimanje badlale ngezindlela ezingakacutshungulwa zokubona izifundo zabo nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa izinto zokudweba zendabuko. Laba baphonsela inselele umbono wokuthi ubuciko kufanele bumele umhlaba ngendlela engokoqobo, bezama ukusetshenziswa kombala obala, amasu amasha nezinto ezingezona ezendabuko manje ezibhekwa njengophawu lobuciko besimanje nokudweba.

Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kwaletha ukuhlola okwengeziwe. Abaculi bakaFauve (I-Fauvism), baqala ukudweba izindawo ezichazayo "zasendle" futhi abadwebi be-cubist baqala ukuhlukanisa izinto zibe amafomu aqinile, okwenza kube cishe okungacacile.

Le minyakazo yobuciko kanye naleyo eyalandela kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-XNUMX, yayisekelwe ezindleleni ezintsha zokucabanga, ukubona nokuhlola ubuciko, okwenza yona kanye incazelo yokuthi buyini ubuciko besimanje. Lapho ubuciko besimanje kuyigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza umnyakazo wobuciko kanye nenkathi yomlando wobuciko, i-modernism yigama lenhlangano yefilosofi eyavela ngesikhathi esifanayo.

INguquko Yezimboni, ukukhula okusheshayo kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, nezindlela ezintsha zokuthutha zaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yesimanjemanje eyenqaba izinhlobo zendabuko zokucabanga, ubuciko, inkolo, nokuziphatha komphakathi. I-Modernism nobuciko besimanje buhlobene futhi buhlala ndawonye: izinkolelo-mbono zesimanje zondla ukucabanga kwamaciko, futhi ubuciko besimanje bukhuthaza ifilosofi ekusebenzeni kwangempela.

Izici zesimanje kwezobuciko

Nakuba kungekho sici esisodwa esichaza "ubuciko besimanje", kwagqama izici eziningi ezibalulekile, njengalezi ezilandelayo:

Izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko

Abaculi besimanje babe ngabokuqala ukuthuthukisa ubuciko bekholaji, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganisa, ubuciko obuhlukahlukene be-kinetic (kuhlanganise namaselula), izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezithombe, izithombe ezinyakazayo (ukudweba nokuthwebula izithombe), ubuciko bezwe noma ukuhlobisa, kanye nobuciko bokusebenza.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha

Abadwebi besimanje batshala izinto ezifana neziqeshana zamaphephandaba nezinye izinto kumaseyili abo. Abaqophi basebenzise izinto ezitholiwe, ezifana "nezinhlelo zokulungisa" zika-Marcel Duchamp, lapho bakha khona imisebenzi yobuciko obungenamsebenzi. Ama-assemblages akhiqizwa ngezinto ezivame kakhulu zansuku zonke, njenge: izimoto, amawashi, amapotimende, amabhokisi okhuni nezinye izinto.

ukusetshenziswa kombala okuvezayo

Imisinga yobuciko besimanje obufana ne-Fauvism, imidwebo yenkundla yemibala kanye ne-expressionism bekungokokuqala ukuqhumisa umbala ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Amasu amasha

I-Chromolithography yaklanywa umdwebi wephosta u-Jules Cheret, umdwebo ozenzakalelayo wachazwa abaculi be-surrealist, ngendlela efanayo ne-Frottage ne-Decalcomania. Abadwebi bezimpawu bacabange umdwebo wesenzo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaculi be-pop bethula "amachashazi e-Benday" nokuphrinta kwesikrini kwaba ubuciko obuhle. Okunye ukunyakaza kanye nezikole zobuciko besimanje ezibuye zethula amasu amasha ekwenziweni nasekuchazeni umdwebo.

Ukunyakaza kobuciko besimanje

Ukuqala komdwebo wesimanje akukwazi ukuvinjelwa, kodwa kukhona ukuvumelana okujwayelekile ukuthi kwaqala ngekhulu le-XNUMX eFrance. Imidwebo ka-Gustave Courbet, u-Edouard Manet kanye ne-Impressionists imelela ukwenqatshwa okujulile kwefa lezemfundo elikhona kanye nosesho lokumelwa okungokwemvelo okwengeziwe komkhathi obonakalayo.

Abalandelayo bangabonakala njengabesimanje kakhulu ekwenqabeni kwabo imikhuba yendabuko nezindikimba kanye nasekuvezeni kwabo umbono wobuntu obungacacile.  Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1890s, kwavela uchungechunge lwezindlela ezinyakazayo nezitayela, eziwumgogodla wobuciko besimanje futhi ezimele amaphuzu aphezulu esiko lokubuka laseNtshonalanga. Le minyakazo yesimanje ihlanganisa:

• i-neo-impressionism
• Symbolism
• I-Fauvism
• I-Cubism
• Ikusasa
• Ukuchazwa
• Ukuziqhenya ngokweqile
• I-Constructivism
• umdwebo we-metaphysical
• De Stijl
• hobbyhorse
• I-surrealism
• iqiniso lezenhlalo
• Ukuveza okungaqondakali
• Ubuciko be-Pop
• ubuciko be-op
• Minimalism
• i-neo-expressionism

Ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka okumangalisayo okubonwa kulokhu kunyakaza, eziningi zazo ziphila ngesikhathi esifanayo ophenyweni lwazo lwamandla atholakala endaweni yesithombe ngokwayo ukuveza impendulo yezenkolo ezimeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ekhulwini lama-XNUMX nangale kwalokho.

Lezi zimo zihlanganisa ukusheshisa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukukhula kolwazi lwesayensi nokuqonda, ukubonakala kokungahlotshaniswa kwemithombo ethile evamile yezinkolelo nezindinganiso, kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngamasiko angewona awaseNtshonalanga.

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko besimanje kukho konke ukumelelwa kwakho (umdwebo wesimanje nokunye), kwethulwa futhi kwavela emhlabeni ngezindlela ezahlukene nezimbangela, okuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngokulandelana kwezikhathi ngezansi:

1870-1900

Nakuba ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX yayibuswa yisitayela esisha somdwebo we-Impressionist, empeleni kwakukhona imicu eminingana yokuqala yobuciko besimanje kanye nemidwebo yesimanje, ngayinye inendlela yayo ethile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Impressionism (ukunemba ekuthatheni imiphumela yokukhanya kwelanga).
• Ongokoqobo (okuqukethwe - itimu).
• Ubuciko bezemfundo (izithombe zangempela zesitayela sakudala).
• Romanticism (isimo sengqondo).
• I-Symbolism (isithonjana se-enigmatic).
• I-lithographic poster art (izithombe ezigqamile nemibala).

Ishumi leminyaka lokugcina lalesi sikhathi labona uchungechunge lokuvukela izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye namasaluni azo ngendlela ye-Secession movement, kanti ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890 kwabona ukwehla kobuciko obusekelwe emvelweni, njenge-impressionism, okwakuzoholela ngokushesha ekukhuphukeni okwengeziwe. ubuciko obususelwe emlayezo obalulekile.

1900-14

Cishe kuyo yonke into, lesi kwakuyisikhathi esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu sobuciko besimanje, lapho yonke into yayisasebenza futhi lapho "igajethi" lisabonakala kuphela njengomngane womuntu. Abaculi baseParis bakhiqize izitayela ezintsha eziningi, ezihlanganisa: I-Fauvism, Cubism, ne-Orphism. Ngenkathi abaculi baseJalimane bethula isikole sabo sokupenda sesimanjemanje se-expressionist.

Zonke lezi zinhlangano ezithuthukayo zenqaba izimo zengqondo zamasiko mayelana nobuciko futhi zafuna ukuvikela i-ajenda yazo ethile yesimanjemanje. Ngakho-ke, i-cubism yayifuna ukubeka phambili izimfanelo ezisemthethweni zokudweba, kuyilapho i-futurism ikhetha ukugcizelela amathuba omshini, futhi i-expressionism ivikela umbono womuntu ngamunye.

1914-24

Ukubulawa kwabantu nokubhujiswa kweMpi Enkulu kwashintsha izinto ngokuphelele. Ngo-1916, umbutho we-Dada wethulwa, ugcwele isifiso esingenakuqhathaniswa sokuketula uhlelo lwenani olulethe i-Verdun kanye ne-Somme. Ngokungazelelwe, ubuciko bokumelela babonakala buyichilo. Asikho isithombe esasingaqhudelana nezithombe zabafile empini. Abaculi base bevele baphendukela kwezobuciko obungenanjongo njengendlela yokubonisa. Ukunyakaza kobuciko obungabonakali besikhathi kwakuhlanganisa:

• I-Cubism (1908-40)
• I-Vorticism (1914-15)
• I-Suprematism (1913-18)
• I-Constructivism (1914-32)
• I-Stijl (1917-31)
• I-Neoplasticism (1918-26)
• I-Elementarism (1924-31)
• I-Bauhaus (1919-33)
• Isikole sakamuva saseSt Ives

Ngisho nokunyakaza okumbalwa okungokomfanekiso kwakucacile nge-avant-garde, njengoba kuboniswe emdwebeni we-metaphysical (1914-20). 

1924-40

Iminyaka yokuthula phakathi kwezimpi yahlala igcwele izinkinga zezombangazwe nezomnotho. Umdwebo wesimanjemanje kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe zahlala zivelele, njengoba ubuciko obuhlukile eqinisweni buhlala buphuma emfashinini.

Ngisho nophiko lwamaqiniso lomnyakazo we-surrealist, umnyakazo omkhulu kunawo wonke wenkathi, awukwazanga ukuphatha okungaphezu kwesitayela sangempela senganekwane. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuvela iqiniso elibi kakhulu ezwenikazi, ngesimo sobuciko bamaNazi kanye ne-Soviet agit-prop. I-Art Deco kuphela, isitayela esihle sokuklama esihloselwe ukwakha kanye nobuciko obusetshenziswayo, esizwakalise noma yikuphi ukuzethemba esikhathini esizayo.

1940-60

Umhlaba wezobuciko waguqulwa yinhlekelele yeMpi Yezwe II. Okokuqala nje, isikhungo sawo samandla adonsela phansi sasuka eParis saya eNew York, lapho ebesilokhu sikhona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Cishe zonke izintengo zerekhodi lomhlaba ezizayo zizotholwa emagumbini okuthengisa e-Christie's and Sotheby's eNew York. Ngaleso sikhathi, into engachazeki yase-Auschwitz yayilulaze inani labo bonke ubuciko bamaqiniso ngaphandle kobuciko bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwalabo abathintekile.

Njengomphumela wakho konke lokhu, umnyakazo olandelayo omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe, i-abstract expressionism, wadalwa amaciko aseMelika eSikole saseNew York. Ngempela, eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo, ukuchithwa kuzobusa, njengoba ukunyakaza okusha kuvela. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Ubuciko obungahlelekile.
• Umdwebo wesenzo.
• I-Gesturalism.
• Ukubhema
• Umdwebo wenkambu yombala.
• i-lyrical abstraction.
• I-Hard Edge Paint
• I-COBRA, iqembu elihlukaniswa ngezithombe zezingane zalo kanye nemigqa yalo ecacile.

Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1950, kwamila ezinye izinhlobo zezitayela ezinesibindi, njengalezi: ubuciko be-kinetic, i-Nouveau Realism kanye ne-Neo-Dada, konke okubonise ukungakhululeki okuqhubekayo ngemboni yezobuciko encane.

1960

Ukuqhuma komculo odumile nomabonakude kubonakale enhlanganweni ye-Pop-Art, imifanekiso yayo yabantu abadumile baseHollywood kanye nesithombe sesithonjana esidumile esibungaza impumelelo yokuthengwa kwempahla ngobuningi e-United States. Iphinde yaba nomuzwa omusha, wesimanje, osize ekuqedeni ubumnyama basekuqaleni kwawo-60 obuhambisana nenkinga yaseCuba yango 1962. Lokho eYurophu kwakubhebhezele impumelelo yombutho weFluxus owawuholwa:

• UGeorge Maciunas
• UJoseph Beuys
• Nam June Paik
• Wolf Vostell

Ubuciko be-pop obusezingeni eliphansi buphinde bube yindawo eyamukelekayo ku-erudite abstract expressionism, neyase iqale ukufiphala. Kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 futhi kwavela enye inhlangano esezingeni eliphezulu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Minimalism, uhlobo lomdwebo wesimanjemanje kanye nokubaza okuhlanjululwe kuzo zonke izinkomba zangaphandle noma ukuthinta komzimba, ngokungafani nolimi oluthinta imizwa lokukhuluma okungaqondakali.

I-Modernism kubuciko bezithombe

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abadwebi base bekhathele yizinhlobo zobuciko bendabuko nezama-conservative. E-Vienna, iqembu lamaciko elaliholwa nguGustav Klimt lazibiza ngeVienna Secession futhi lazihlukanisa nezikhungo zobuciko zenhloko-dolobha yase-Austria ngaleso sikhathi.

Iqembu lihlole izindawo ezingashiwongo ngesimo, ukwakheka, nenkulumo, okuqubule ukuhlolwa okufanayo kwamanye amazwe aseduze njenge-France neJalimane. Upende ocebile wesimanjemanje kanye nokwangempela kuhunyushwa kube imibala eyisicaba kanye ne-stylistic typography, izinkulumo ezingavula indlela yobuciko obuyingcaca.

Lapho iMpi Yezwe I iqala, imidwebo yayivele isetshenziselwa izinjongo zezentengiselwano, zezinkampani, nezobuhle. Indima yakhe entsha izoba ngezombangazwe, ezisetshenziswa kumaphosta nenkulumo-ze phakathi nempi.

Intuthuko ekunyatheliseni imibala eminingi inikeze amandla ukukhiqizwa kwemiyalezo ngendlela ephumelelayo ukuze kuqoqwe izimali, kukhuthaze ukubhaliswa, futhi kukhuphule isimilo. Iziyaluyalu nezinselele okubhekenwe nazo kuzo zombili izimpi zomhlaba zigcine zigqugquzele igagasi lokuqala lesimanjemanje ngaphakathi kwedizayini eyingcaca.

E-Europe naseMelika, abaklami bezithombe bathole ugqozi kusukela emnyakazweni yobuciko ebanzi efana neCubism, i-Futurism, i-De Stijl, ne-Surrealism. EJalimane, inhlangano ye-Bauhaus nayo ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezithombe. Ngemigqa yayo egqamile, imibala eyinhloko, nesikhala esimhlophe esiphazamisayo, ibihlaba umxhwele ngefomethi engu-2-D njengoba injalo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo noma eziqoshiwe.

Ekugcineni, idizayini yesimanjemanje yachazwa ngenkulumo engabonakali, uhlobo olugqamile, nemibala eyinhloko kanye nokwakheka. Laba baklami basondela emsebenzini ngendlela eqondile, begcizelela okunengqondo phezu kokuvezwayo (futhi begcizelela inkolelo yakudala yesimanje yokuthi ifomu lilandela umsebenzi).

Lapho amaNazi eqala ukubusa ngawo-1930, ukuhlola kwesimanje kuzo zonke izinqubo kwagxekwa, futhi abaculi abaningi, abaklami bezakhiwo, nabaklami bathuthela e-United States. Nakuba idizayini yesimanje iphazamisekile ekukhuleni kwayo, isalokhu ingeminye yeminyakazo enomthelela omkhulu emlandweni wokuklanywa kwezithombe.

Ubucwebe be-Art Nouveau, izingilazi, izitsha zobumba, ifenisha nensimbi ekhandiwe

Abacwebi besimanje base-United States abenza umsebenzi wabo wezandla kusukela ngawo-1930 kuya ko-1960 babegcizelela kakhulu ukwenqaba kwabo izitayela ezake zafika ngaphambili. Ubucwebe be-Victorian bacatshangelwa njengokuhlobisa kakhulu, izingcezu ze-Art Nouveau zibonwe njengezifuna kakhulu, futhi ubuhle be-Art Deco bubonwe njengobuqinile ngokweqile. Laba basiki bobucwebe babenomuzwa wokuthi babefana kakhulu nabadwebi besimanje, abaqophi bezithombe, nabanye abaculi bangaleso sikhathi.

Umgomo wakhe wokuvelela kwakuwukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko eyingqayizivele abantu abangayisebenzisa. Omunye wabashampeni bokuqala kanye nabasebenzi befomu kwakungu-Sam Kramer, okwathi, njengabaningi besikhathi sakhe, waphila, wasebenza, futhi wathengisa izinto azidalile eGreenwich Village eNew York City. UKramer wayesebenza ngokuyinhloko ngesiliva, kodwa futhi wayenekhono ekwenzeni izindandatho zethusi, amacici, nezikhonkwane futhi wathola izinto zobuciko ezihlanganisa amazinyo e-elk, izinkinobho, izinsalela, nezinhlamvu zemali zasendulo.

Kwesinye isikhathi, u-Kramer wayesebenzisa amatshe ayigugu afana nama-garnet noma ama-opals ezingxenyeni zakhe ze-surreal, geometric, noma biomorphic. Omunye umholi ongekho emthethweni wenhlangano yobucwebe besimanje kwakungumakhelwane kaKramer u-Art Smith. Ubucwebe bakhe babusukela emasongweni entamo eyisiliva kuya kwezicucu ze-biomorphic ezisekelwe ku-African motifs.

Ngenkathi uSmith enza izingcezu ezincane ezinjengama-cufflink namacici, imisebenzi yakhe eminingi emihle kakhulu yayinkulu ngokwanele ukumboza umzimba, njengokungathi isimo somuntu sasimane nje singemuva kwendalo yakhe.

Amabhande akhe esihlakala e-copper wakudala, ikakhulukazi ozankosi "we-jazz" anamanothi omculo afakwe endaweni yawo yangaphandle, aqoqeka kakhulu. Ama-boomerang, imigqa eqondile enqamula amajika, nobujamo beminyaka ye-athomu kubonisa umsebenzi ka-Ed Wiener.

Ngezinye izikhathi amacici esiliva abukeka njengezibuko ezisontekile ayehlotshiswe ngeparele elilodwa. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-agate yeso lekati yayibekwa phakathi nendawo, njengokungathi inikeza izinto zayo ezingaphili ukubonakala kobuso bomuntu.

Esinye isakhamuzi saseGreenwich esihlonishwe kakhulu ubucwebe besimanje besimanje kwakungu-Paul Lobel, owaklama izikhonkwane namasongo esiliva, kanye nengilazi esiliva, ifenisha kanye nezimpahla zokudla. Ngaphandle kweNew York kwakukhona uBetty Cooke, esebenza kumodi ye-Bauhaus e-Baltimore.

Ubucwebe bakhe babunjwa ngobujamo bejometri futhi bubonakala ngomuzwa onamandla wokuhleleka, ayezowuphazamisa ngamabomu ngokubekwa okucijile kwamaparele, amabhulokhi amancane okhuni, noma ngisho namatshe angaqediwe njenge-quartz.

Omunye u-Bauhaus acolyte kwakunguMargaret De Patta, umsebenzi wakhe wawubonisa ithonya elijulile lenkosi yaseBauhaus uLászló Moholy-Nagy, ayefunda nayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, eSan Francisco, uPeter Macchiarini wabheka imaski yase-Afrika kanye neCubism ukuze athole ugqozi. Ithusi, ithusi, nesiliva kwakuyizinto ezivamile, kanye nama-opal, ama-agate, nokhuni.

E-Scandinavia ngeminyaka yawo-1940 nawo-1950, kwakwenzeka umnyakazo ofanayo. U-Henning Koppel kanye no-Nanna Ditzel babengabaklami ababili abaphawulekayo baka-Georg Jensen, i-teardrop yesiliva kanye nemigexo ye-amoeba ehlanganisa ukuphelela komkhandi wegolide wase-Danish kanye nentshisekelo yemvelo, ngisho namafomu akudala.

Kamuva, ngo-XNUMXs e-Finland, u-Bjorn Weckstrom washada nesiliva eliqinile nezingcezwana ze-acrylic epholishiwe ukuze akhe izindandatho, amasongo, namalengalenga kokubili okuyiminyaka yasemkhathini kanye nemvelo. Ezinye izindawo ezahlolisiswa abadwebi besimanje kwaba ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba, ifenisha, ingilazi kanye nensimbi. Phakathi kwabaculi abavelele, kungashiwo okulandelayo:

• ULouis Comfort Tiffany (umklami)
• U-Émile Gallé (i-ceramist kanye nomenzi wengilazi)
• I-Antonin Daum (i-glazier)
• ULluís Masriera (ubucwebe)
• UCarlo Bugatti (umklami wefenisha)
• ULouis Majorelle (umklami wefenisha)
• U-Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (umklami wefenisha)
• UJacques Grüber (umhlobisi nomdwebi)
• UJules Brunfaut (umakhi nomhlobisi)
• U-Auguste Delaherche (i-ceramist)
• UGeorges de Feure (umdwebi nomhlobisi)

umdwebo wesimanje

Isikhathi samanje somlando wezobuciko sasiyisibukeli esikhulu sokuhlukaniswa kwemikhawulo yendabuko, kokubili ngokwefomu (ukubukeka kobuciko) kanye nokuqukethwe (indaba). Lokhu kwenzeka kuwo wonke amagatsha obuciko, umdwebo uhamba phambili. Ngempela, abadwebi babehole emisha yobuhle eYurophu kusukela ekupheleni kwasendulo.

Ukuqamba okusha okugqame kakhulu efomini kwakuwukukhuphuka kwezitayela ezihlanekezelwa ngokwandayo zokudweba, okuholela ekuzalweni kobuciko obungabonakali. Ngokuphathelene nokuqukethwe, umdwebo wesimanje uvame ukuveza izigcawu ezijwayelekile, zansuku zonke, ngokuphambene nezihloko zendabuko "eziphakeme" (iBhayibheli, inganekwane, umlando).

Ukuzalwa komdwebo wesimanje ngokuvamile kulandelelwa ekubeni ngokoqobo, inhlangano yesiFulentshi eyayibonisa izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke ngendlela engokoqobo ngokomzimba. Nakuba izigcawu ezingokoqobo zokuphila kwansuku zonke zingalandelelwa emuva kumdwebo we-Renaissance Low Country, inhlangano ye-Modern Realism yathatha indlela entsha ngokugxila ezintweni ezingokoqobo ezibuhlungu ezihlanganisa: ubumpofu, ukungabi nakhaya nezimo zokusebenza.

Le nhlangano yayiholwa nguGustave Courbet, omisebenzi yakhe ephawuleka kakhulu ethi "The Stone Breakers" kanye ne "Entierro de Ornans". Nakuba ukuhlanekezela, hhayi okungokoqobo, kungaba umkhuba ohamba phambili emdwebeni wesimanje, ubuciko bangempela buqhubekile buchuma kuze kube yilolu suku. Iningi lalobu buciko, njengenhlangano yokuqala yesiFulentshi, liyaqaphela ukuhlalisana kwabantu.

Isigaba esikhulu esilandelayo somdwebo wesimanje kwakuyi-Impressionism, isitayela esisheshayo, esidwetshiwe esithwebula wonke umbono wesigameko (ngokungafani nemininingwane eqondile). Ikakhulukazi, i-Impressionism izama ukuthwebula imiphumela yesikhashana yokukhanya, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa imivimbo yebhulashi eseduze yemibala egqamile, ehlukile (ethuthukisa ukugqama kwayo yomibili imibala, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize umphumela okhazimulayo).

I-Impressionists yayiyiqembu lokuqala labadwebi ukudweba ngokuyinhloko endaweni, kunokudweba indawo nokudweba esitudiyo. Umsuka we-Impressionism usemisebenzini ka-Édouard Manet, owapenda ngesitayela esingokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, i-Manet ibangele impikiswano ngokunamathela kuphela ekubukeni kwayo ngokukhululekile, inikeze ingemuva ngendlela yohlelo olulula, kanye nokwenza isicaba izinto ezingaphezulu zibe izindawo ezinombala oqinile (kunokumodela izinto ezinomthunzi obushelelezi).

Lokhu kuthambekela kwaqala ukubonakala ngokucacile ku-Luncheon on the Grass, umdwebo wangaphambili odume kakhulu we-Manet. Bagqama kakhulu emisebenzini yakhe yakamuva, okuhlanganisa: "Ibha e-Folies-Bergére", evame ukubhekwa njengomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko. Ukunwetshwa kwesitayela sika-Manet kuholele ku-Impressionism, njengoba imininingwane ebukhali kanye nokumodela okungokoqobo kuyekwa kwavuna ama-brushstroke asheshayo nokuchaphazwa kombala oqinile.

I-Impressionist evelele kakhulu kwakunguClaude Monet, owayesebenza ngokuyinhloko ekubukeni kwezwe kanye nezindawo zolwandle. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ihlanganisa imidwebo eminingi yasolwandle ezungeze idolobha lakubo iLe Havre, kuhlanganise nethi "Impression, Sun Rising." Lapho lo msebenzi ugxekwa ngokuthi "umbono nje", igama lesitayela lalivikelekile.

Kwesinye isikhathi i-Monet ibibuyela esihlokweni izikhathi eziningi, ngezikhathi ezihlukile noma izinkathi zonyaka, ukuze ithwebule uhla olugcwele lwezimo zokukhanya. Le ndlela yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngochungechunge oludumile lwe-Water Lily Series, oluhlanganisa ukwelashwa okuningi kwe-water lily pond ngaphandle kwendlu uMonet athathe umhlalaphansi kuyo.

I-Impressionism ihlanganisa amagama amaningi aziwa kakhulu emdwebeni. Kanye ne-Monet, umdwebo we-Impressionist landscape wawuholwa nguSisley noPissarro. Abadwebi abavelele kakhulu besitayela se-Impressionist babeyi:

• I-Renoir
• I-Morisot
• Kwegesi.

Abakwa-Impressionists, abafiphaza kancane futhi benza okungokoqobo kwaba lula, balandelwa yiqembu lamaciko aqhubeka nokuhlanekezela: i-Post-Impressionists, eyathola ukuthi imiphumela emisha ethinta imizwa yayingenzeka uma izimo nemibala yeqiniso iguqulwa ibe yinto emangalisayo.

Abanye abaPost-Impressionists baphishekela ukuhlanekezela kwejiyomethri (lapho umhlaba ucindezelwa khona ube yizimo zejometri, okudala umuzwa wokuqina nokulawula), kuyilapho abanye behlola ukuhlanekezelwa koketshezi (lapho umhlaba ugwegwile ngendlela ewuketshezi nephilayo). Zombili izinhlobo zokuhlanekezela (ikakhulukazi uketshezi) ngokuvamile ziveza imibala engelona iqiniso ngendlela emangalisayo.

Ingqalabutho eyinhloko yokuhlanekezelwa kwejiyomethri kwakungu-Paul Cézanne, owenze lula izici ezibonakalayo zesigcawu zaba izimo zejometri. Lokhu kubangele ukubukeka kwezwe (indaba ayikhethayo) enokubonakala okuqinile, okuvimbile.

Iphayona elibaluleke kakhulu lokuhlanekezela uketshezi kwakunguVincent van Gogh. (Ezinye izibalo ezibalulekile zifaka i-Gauguin, i-Munch, ne-Toulouse-Lautrec.) Isitayela sika-Van Gogh siwuketshezi futhi sinemibala, ngokugcizelela okuphuzi. I-Starry Night ingase ibe umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu.

Ngenkathi u-Georges Seurat athuthukisa uhlobo oluhluke kakhulu lwe-post-impressionism: i-pointllism, lapho izigcawu zihunyushwa ngamachashazi amaningi ombala owodwa. Umsebenzi we-pointllist owaziwa kakhulu "ngeSonto Ntambama" obonisa isiqhingi saseLa Grande Jatte.

isithombe sesimanjemanje

Isithombe sesimanjemanje sichazwa njengomfanekiso oqala ngomsebenzi ka-Auguste Rodin futhi uphethe ngokufika kobuciko be-pop kanye ne-minimalism ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ingxoxo ka-Alex Potts ka-2001 yomlando wezithombe eziqoshiwe zesimanje ibanzi ukuze kuqondwe abezindaba, inkathi, nezindlela ezisetshenziswa abaculi ababalulekile.

Nakuba manje sekubhekwa njenge-cliché ukuqala ukunyakaza kwesimanje ekudwebeni ngomsebenzi kaRodin, emsebenzini wakhe umuntu uqala ukubona izitayela ezizoba yisici somfanekiso wesimanje, njengesithakazelo esisha kucezu, ikakhulukazi umzimba.

Kanye, nokwelashwa okungaphezulu kanye nemininingwane engaphezulu ecacile, ukunaka umnyakazo, ukuhlanganiswa okungokomfanekiso kwesimo sangaphakathi somfanekiso nokumelwa kwaso kwangaphandle, noma lokho uConstantin Brancusi akubiza ngokuthi "ingqikithi." Futhi ukucatshangelwa okukhulu kokukhipha, ukuhlukana nokungameli ezintweni eziqoshiwe, okungukuthi, ukusuka ekuqapheleni kokungokoqobo kanye nombono wezemfundo.

Abaqophi bezithombe phakathi nalesi sikhathi baphinde bagcizelela umklamo, ifomu, kanye nevolumu phezu kokumelwa kwesihloko esithile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingasetshenziswanga ngokwesiko emiqondweni yokugcina ebaziwe kwabonakala kakhulu, njengokusetshenziswa kwe: izingubo zokugqoka, izindwangu kanye nezinye izinto ezixubile. Njengoba kubonakala ku-"Ballerina encane eneminyaka eyishumi nane" eyenziwe ngu-Edgar Degas phakathi kweminyaka ye-1878-1881, okwamanje itholakala ku-National Gallery, eWashington.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zomuntu kanye nemishini kubonakala phakathi nenkathi ye-Machine Age, njengasemisebenzini ka-Umberto Boccioni noJacques Lipschitz, ngaphezu kokuhlanekezela kanye nobuthakathaka obuvela emisebenzini yenkathi yezimpi, njengasemisebenzini kaMedardo. URosso no-Alberto Giacometti.

Ithonya lobuciko ngaphandle kweNtshonalanga, okungukuthi, isiko laseYurophu, isiko laba nethonya elikhulu kubadwebi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka futhi lingabonakala emidwebeni eqoshiwe kaPaul Gauguin noPablo Picasso. Abaculi abafana no-Naum Gabo no-Antoine Pevsner baqala ukusebenzisa izinto ezazingakaze zisetshenziselwe ukubaza ubuciko obuhle esikhathini esidlule kanye nezinto ezisanda kusungulwa njengamapulasitiki.

Izinto ezazisetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule zabaluleka kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla, njengalezi: i-aluminium ene-Isamu Noguchi, ugesi wezibani ezibaziwe kanye nokunyakaza kwezimoto kaCamille Claudel, insimbi kaJulio González, eholwa ngu-Aristide Maillol, insimbi nezinsimbi ezishiselwe. nguDavid Smith noJulio González, ukhuni lukaConstantin Brancusi futhi bathola izinto nguLouise Nevelson.

Nakuba zikhona izibonelo zezithombe ezihambayo ezenziwe ngabadwebi bangaphambili abafana no-Antonio Canova no-Lorenzo Bartolini. Esingacabanga ngakho njengesithombe esiqoshiwe se-kinetic namuhla, kokubili isiphakamiso sokunyakaza kwezithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nezithombe ezinyakazayo zangempela zagqama kakhulu phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX. U-Alexander Calder kanye no-László Moholy-Nagy basebenzise ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kobuchwepheshe bokunyakaza emisebenzini yabo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulunyaka.

Ukungezwani nokusabela phakathi kwesithombe esihle nesikhala esibi esizungeze umsebenzi wobuciko nakho kwaba nendima enkulu, futhi lokhu kungabonakala ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wokuqala kanye "nemidwebo yesikhala" kaGiacometti, uPicasso, noDavid Smith, kanye ekuqoshweni kukaJean Arp, uHenry Moore noBarbara Hepworth.

Abaculi abashiwo ngenhla, kanye nabanye abaningi, okuhlanganisa: Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Max Ernst, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Gaston Lachaise, Henri Laurens kanye no-Aristide Maillol, benze ikhefu elibalulekile ngomfanekiso wesikhathi esidlule, bakhululwa. yasuka ekuthembeleni kwabo ku-anatomy kanye nasekugqilazweni kwabo kwezokwakha, futhi yayisa isikhungo ngaphezu kwanoma isiphi isizukulwane kusukela kubaqophi bezinto zakudala beRenaissance.

Izakhiwo zesimanje

Izakhiwo zesimanje zakhula ekwenqatshweni kwezivuselelo, i-classicism, i-eclecticism, nakho konke ukuguqulwa kwezitayela zangaphambili ezinhlotsheni zokwakha zomphakathi othuthukile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhule emizamweni yokwenza amafomu nezitayela zezakhiwo ezingasebenzisa futhi zibonise ubuchwepheshe besakhiwo obusha obutholakalayo bensimbi yesakhiwo nensimbi, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, kanye nengilazi.

Kuze kube yilapho ukusabalala kwe-postmodernism, ukwakheka kwesimanje nakho kuhilela ukwenqatshwa komhlobiso osetshenzisiwe kanye nesici sokuhlobisa sezakhiwo zaseNtshonalanga zangaphambili. Inhloso yezakhiwo zesimanje kube ukugxila okuqinile ezakhiweni ukuhlelwa kwazo okunesigqi kwabantu kanye namafomu asungula iphethini yejometri ngokukhanya nombala.

Le ntuthuko yayihlobene eduze nezinhlobo ezintsha zokwakha ezidingwa umphakathi onezimboni, njengezakhiwo zamahhovisi ezihlala abaphathi bezinkampani noma ukuphathwa kukahulumeni. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nokunyakaza kwezakhiwo zesimanje yilezi:

• Isikole saseChicago
• ukusebenza kahle
• i-art deco
• i-art nouveau
• De Stijl, i-Bauhaus
• Isitayela Samazwe Ngamazwe
• I-Brutalism Entsha
• I-postmodernism

abaculi besimanje

Umlando wobuciko besimanje umlando wabaculi abakhulu kanye nempumelelo yabo. Abadwebi besimanje baye benza imizamo yokuveza imibono yabo ngezwe elibazungezile besebenzisa izindlela ezibukwayo. Nakuba abanye bexhumanise umsebenzi wabo nomnyakazo noma emibonweni yangaphambili, umgomo omkhulu wawo wonke amaciko enkathini yesimanje kwakuwukuqhubekisela phambili umkhuba wabo endaweni engokoqobo.

Amaciko athile azenza ongqondongqondo abazimele, bedlulela ngalé kwalokho okwakuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezamukelekayo "zobuciko obuphezulu" ngaleso sikhathi, zisekelwa izikhungo zezemfundo zendabuko kanye nabaxhasi bezinga eliphezulu bobuciko obubonakalayo. Laba basunguli bachaza isihloko abaningi ababesibheka njengesingcolile, siyimpikiswano, noma sisibi neze.

Umdwebi wokuqala wesimanje owama yedwa ngalo mqondo kwakunguGustave Courbet, okwathi phakathi nekhulu le-1849 wazama ukuthuthukisa esakhe isitayela esihlukile. Lokhu kwafezwa kakhulu ngomdwebo wakhe we-1850-XNUMX, Ukungcwatshwa e-Ornans, okwashaqisa umhlaba wezobuciko waseFrance ngokuveza umngcwabo wendoda evamile evela edolobhaneni elimpofu.

I-Academy yayijabulele ukuboniswa kwabasebenzi basemapulazini abangcolile bezungeza ithuna elivulekile, njengoba izinganekwane zasendulo kuphela noma izigcawu zomlando kwakuyisihloko esifanele somdwebo omkhulu kangaka. U-Courbet ekuqaleni wayekhishwe inyumbazane ngomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ekugcineni waba nethonya elikhulu ezizukulwaneni ezalandela zamaciko anamuhla. Le phethini evamile yokwenqatshwa kanye nomthelela olandelayo iye yaphindwa ngamakhulu amaciko enkathini yesimanje.

Ngezansi kukhona uhlu lwabanye abaculi abavelele kakhulu bendlela yesimanjemanje yenkulumo yobuciko:

• Eugene Atget
• I-Hippolyte Blancard
• UPaul Cézanne
• USalvador Dalí
• UMax Ernst
• Paul Gauguin
• UVincent van Gogh
• UHector Guimard
• UWassily Kandinsky
• URaoul Francois Larche
• UJacques-Henri Lartigue
• UFernand Leger
• Henri Matisse
• UJoan Miro
• Edvard Munch
• Pablo Picasso
• Piet Mondrian
• UFranz Klein
• UPaul Klee
• Frantisek Kupka
• UPaul Strand
• uCharles Sheeler
• UHenry waseToulouse
• I-Lautrec
• Edouard Vuillard

Uma uthole lesi sihloko somdwebo wesimanje sinentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:

• Incekukazi kaVermeer
• Salvador Dali imidwebo
• Umdwebo wezothando