Uyini umdwebo we-Romanticism nezinhlobo

Okugcizelelwa umuzwa kanye nemizwelo ngaphakathi Umdwebo wezothando. Siningi indawo yokuqaphela nokucabanga komdwebi. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kwakuphumela emisebenzini yobuciko emangalisayo enomoya wezinkondlo ogcwele imizwelo.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

umdwebo we-romanticism

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, iYurophu kanye, kuhlanganise naseMelika, isiko labhekana nokuzalwa okwakuhluke ngokuphelele enkathini yokuKhanyiswa komcabango nefilosofi - isigaba se-Romanticism. Isuka eJalimane ingena kancane kancane kumasiko nobuciko baseNgilandi, eFrance, eRussia, nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, I-Romanticism yacebisa umhlaba wobuciko ngemibala emisha, izindaba, kanye nobunqunu bobunqunu.

Izici ezijwayelekile ze-Romanticism

I-Romanticism yaqala njengenhlangano yezincwadi eJalimane, eNgilandi naseFrance. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX (ikhulu leminyaka Lesizathu), abantu bakhathala ukucabanga okunengqondo kwe-Enlightenment kanye ne-classicism yezemfundo, lapho babezama khona ukulingisa ama-classics amadala.

Ku-Romanticism, umculi wayengaseyena umlingisi wobuciko be-classical, kodwa waba umdali ngokwakhe. Wasebenza ngomuzwa womuntu siqu. Ubuciko baba "inkulumo yomuntu siqu yomzwelo ngamunye." Kulesi simo sengqondo sokuphila ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, isipiliyoni somuntu kwakuyisiqalo. Ngokombono ongemuhle wesikhathi somuntu nemboni, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, okwedlule kwakubonwa ngendlela efanelekile.

Lo muzwa wawubhekwa njengophakeme kunomqondo ovamile, ngoba umuntu othandana naye wayephila ngokunganeliseki emphakathini: wabalekela lapha futhi manje kwamanye amasiko, esikhathini esidlule, ezinganekwaneni noma emvelweni. Nge-melancholy abantu babefisa ukubuyela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi, emcabangweni wokuthi ukuphila kwakusemsulwa futhi kuyiqiniso ngaleso sikhathi.

Ezobuciko bepulasitiki, ukuphakama kwe-romanticism kwakuphakathi kuka-1820 no-1850. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kwakukhona ukuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo ezinganekwaneni, ama-sagas, izinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane zezwe lakubo kanye nezincwadi eziphakamisa isikhathi esidlule esikhazimulayo. ENgilandi, uSir Walter Scott wabhala amanoveli omlando angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, enye yawo kwakuyi-Ivanhoe. EFrance, uVictor Hugo wabhala i-Notre Dame de Paris, indaba ephakathi lapho i-Quasimodo, i-hunchback, inendima enkulu.

Kwakukhona ukuhunyushwa kwe-One Thousand and One Nights, uchungechunge lwezindaba zaseMpumalanga. Abaqambi bagqugquzelwe izingoma ezidumile, ama-ballads kanye nezinganekwane zesikhathi esidlule. UFranz Schubert uqambe uLieder wothando ongekho ngaphansi kwamakhulu ayisithupha. U-Ludwig van Beethoven ukhethe imvelo njengendawo yokuqala yoBufundisi bakhe. Ku-Romanticism ukuvumelana kwabonakala emvelweni, imithetho yemvelo yayiyisibonelo. Umlobi ongumJalimane uGoethe wasungula indlela yokutadisha imvelo ngokusekelwe ekuboneni izinto.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

U-Goethe naye waba nomthelela omkhulu ngethiyori yakhe yombala, eyathatha ukuqhathanisa okuhambisanayo, ikakhulukazi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi okufudumele, njengesiqalo sayo. I-melodrama yayigcwele kakhulu kuma-ballet othando nasetiyetha. Lapho umdlalo wasetiyetha owengeziwe, onemvunulo eyihaba namasethi amnandi, wawazisa kakhulu.

Amaciko amaningi abaleke nezindikimba zawo esikhathini esidlule noma esizayo, ekucabangeni kwemvelo, enganekwaneni, emvelweni "yasendle," engonakalisiwe, noma afukamela ukulangazelela uthando olungenakwenzeka. Abaculi bezothando kwesinye isikhathi babalekela iqiniso njengokulangazelela ukufa, njengokukhululeka ekuhluphekeni.

Zonke lezi zindikimba zasongelwa ngokuzithoba yiciko, kucatshangwa ukuthi umuzwa ngamunye noma umbono uvusa imizwa nemibono yendawo yonke. Umdwebi wayebhekwa njengompristi omkhulu wophakeme noma onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, njengomuntu owazi izinto eziphakeme. Ngomcabango wakhe, umdwebi kuphela owakwazi ukuguqula imizwa yomuntu siqu ibe ubuciko, isipiliyoni esijulile sokuphila kwangaphakathi.

Ngisho nabenduleli be-romanticism (u-Johann Heinrich Füssli noFrancisco de Goya kanye nababhali benhlangano yemibhalo ye-Sturm und Drang) babhekisela emizweni njengomthombo wokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle, nakuba bengazange bakhiphe ukwesaba nokwesaba, kanye nokutuswa nokumangala. , futhi ngakho-ke umsunguli we-"Black Romanticism".

Umcabango womuntu ngamunye, okuphakeme kanye nobuhle bemvelo kwaxoxwa ngakho njengezigaba ezintsha zobuhle. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ubuqiniso buphambene ne-romanticism.

historia

Uma sikhuluma ngezothando sikhuluma ngesikhathi somlando kusukela ku-1815 kuya ku-1848 lapho wonke umphakathi ubanjwe umoya osuvele uvunguza kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi uzoqhubeka uvunguza ekhulwini elilandelayo futhi lokho kugcizelela izindinganiso ezintsha zomphakathi.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

Impela emoyeni wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili lalivele liqukethe izakhi ezihlonza i-Romanticism, kodwa kulokho esikuthola emibhalweni yangaleso sikhathi, zazibhekwa njengezindinganiso ezingezinhle, kangangokuthi zazibhekwa njengophawu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwengqondo. "Ububi bekhulu leminyaka" obuchazwa ngokushesha udokotela nesazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uLa Mettrie (1709-51) encwadini ethi "De la folie."

Phakathi kwezandulela ezinkulu zomnyakazo wothando nguFrancisco de Goya, owathi, ngokunqoba imibono ye-neoclassical esabalele, wagcizelela ukunambitheka okungokomfanekiso kwekhulu le-XNUMX ukuze athole inkululeko entsha evezwayo efana ne-romanticism, lapho alindela khona ngesibindi i-motifs emnyama emnyama.

I-Romanticism, njengento yezenhlalakahle, ekuqaleni yayiyi-theory eJalimane, kodwa yaba nemiphumela ebanzi eFrance, lapho izindinganiso zokuziphatha komphakathi zazinamandla kangangokuthi abaculi be-Romantic babehlala bodwa, becindezelwe umuzwa ojulile wokungakhululeki nomuzwa wecala.

Emdwebeni we-romanticism ibhekisela ezinkambisweni zamasiko nezefilosofi, yayibalulekile eMelika nasezifundeni zaseYurophu ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, neshumi nesishiyagalolunye neshumi nambili. Lolu hlobo lwavela eJalimane, lwaqale lwabonakala ezincwadini, lwabe seludluliselwa ekudwebeni futhi lwasakazekela eNgilandi, lwathinta iFrance, iSpain, nakwamanye amazwe amaningana eYurophu naseMelika.

Inkathi ye-romanticism ingena enkathini yomlando phakathi kweNguquko YaseFrance yango-1789 kanye neNguquko Yentando Yeningi YaseYurophu yango-1848, okuyinkathi yoshintsho empilweni yabantu baseYurophu.

Ukukhula okusheshayo konxiwankulu kwacekela phansi izisekelo zesimiso se-feudal, futhi yonke indawo ubudlelwano bomphakathi, obagcinwa amakhulu eminyaka, baqala ukuwa. Uguquko nokusabela kwanyakazisa iYurophu, imephu yadwetshwa kabusha. Kulezi zimo eziphikisanayo, ukuvuselelwa okungokomoya komphakathi kwenzeka.

I-Romanticism yaqala ukukhula (1790s) kufilosofi nezinkondlo eJalimane, futhi kamuva (1820s) yasakazekela eNgilandi, eFrance nakwamanye amazwe. I-Romanticism ibeka esisekelweni sombono wempilo ukungqubuzana phakathi kokuhle nokungokoqobo, imizwa ephezulu kanye nempilo yansuku zonke.

Uhlobo lomdwebo we-romanticism lwakhiwa kancane kancane, ekuqaleni kwavela i-romantic heroic ekahle. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, lo mkhuba waqala ukuzibonakalisa. Izinjongo eziyinhloko nezimfundiso eziyisisekelo: ukugcizelelwa kokuzenzakalela, ukholo kubantu abangcono kakhulu kanye nokufuna ubulungisa. Isitayela se-romanticism sibonakala ngokugqama kwezindikimba zezinganekwane, ukuqagela kwezikhathi ezidlule, ukwenqatshwa kwezimfundiso zesikhathi esidlule kanye nombono onengqondo kanye nemifanekiso yezingoma.

Umdwebi ngamunye wabona uhlobo lwe-romanticism ekudwebeni ngendlela yakhe, ngakho-ke itimu, isitayela nemininingwane kuhluke kakhulu. Izici ezikhethekile zokuqondisa zibe nomthelela ekuvulweni kwezikole eziningana, phakathi kwazo: iNorwich School of Landscape Painters, iBarbizon School, njll. Ngokufanayo, isitayela sasinenani elithile ekubonakalisweni kwezimpawu kanye ne-aestheticism, futhi ngenxa yomnikelo wabaculi abanethonya kakhulu, ukunyakaza kwe-Pre-Raphaelite kwasungulwa.

I-Romanticism kwezobuciko obubonakalayo yayisekelwe kakhulu emibonweni yezazi zefilosofi nababhali. Emdwebeni, njengakwezinye izinhlobo zobuciko, ama-romantics akhangwa kukho konke okungavamile, okungaziwa, kungaba amazwe akude namasiko abo angavamile kanye nezingubo (Delacroix), izwe lemibono engaqondakali (uBlake, uFrederick, Pre-Raphaelites) , umlingo , amaphupho (i-Runge) noma ukuqonda okuncane kokujula okumnyama (Goya, Füssli).

Ifa lobuciko besikhathi esidlule laba umthombo wogqozi kubaculi abaningi: iMpumalanga Yasendulo, iNkathi Ephakathi kanye neProto-Renaissance (Nazarene, Pre-Raphaelites). Ngokuphambene ne-classicism, eyayibabaza amandla acacile okucabanga, abathandanayo babecula imizwa evuthayo nenesivunguvungu eyathatha wonke umuntu.

Abokuqala abaphendula izitayela ezintsha kwakuyi-portrait kanye nezwe, okuyizinhlobo ezithandwayo zokudweba kwe-romanticism.

Ukuqhakaza kohlobo lwe-portrait kwakuhlotshaniswa nentshisekelo yabathandanayo kubuntu obukhazikhazi bomuntu, ubuhle nokunotha kwezwe labo elingokomoya. Ukuphila komoya womuntu kunqoba esithombeni sothando ngaphezu kwentshisekelo yobuhle bomzimba, epulasitiki yenyama yesithombe. Isithombe sothando (Delacroix, Gericault, Runge, Goya) sihlala siveza ukuhluka komuntu ngamunye, sidlulisa amandla, ukushaya okukhulu kwempilo yangaphakathi, inkanuko yokuvukela.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

Ama-romantics nawo anesithakazelo enhlekeleleni yomphefumulo ophukile: amaqhawe emisebenzi ngokuvamile angabantu abagula ngengqondo. Ama-romantics acabanga ukuthi i-landscape iwumfanekiso womphefumulo wendawo yonke; imvelo, njengomphefumulo womuntu, ibonakala inamandla, ishintsha njalo.

Izimpawu zezindawo ezihlelekile nezinnobled ze-classicism zathathelwa indawo izithombe zemvelo ezenzakalelayo, ehlanekezelayo, enamandla, ehlala ishintsha, ehambisana nokudideka kwemizwa yamaqhawe othando.

Izici nezitayela

Engxenyeni enhle yekhulu le-XNUMX, umdwebo we-neoclassical wamanje wawubusa, ikakhulukazi ugqugquzelwe ukuhleleka, ibhalansi, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, nokucaca. Kubadwebi besikhathi, isihloko esimelelwe sithola ukubaluleka okubalulekile, okuvamise ukufakwa kukhathalogi ngokuya ngemibandela yokuhlobana kanye nezinhlobo ezincane nezincane kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, phakathi nenkathi yothando, sibona ukuhlanekezelwa kwakho konke okuye kwathinta iziqondiso zobuciko be-neoclassical ukuze kuzuze izitayela ezintsha ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, ukudweba kuba inhlabathi evundile yokungenangqondo, imizwa, intshiseko, amandla, ngokuphelele kanye nemfihlakalo.

Ikakhulukazi, umdwebi uyeka ukudlala indima esungulwe ngaphambili yezenhlalo exhunywe kuzivumelwano ezithile zobuciko futhi uba usonxiwankulu abalula nabavamile njengabaningi abahlose ukwenza ubuhlakani kanye neso lengqondo isibalo sabo sobuciko.

Okusho ukuthi, umdwebi uqala ukukhomba ubuntu, ekuvezeni okuzenzakalelayo nokukhululekile kobuhlakani bakhe bokudala. Kulo mbono, ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umthetho kanye nesimiso kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele esigabeni sokudala ukuze kunikezwe inkululeko yokuzithoba komdwebi.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi yothando, hhayi kuphela imithetho yezithombe eshintshile, kodwa futhi inhloso yobuciko. Uma ku-neoclassicism egcwele, empeleni, yonke imisebenzi ingumlomo wenhloso ye-didactic, yenhloso yemfundo, ngesikhathi sothando (njengoba sike sagcizelela ngaphambili) umsebenzi wobuciko uwukubonakaliswa nje kwengaphakathi lomdwebi elingasakhomba. ukulingisa imvelo ezungezile kodwa ukumelwa kokungqubuzana nomphakathi, ukuzicabangela ngokumelene nemvelo ngaphandle kwayo.

Ngokwaleli phuzu, isihloko sesithombe siyayeka ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ngoba ngempela okudlulisa umyalezo wobuciko kuba yindlela ekhethiwe yokuvezwa. ENgilandi, isibonelo, umdwebo wezothando wawuyi-landscape, kodwa wawungenayo imininingwane ekhuthazayo.

I-landscape imelwe njengoba ibonakala, ngaphandle kwama-frills noma izivumelwano njengasemidwebeni kaConstable noma elayishwe idrama, enamandla ashukumisayo anamandla, njengasemisebenzini kaTurner, lapho izici zesimanje nazo zifakiwe, njengesitimela, umshini, ngokushesha kodwa kufakwe ezimweni ezifiphele, eziguqukayo, nezinenkathi.

EJalimane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umdwebo uphendukela ekubhekeni kwezinhloso zefilosofi nezenkolo, njengasemidwebeni kaCaspar David Friedrich, isibonelo, lapho ingqikithi yothando yenza indlela yayo ngokugxila ekuhluphekeni komuntu, isizungu , i-melancholy izwakalise ukubonga ngokusetshenziswa kwemvelo enqunu nengokomfanekiso.

E-France, umdwebo we-romanticism uthola amandla, ubhekene nobudlova, umzabalazo, ukungezwani okukhulu, zonke izici ezakhiwe nguGéricault emdwebeni othi "The Raft of Medusa", lapho umkhumbi uphahlazeka ngesikhathi sesinye sezikhathi ezimangalisayo.

Umoya wokudweba i-romanticism

Umoya wezothando wenqaba isiyalo sezemfundo uvuna ukubuyiselwa kokuvuselela kokuthile endala futhi ekhululekile, yomuntu siqu kakhulu futhi engavamile. Ukutholwa kwe-Herculaneum ne-Pompeii ekhulwini le-XNUMX kwakuvuse amaciko umuzwa wokulangazelela esikhathini esidlule owawaholela ekubeni aphinde athole futhi asebenzise izindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma nezindala.

Ipulasitiki yaseMedithera ekahle, ehlanganiswe iqhawe lamaGreki noma lamaRoma, kancane kancane yathathelwa indawo ukunambitheka kwempucuko yaseNordic, isiJalimane, isiNgisi, iScandinavia kanye neScotland. Ukudweba kuwubuciko obungokomfanekiso obusezingeni eliphezulu be-Romanticism futhi kuthola izici ezihlukene kakhulu kuye ngendawo okwathuthukiswa kuyo.

imizwa yobuzwe

I-French Revolution, eyavela ekukhanyeni, yayiyisizinda se-Romanticism. Wazalelwa ekukhanyeni okuhle, 'inkululeko, ukulingana kanye nobuzalwane' nakho kwanikeza isisekelo semizwa yobuqhawe kanye ne-chauvinistic. I-Romanticism yabangela imizwa yobuzwe, lapho izwe, ulimi nomlando kanye nezinkambiso nezindinganiso zendabuko zadunyiswa.

Enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwesizwe nombuso ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ubuzwe nabo bavela njengombono wezombangazwe. Okuqukethwe yimisebenzi yobuciko kuqhathanise le mizwa yobuzwe nesikhathi esidlule senganekwane yomlando noma eqanjiwe. Izinto ezivelele zobuciko zaleso sikhathi esidlule kazwelonke nazo zanaka kakhulu eminyuziyamu.

Nakuba abadwebi bezothando bevame ukuhlehlela emuva, u-Eugène Delacroix waveza inguquko ka-1830 ngawo lowo nyaka. Abavukeli baholwa nguMarianne, uphawu lukazwelonke lwaseFrance.

Njengomfanekiso wenkululeko, unefulegi lesiFulentshi nesibhamu esandleni sakhe. I-Delacroix ayizange inikeze umdwebo ungqimba lwe-varnish, ngakho-ke ukwakheka okunothuli nomhwamuko wothuli ku-matte kukhanvasi. Ukuntuleka kwesendlalelo esicwebezelayo kwenza ukusebenza kube ngokoqobo.

Naphezu komzabalazo wamaciko wokunquma okuqukethwe komsebenzi wawo ngokwawo, isidingo somsebenzi ngesitayela sakudala saphikelela. Naphezu kweNguquko YaseFrance, abadwebi bezemfundo babesakwazi ukuziphilisa ngokudweba izithombe zezinganekwane nezenkolo. Phakathi neNguquko YaseFrance, amasonto ahlupheka, kodwa cishe yonke imibuso yaseFrance yagcina ukuxhumana nesonto kamuva.

Futhi babengafuni ukulimaza imizwelo engokwenkolo yeningi labantu. Abadwebi abacolekileyo bendabuko nabalandela imithetho efana noDelaroche, u-Lourens Alma Tadema, kanye no-Bouguereau basabela esidingweni semidwebo yezenkolo neyenganekwane esikweni lezemfundo.

Izindawo ezingavamile

Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuyikhulu lokwanda. Okwakubonakala kukude ekuqaleni kwasondela ngenxa yesitimela nemikhumbi. Imibukiso yomhlaba ikhombise ubuciko nezimboni ezivela emazwenikazi "angaphandle". Ubukoloniyali bulethe amazwe angaphandle kanye “nemidala” eYurophu. I-Orientalism kanye ne-exoticism kwezobuciko kwavela ku-colonialism kanye nemibukiso yomhlaba.

Imidwebo yezemfundo ka-Lawrence Alma-Tadema njengokuthi "Ukufa Kwezibulo" yayihlatshwe umxhwele isihloko esingavamile somfanekiso. U-Alma-Tadema usebenze ngesitayela sakudala sendabuko, kodwa ukudlala kwakhe kwafunza umcabango wothando nowangaphandle. Amaciko enze izifundo eziningi kanye nemidwebo ohambweni lwawo, phambilini obekubonwa njengezifundo zokuqala ezingabalulekile.

Emdwebeni we-Romanticism, umdwebo waba ukubonakaliswa kobuciko okuzenzakalelayo, lapho i-calligraphy yomdwebi ibonakala khona.

Umoya weqhawe, owakhula kanye nezifiso zombuso zikaNapoleon, wanqoba ekuqapheleni kwabaculi abaningi. Ukuhamba kwamabutho kwaholela ekuhwebeni phakathi kwempucuko ehlukene, ukujula kolwazi oluhlangene, izitayela zesici zezwe ngalinye zaziswa.

Imikhankaso yamaNapoleonic eMpumalanga Ephakathi yavusa isithakazelo empucukweni yama-Arab kanye neyamaJuda, futhi abadwebi abafana noGross no-Auguste baqala ukuqoqa izinto zasempumalanga, ubucwebe nokhaphethi, okwadlulela olimini olungokomfanekiso ngenxa ka-Ingres, uDelacroix noChassériau.

Umdwebo wothando emazweni ahlukene

Ukujula kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kanye nemicabango yomuntu siqu yilokho abadwebi abakudlulisayo ngesithombe sabo sobuciko, esenziwe ngombala, ukwakheka kanye nokugcizelela. Amazwe ahlukene aseYurophu ayenezici zawo ezihlukile ekuchazeni umdwebo we-romanticism. Konke lokhu kuhlobene namanje zefilosofi, kanye nesimo senhlalo-politiki, lapho ubuciko bekuwukuphela kwempendulo ephilayo. Ukupenda kwaba okufanayo.

Umdwebo ongokomfanekiso ku-romanticism uthola izici ezihlukene kakhulu ngokuya ngendawo othuthuka kuyo. Phakathi kwezandulela ezinkulu zenhlangano yothando kwakunguFrancisco Goya eSpain. E-France nase-England, isithakazelo esikhathini esidlule sezwe sakamuva siphinde savela, esasivuna ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwemihlobiso nezesekeli, kuze kube yilapho kudalwa "Isitayela se-Troubadour".

Lokhu kunambitha kwavela kudala ngo-1770, kwathandwa eFrance ngochungechunge lwezithombe eziqoshwe u-Count d'Angiviller, okukhumbula amaFulentshi ahloniphekile. Izinkondlo zikaMilton nokuvundululwa kabusha kwemidlalo kaShakespeare kudlale indima efanayo ekukhuthazeni ukubuyiselwa ezinkazimulweni zesikhathi esidlule.

I-romanticism yaseJalimane ekudwebeni

Emkhakheni waseJalimane, isitayela sazibonakalisa ngaphambili, abaculi balwela ukufeza isikhathi esidlule - iNkathi Ephakathi. Imisebenzi yayivame ukucabangela futhi ingenzi lutho, ibambelela ku-romanticism egxile kumhlaba kanye nezithombe. Phakathi kokunye, u-Otto Runge wagqamisa, amakhanvasi akhe ahlanganisa ukushuba kwempilo yangaphakathi kuyilapho egcina ukuthula ekubonakaleni kwangaphandle.

ROMANTICism PAINTING

U-Runge udwebe izigcawu zezilwane zasendle esebenzisa imibala egqamile, kuyilapho izidalwa zakwamanye amazwe zazivame ukuba khona. Watadisha ngenkuthalo ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuhunyushwa kombala, wabhala izihloko eziphathelene nalesi sihloko, wahlukanisa i-spectrum yaba izingxenye, futhi wakwazi ukuzuza impumelelo enkulu ekudluliseleni imibala nokukhanya. Emakhanvasi akhe amahle, wakwazi ukufeza umuzwa wesikhala nomoya.

Umdwebo we-romanticism egcwele yekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX wabonakala emsebenzini kaCaspar David Friedrich, okhethekile emisebenzini yesitayela sezwe. Wakhetha izintaba zaseningizimu yeJalimane njengendikimba eyinhloko yobuciko bakhe. Ithalente lomdwebi lamvumela ukuba adlulisele ubuhle bendawo, kuhlanganiswe nokubonakala obala kwe-melancholy ogwini lolwandle. Wayevame ukudweba izindawo ngaphansi kokukhanya kwenyanga okusesilinganisweni.

Itimu yezinganekwane yayisondele kubaculi abaningi, ikakhulukazi, ukugqama kokuthandana emdwebeni kaCarstens kuyaphawulwa.

Wakha imidwebo ehambisana nezincwadi ezihlukahlukene, yapenda izindawo zokuhlala zasebukhosini. Kakade phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe eRoma, wabhala ngenkuthalo eqondise, evame ukuyihlanganisa ne-neoclassicism. Umdwebi ukwazile ukukhombisa imizwa efihliwe, idrama. Ngezindlela eziningi, isiqondiso samaciko endawo emdwebeni wezothando waseJalimane sibe nomthelela ekusabalaleni okwengeziwe kwesitayela, okubonisa kakhulu umbono wangaphakathi kunomnyombo wangempela wezinto.

Igatsha elilodwa liwuhlobo lwe-romanticism emdwebeni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Biedermeier, eboniswa emisebenzini yasekamelweni, ngokuvamile izigcawu zansuku zonke. Isitayela sasijwayelekile kumdwebo we-romanticism wase-Austrian naseJalimane, emidwebeni okuthandwayo kwanikezwa izigcawu ezingavamile. Isitayela sasimelwe uLudwig Richter, GF Kersting, Ferdinand Waldmüller nabanye abaculi.

I-romanticism yesiNgisi ekudwebeni

ENgilandi kwahlukaniswa imisinga yobuciko emithathu: i-oneiric visionary current, i-current of the sublime kanye neyamanje ebukekayo. Ama-exponents aphezulu komunye nomunye wabo kwakunguWilliam Blake, uWilliam Turner noJohn Constable. Imbongi engumbono uWilliam Blake yadweba imisebenzi yayo yezithombe ezithombeni ezidalwe izinkondlo zayo, ezixhumene kakhulu nobuKristu.

U-John Constable waba ngowokuqala ukuvuselela ngemibala yakhe umuzwa wemvelo ojabulisayo nokhululekile, owavulwa ekhulwini eledlule ngu-Jean Honorè Fragonard, kodwa washiywa enkathini ye-neoclassical, wayibeka phansi. Umuzwa womlando kanye nenjabulo yokubonisa ubuhle uzwakala eNgilandi, isibonelo umsebenzi weBlizzard, lapho uWilliam Turner emele uHannibal namasosha akhe awela i-Alps.

Ngenkathi uThomas Gainsborough enesikhathi sokuthola umlingo ongaqondakali wemibala ngokuthinta kwawo okucishe kube okuhleliwe, okuwuketshezi, okunganqunyelwe ngokuphathelene nemfundo kanye nokusetshenziswa koketshezi lomuntu siqu kanye nengxube ekhazimulayo.

Ezindaweni zaseNgilandi, isitayela siphinde sagxila ngokuphelele, umdwebo we-romanticism wesiNgisi ubonakala kakhulu emisebenzini ka-Johann Heinrich Füssli. Wayethanda ihluzo nokudweba, egcina uthando lothando ezisekelweni zalo. Wakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-idealization yesithombe ngendlela ye-classical eneziqephu ezinhle.

Lo mculi ukhombise ukwesaba kwabantu, okuhlanganisa nokwesaba imimoya emibi okuthiwa iklinya abantu ebuthongweni. Nakuba lo mculi wazalelwa eSwitzerland, wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe eNgilandi.

Ngenxa yombono wakhe we-romanticism eNgilandi, umdwebo wathola umlingiswa ongaqondakali. Imibono emangalisayo kanye namaphupho amabi okuyizimpawu zezigidi zabantu zisibheka kuma-canvases. Isikhathi eside, lolu daba belungakhulunywa futhi ngenxa kaFüssli bakwazile ukuphikisana ezingeni lomphakathi. Wahlanganisa izinganekwane, inganekwane kanye nemibono engemihle.

Futhi, ingqikithi ye-romanticism emdwebeni waseYurophu wembulwa nguWilliam Turner, waduma ngokudluliswa kokukhanya emoyeni kanye nokubonakaliswa kwethunzi. Isici siyi-phantasmagoria, sabonisa iziphepho, iziphepho, izinhlekelele. Kancane kancane, izithunzi ezimnyama zanyamalala emisebenzini yomculi, futhi indawo eyinhloko kuzo yabelwa ukukhanyisa nomoya. Yayibonisa ukunyakaza, ama-nuances nokukhanya okukhethekile.

Ummeleli owaziwayo womdwebo wezothando waseYurophu kwakunguWilliam Blake, eminye yemisebenzi yakhe yathonywa ukutadisha iBhayibheli ngokujulile, kodwa ubuciko bakhanga umdwebi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Wayesebenza nge-tempera nama-watercolors, ethi imibono iza kuye. Ebona izinto ezimangalisayo, wabonisa ingqikithi yakhe emisebenzini yakhe, ekholelwa ukuthi bonke abaculi basebenza ngale ndlela.

UWilliam Blake waba yimpumelelo kuphela eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, lapho ethola abantu abanomqondo ofanayo futhi waqala ukuthengisa imisebenzi yakhe ngokunenzuzo. Ubuciko bubuswa izithombe zesifazane, izithixo, izilwane ezihlukahlukene, nezifundo ezingajwayelekile.

UJohn Constable wayenesitayela sokudweba ekukhululekeni, wenza ukuthungwa ngemivimbo emincane, evame ukugwema imininingwane. Wapenda izithombe ukuze aziphilise, futhi wabheka ukudweba indawo yobizo lwakhe, wafunda ubuhle bemvelo kanye nemithetho yemibala ngaphambi kokwazisa isiqondiso phakathi kwama-Impressionists.

Umdwebi uncamele ukupenda ubuhle besiNgisi, enze imidwebo eminingi ukuze athole ukuqanjwa okwengeziwe. Ngokuvamile imidwebo yayinenkulumo ekhethekile namandla, kodwa ekugcineni ayizange ibonakale emsebenzini ophelile.

Ngokuvamile indawo yayipendwe ngokuchema okungaqondakali. Nakuba ingqikithi yomsebenzi idluliselwa ngesitayela se-romanticism, wayefuna ukukhombisa imiphumela yomoya, phakathi kwabo wakwazi ukudweba umswakama ophezulu, ukunyakaza kwemvelo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imigqa ephukile yayisetshenziselwa yona, ithinta ngebhulashi ngopende olukhanyayo ukunikeza umphumela wokukhanya.

UConstable wabonisa ukucasuka kwezakhi, ngokuvamile ezimelelwe uthingo, izakhiwo ezinhle, kuhlanganise namasonto amasonto. Wayazi indlela yokwengeza imininingwane ngendlela yokufeza isethi ekhethekile yama-nuances, ukwakha ukukhanya nokudonsela ukunaka kumaseyili.

I-romanticism yesiFulentshi ekudwebeni

E-France, i-romanticism ekudwebeni ithuthukiswe ngokwezimiso ezahlukene. Ukuphila komphakathi okunezivunguvungu kanye neziyaluyalu eziguquguqukayo kubonakala ekudwebeni amandla adonsela phansi abadwebi ukuze abonise izihloko eziqanjiwe nezomlando, kanye nesasasa lemizwa nama-pathos, azuzwe ngokugqama kwemibala egqamile, isiphithiphithi esithile, ukubonakaliswa kokunyakaza. , kanye nezingoma ezizenzekelayo.

Izimpawu zokuqala zokushintsha kwesitayela zingabonakala eFrance phakathi neminyaka yawo-1810. Phakathi nokubusa kukaNapoleon, uJacques-Louis David wabumba umdwebo wezemfundo ngezithombe zombuso kanye nemidwebo yomlando.

Umdwebo womlando oqalayo manje ukhombisa ukuqanjwa okuhle kakhulu, okunefomethi encane kakhulu kusukela kuNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, okubizwa ngokuthi yisitayela se-troubadour. Okuqukethwe kuvame ukusondelana futhi kune-anecdotal, kodwa futhi kukhona izigcawu ezimangalisa kakhulu.

Izimpilo zamaciko ahlonishwayo anjengoRaphael noma uLeonardo da Vinci zakhiwa kabusha, kanye nezababusi noma abalingiswa benganekwane. U-Théodore Géricault, u-Eugène Delacroix, u-Ingres, u-Richard Parkes Bonington, u-Paul Delaroche bangabaculi bemidwebo yothando ababaluleke kakhulu eFrance.

Umbhali obalulekile ongumFulentshi, uVictor Hugo, uzinikele ekudwebeni ngenkathi ebhala, ngokwezwi nezwi "phakathi kwamavesi amabili." Izindawo zakhe ezidabukisayo ze-sepia (uyinki onsundu ngokumnyama) kanye noyinki omnyama zibonisa isimo samanoveli akhe ngaphandle kokubhekisela kuzo ngokwemiqondo. I-romantic ingatholakala ikakhulukazi ezindikimbeni: izinqaba ze-gothic, amanxiwa abolayo, imvelo yasendle, ulwandle oluhlokomayo ngemikhumbi, njll. U-André Bretón usevele wawazisa umsebenzi kaHugo nalokho obekungalindelekile, ukufuna kwakhe okungaqondakali.

UWilliam Bouguereau ekuqaleni wakhetha izingqikithi zezinganekwane nezingcezu zohlobo, kamuva ikakhulukazi izindikimba zezenkolo. Wayenesitayela se-virtuoso esikwazile ukukhiqiza kabusha ubuhle besikhumba nokuthungwa. Nakuba isitayela sakhe sisifundiswa kakhulu, sinezimo nemigqa ecacile nemibala ye-neoclassicism, izithombe eziningi zihambisana nomuzwa wokudweba kwe-romanticism.

Umsebenzi wakhe ubuye ukhombise ukubalekela iqiniso, ukuphunyuka kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Imfihlakalo, ukucabanga, kanye nedrama emsebenzini wakhe wezithombe osanta kanye nezibalo zezinganekwane kwakhanga abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nezintokazi nezinene ezivezwa ama-Pre-Raphaelites ekuphenduleni izinguquko ezisheshayo emphakathini. Abadwebi abafana noDante Gabriel Rossetti nabo babengafuni ukwazisa uguquko lwezithombe.

KumaFulentshi, i-romanticism ibuye isho incazelo yempilo yesimanje kanye nomzamo wokuqonda nokufanekisa namuhla. Ngakho-ke i-Classicism ishiywe, u-Eugene Delacroix ungumholi wemidwebo yothando yaseFrance: umdwebo wakhe odumile othi "Inkululeko Ehola Abantu" ibhekwa njengengxenye yokuqala yemvelo yezombangazwe emlandweni wobuciko besimanje.

isitayela se-troubadour

Isitayela singathathwa njengesici se-Romanticism, inguqulo edwetshiwe yezinkondlo namanoveli kaWalter Scott, futhi sichazwe ngokuthi "isitayela ngaphakathi kwesitayela". Okudumile ikakhulukazi eFrance, abadwebi balokhu bamelela izigcawu eziphefumulelwe iNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, ngezingubo ezimibalabala, izindaba zothando kanye nokuxhashazwa kwe-chivalrous.

Imidwebo yesitayela se-Troubadour ngokuvamile mincane ngosayizi, ngokugcizelela imininingwane. Abaculi abaningi ababalulekile baye babhekana nalesi sitayela, isibonelo uJean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres encwadini ethi The Death of Leonardo da Vinci (1818, Petit Palais, Paris).

Abaculi bemidwebo yothando

I-Romanticism yavezwa ngokugcwele ekudwebeni. Ezibonwa ngamazwe ngamazwe, ezinye izithonjana ezivamile zezithombe 'zenkathi yothando' 1790-1850 kwakuyilezi: umdwebi waseJalimane uCaspar David Friedrich, iNgisi uJohn Constable kanye nomdwebi ongumFulentshi u-Eugène Delacroix. Umehluko wabo phakathi kwabo ukhombisa ukuthi i-Romanticism yayihluke kangakanani ngempela.

Eugene Delacroix 1798-1863

U-Delacroix ushiye indikimba yemisebenzi eminingi, wenza amakhulu emidwebo, imibala yamanzi, imidwebo yasezindongeni, imidwebo, ama-lithographs kanye nokuqoshwa. Ngokwenza kanjalo, wayevame ukukhetha izethulo ezinokuqukethwe okungokomzwelo noma okuvusa amadlingozi, ezibonisa izenzakalo zomlando, izinganekwane, nemibhalo. Ukwazile ukwenza idrama yemidlalo yakhe ngokuqhathanisa okunamandla nobumnyama. Ngokungafani nabadwebi bezemfundo be-neoclassicism, i-Delacroix ayizange igxile ekubunjweni "okupholile" nemigqa, kodwa kumbala nomkhathi.

Nakuba izingoma zikaDelacroix zicatshangelwa kabanzi, umphumela wombala wawubalulekile kuye, waxoxa ngakho noConstable noTurner. Ohambweni lwakhe lokuya eMorocco, phakathi kokunye, wenza imidwebo eminingi nama-watercolor.

I-Delacroix iphinde yakhetha izingqikithi ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi eziphefumulelwe uhambo lwakhe oluya eNyakatho Afrika. Ngo-1824 wabangela ukuduma ngomdwebo wakhe ophakeme wamamitha amane i-Chios Massacre. Umbhalo ongezansi wawuthi: Indawo yokubulawa kwabantu abaningi eChios; Imindeni yamaGreki ilindele ukufa noma ubugqila.

Kuyo waveza ukubulawa kwabantu okunyantisayo okwenzeka esiqhingini saseChios eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGreki ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu abulawa amaTurkey ase-Ottoman futhi abaningi bathathwa njengezigqila. UDelacroix, owayejwayelene kahle ne-Raft ye-Géricault ye-Medusa ngenxa yokuthi wayeyimodeli yayo, wakha okufanayo ngezibalo ezipakishwe konxantathu. Ngenxa yalo mdwebo, uDelacroix washeshe wabonakala njengomdwebi obaluleke kakhulu wenkathi yezothando.

Ngo-1827 iDelacroix yabonisa ucezu olungokomlando Ukufa kukaSardanapalus, indaba yenkosi yasendulo yase-Asiriya. Ngemva kokuvinjezelwa kwesigodlo sakhe, lo mholi kuthiwa wabulawa izidumbu namahhashi kwashiswa nezimpahla zabo ngaphambi kokuzibulala. Umdwebo ubonisa ukubulawa okumangalisayo kwalabo ababengeke baphuze ushevu, kunomehluko ojulile ohambisanayo phakathi kwethunzi elibomvu elifudumele kanye nethunzi elimnyama lapho intuthu isivele iphuma khona.

U-Théodore Gericault 1791-1824

E-Géricault, futhi, umugqa nefomu eliqinile, isici esingaka se-neoclassical, sashabalala. Wabhekana nemibuzo yempilo ngezindikimba zomlando, kodwa futhi wabheka iqiniso lansuku zonke. Ikhanvasi edume kakhulu ka-Géricault, I-Raft of the Medusa, isuselwe endabeni yeqiniso.

I-Géricault igqamise isikhathi esimangalisa kakhulu kulokhu: ngesikhathi lapho isihlenga sesizocwila futhi cishe bonke abantu ababegibele iMedusa sebashonile, abanye bathola umkhumbi emkhathizwe. Yilowo mkhumbi osindise laba abasindile.

UFrancisco Goya 1746-1828

Njengomdwebi wasenkantolo, uGoya wapenda izithombe zomndeni wasebukhosini baseSpain. UGoya wayeke waphila ngobumpofu obukhulu ebusheni bakhe, futhi kumuntu obukele obukhali ungabona kulezi zithombe ukuthi wayesalokhu esola izicukuthwane. Uphinde wakhombisa ukwesaba impi, ingcindezelo kanye nodlame emidwebeni eqoshiwe nemidwebo enezithombe ezesabekayo.

Abantu baseSpain bahlubuka ngemuva kuka-1808 ngokumelene namasosha aseFrance aseNapoleon, enza unya olubi ngesikhathi sokubusa. Kwaqubuka isiphithiphithi esinobudlova eSpain. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbi zanquma umsebenzi kaGoya kwaze kwaba ngu-1815. Umsebenzi odume kakhulu kusukela kulesi sikhathi ungoMeyi 3, 1808, obonisa ukubulawa kwabantu.

U-Goya uphinde waveza ngokufanelekile ukuphelelwa ithemba ochungechungeni lwemidwebo emnyama. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, i-fantasy yadlala indima ebalulekile, izithombe zakhe ezimnyama zefantasy zimelela uhlangothi olonakele lomuntu. U-Goya uthatha indawo ekhethekile, njenge-courtier kanye nomdwebi wezithombe kwakudingeka azivumelanise kancane ne-elite, kodwa futhi washiya irekhodi lakhe lokucasuka ngokuziphatha komuntu. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kaGoya uxhumene ne-baroque engasekho, kodwa futhi umemezele umdwebo we-romanticism.

UDante Gabriel Rossetti 1828-1882

Ngo-1848, abaculi abaningi baseNgilandi basungula i-Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Omunye wabaculi kuleli qembu kwakunguDante Gabriel Rossetti. Babefuna ukubuyela emvelweni futhi baziqhelelanise nobuciko bezemfundo. Umdwebo wokuqala wase-Italy ngaphambi kukaRaphael (pre-Raphael) waba ugqozi lomdwebo wakhe. Cabanga ngabadwebi abafana noBotticelli, Titian noGiorgione.

Umgomo wama-Pre-Raphaelites kwakuwukudala umhlaba ongcono ngokumisa imishini eqhubekayo eyayigubuzela i-Victorian England. Izakhi zenkolo nezenhlalo zadlala indima ebalulekile emsebenzini wakhe.

UCaspar David Friedrich 1774-1840

UCaspar David Friedrich wayengumhumushi obaluleke kakhulu womoya wothando waseJalimane ekudwebeni. Emisebenzini yakhe, umdwebi ubonisa isizungu, i-melancholy, usizi lomuntu lapho ebhekene ne-arcane nemvelo engokomfanekiso, engavezi imfihlo yokufa. Imvelo imelelwa uFriedrich kukho konke ukungapheli, njengokungathi ukuveza umuzwa wokungabi namandla komuntu, isidalwa esinqunyelwe, ebusweni bemvelo, ukubonakaliswa okungapheli.

Isichasiso esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza i-German Romanticism sihlala egameni elithi Sehnsucht, elingahunyushwa ngokuthi "isifiso sokufisa" noma "ububi besifiso", umuzwa wokungahlaliseki okuqhubekayo kanye nokucindezeleka okudabukisayo, umuzwa ohlupha lowo oxoxwayo futhi aphushele dlulela ngale kwemikhawulo yeqiniso lasemhlabeni, elicindezelayo futhi elincisha umoya, ukuphephela ngaphakathi noma esimweni esidlula isikhathi sasemkhathini.

UFrancesco Hayes 1791-1882

E-Italy, ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu womdwebo wothando kwakungu-Venetian Francesco Hayez, umdwebi wezithombe owaziwayo kanye nomhumushi oyinhloko womdwebo womlando e-Italy. Itimu yomlando yayingekaHayez indlela yokudlulisa amaqiniso nezifiso zeRisorgimento.

Ngokungafani noDelacroix, owabonisa izenzakalo zezombusazwe zamanje ezweni lakubo, uHayez wadweba izihloko zakhe eziqephukweni zesikhathi esidlule (ikakhulukazi sangenkathi ephakathi) umlando wase-Italy, lapho asho khona ukubaluleka kwezingathekiso zanamuhla. Umsebenzi wakhe u-Il bacio uthathwa njenge-manifesto yobuciko bothando base-Italy.

UJoseph Malord William Turner 1775-1851

INgisi uJoseph Mallord William Turner ungomunye wabaculi bokuqala bezikhathi zanamuhla. U-Turner waqala ukufaka imibala futhi wafunda eRoyal Academy eLondon kusukela ngo-1789. Ekuqaleni, wayethanda ukudweba kwezwe.

Phakathi nohambo lwakhe eNgilandi naseWales, wenza imidwebo nama-watercolors ezinqabeni ezindala, ama-cathedral kanye nezindawo ezisogwini. Wakha imidwebo yakhe yokuqala kawoyela ngo-1796. Eminyakeni eyalandela wadala izindawo nezindawo zasolwandle, ayevame ukuzikhulisa zibe ezingezona ezeqiniso ngezibalo zezinganekwane kanye nemifanekiso emangalisayo.

Imidwebo yokwakheka kwezwe kaTurner iyisandulela se-Impressionism, Expressionism, kanye ne-Informalism. Ubhekwa njengowathola indawo yomoya, ngakho-ke waba ngowokuqala ukudala isiqondiso kumdwebo we-landscape ongafuni ukuveza izinto ngokwazo, kodwa umbono abawenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokukhanyisa. Ebonwa ngale ndlela, ungumanduleli weqiniso we-Impressionists kanye nezizukulwane ezimbili ngaphambi kwamaFulentshi.

Imidwebo kaTurner iletha izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele kanye nezinsimbi emdwebeni wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Upende indawo yakhe, izikhathi zosuku, izimo zezulu, ukwakheka kwamafu ngezinhlaka ezincibilikile nezifiphele, ezinemininingwane ebukhali phakathi. Umdwebo wakhe wango-1844 othi "Imvula, Iphunga, Isivinini" ungomunye wemifanekiso yokuqala kajantshi: injini yesitimu yensimbi iphuma efini elimnyama lombala; ubunuku nobuhle bomhlaba obuguquliwe yizimboni kuyaheha.

Imidwebo eyizifanekiselo ye-romanticism

Ngokuphathelene ne-romanticism, ukudweba ngokungangabazeki kungenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuqonda umphefumulo walesi sikhathi somlando esinamandla futhi esiphambene. I-motifs eyinhloko yamaciko kule nkathi yayiyisifiso, uthando nesizungu, kanye nezesabekayo, ezingenangqondo, ezimangalisayo kanye ne-adventure, thina bantu esingenakukwazi ukumelana nayo. Imisebenzi yobuciko bezothando ilolongwa umoya wokuzicabangela ngabanye futhi ngokuvamile idlulisela isimo esidabukisayo, ngisho nokudabukisa.

Ukuqabula kukaFrancesco Hayez  

(Pinacoteca di Brera -Milan) Umuntu akakwazi ukuqala ukukhuluma ngemidwebo emihle kakhulu yothando ngaphandle kokusuka kumdwebo wobuciko wase-Italy kaFrancesco Hayez, umdwebi wase-Italy onobukhona obuqinile eMilan, okwazi ukuhlanganisa izindaba zezombusazwe nezigcawu zobuhle obukhulu. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi lo mdwebo ube yi-manifesto ye-romanticism e-Italy futhi umdwebi ngokwakhe uhlongoze ngezinguqulo ezintathu ezahlukene.

Uma sibona kuqala izithandani ezimbili eziqabulana ngothando, ezikwazi ukuxoxa ngentshiseko yentsha, empeleni izincazelo ezicashile zijule kakhulu: inyunyana yezwe, ukushisekela izwe, ukuzibophezela kwezombusazwe nezempi, konke kuvezwe ngendlela engokomfanekiso kulo mdwebo omangalisayo.

I-Raft of the Medusa ngu-Théodore Géricault  

(Louvre -Paris) Njengoba inkulu ngosayizi, i-Raft of the Medusa ka-Théodore Géricault ekuqaleni yayiyimbangela yehlazo kanye nesiyaluyalu sasebukhosini. Umdwebo ulandisa ngesigameko esibuhlungu esenzeka ngempela: ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kwango-1816 okwabiza ukuphila kwamakhulu amasosha. Leso sigameko sashaqisa isizwe sonke ngesikhathi abantu abayikhulu namashumi amahlanu begibela isihlenga, kodwa abayishumi nanhlanu kuphela abakwazile ukusinda bahlengwa.

Umdwebi, ngaleso sikhathi owayesemncane kakhulu, walandisa ngenhlekelele ngamaqiniso amangalisayo ngaleso sikhathi, efunda izidumbu bukhoma bukhoma, kuhlanganise namakhaza. Kusukela ngesikhathi se-neoclassicism, esabonakala kakhulu kwezobuciko eFrance, wangena ekuthandeni okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wawuqondwa ngokugcwele eminyakeni edlule, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo ngabaculi abakhulu, kodwa, lapho uphuma, umzwelo owawukhona wawuwukwenqatshwa.

Umhambi Phezu Kolwandle Lwamafu nguCaspar David Friedrich

(Hamburg Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Lona umdwebo ohlanganisa ezinye zezindinganiso eziyinhloko zokudweba kwe-romanticism. Lo mfanekiso awufi umhambi ngemuva naphambi kolwandle olunesivunguvungu.

Okushiwo lo mdwebo omangalisayo akuyona indaba, njengoba kwenzeka kweminye imidwebo ebonwe kuze kube manje, kodwa isimo somzwelo: umqondo wokungapheli, ukuzulazula nokungapheleli komphefumulo nemizwa yawo. Umhambi ongaphezu kolwandle lwamafu uwuphawu lwe-romanticism yaseJalimane, ehluke kakhulu kumaFulentshi namaNtaliyane.

I-Daredevil idonsele endaweni yayo yokugcina ukuze ichithwe uWilliam Turner 

(National Gallery -London) Ngemidwebo yakhe, uWilliam Turner uyakwazi ukulandisa izimo ezithinta imizwa, imizwa nemiqondo yothando efana ne-sublime. Lo mdwebo wobuciko ulandisa ngohambo lokugcina lomkhumbi wamaNgisi i-Temeraire, owake wanqoba empini: udonswa ukuze ubhujiswe, uboniswa kuphakanyiswa ifulege elimhlophe nokushona kwelanga ngemuva, umfanekiso okwazi ukuhlanganisa imizwa exubile nezincazelo zezombangazwe.

UHay Wain kaJohn Constable 

(Igalari Kazwelonke -London) U-John Constable ungomunye wabadwebi ababaluleke kakhulu be-romanticism yamaNgisi futhi, njengo-Turner, waphinde wazinikela ngokuphelele ekuboniseni indawo ye-bucolic yase-Dedham Vale, eduze nalapho azalelwa khona. Ubuciko bakhe obuhle kakhulu yi-The Hay Wain, indwangu enkulu, ngaleso sikhathi eyabangela ihlazo: indlela eyasetshenziswa, empeleni, yayibonakala icishe ibe nomuzwa ngenxa yamabhulashi amancane akha indawo.

Into entsha eLondon yayibonakala ingenanhlonipho futhi ivusa inkanuko ngamabomu, kodwa lokho kwakuthandwa kakhulu eFrance, ngisho nanguGéricault. Imvelo ngokuqinisekile ibingumlingiswa oyinhloko walo mculi, kodwa wemvelo ehluke kakhulu kunaleyo emelwe uFriedrich.

Inkululeko Ehola Abantu ngu-Eugene Delacroix 

(Louvre -Paris) Imele inkululeko eholela kubantu abanobunye, ngokumelene nomcindezeli, umqondo omkhulu wokushisekela izwe. Lapha isigaba senhlalo asibali, i-Delacroix imelela izinhlobo ezahlukene zabantu njengoba zingabonakala ezingutsheni futhi yingakho ubelokhu ebhekwa njengesithonjana sobuciko bezombangazwe. Esinye sezibonelo zakuqala zalolu hlobo futhi ngokuqinisekile esinye semidwebo ethandwa kakhulu emlandweni.

Izingane zikaHuelsenbeck nguPhilipp Otto Runge

(Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Lo mculi ungowothando lwaseJalimane futhi uhlukaniswa nemifanekiso yezingane, okumenze waqanjwa ngokuthi umdwebi wezinganekwane. Iyingxenye yezothando ngenxa yezincazelo zayo ezingokomfanekiso, njengasemdwebeni okhethwe phakathi kwawo omuhle kakhulu: Izingane ZakwaHülsenbeck.

Umdwebo, omelela ngaphambili isithombe sezingane zomngane eduze kukabhekilanga futhi wethula ukwakheka okuphelele kwechromatic, uveza incazelo engokomfanekiso yobuntwana, ubumsulwa kanye nobudala obulahlekile, obubuka i-romanticism nge-melancholy.

UDido wakha iCarthage nguWilliam Turner

Elinye lamalungelo othando lwezobuciko kwakuwukubheka okwedlule, ngokuvamile ukulangazelela izikhathi ezikude futhi uzizwe ujule. E-Dido yakha iCarthage, i-Turner imele lo mqondo kahle.

Umthandi wamaciko angaphambili uNicolas Poussin noCharles Lorraine, njengabo, umdwebi oyiNgisi usebenzisa izakhi zasendulo, eqala ngendikimba yomsebenzi ngokwawo, ethathwe ku-Virgil's Aeneid. Kodwa ukuthwebula umbukeli kunesici semvelo kanye nemizwa edluliswa yile mvelo. Imvelo ezolile nebabazekayo ebusayo.

Ukuphahlazeka Kwethemba Lomkhumbi nguCaspar David Friedrich 

Itimu yokuphahlazeka komkhumbi ibuya futhi eFriedrich, kodwa kulokhu olwandle lweqhwa. Okugqama kakhulu umdwebo womdwebi waseJalimane ukuvuswa kwemizwa enamandla ngokusebenzisa izithombe zezindawo nemvelo ezinezinye izincazelo ezingokomfanekiso.

Ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi, empeleni, kumelela uhambo oluqhubekayo lomuntu futhi kuvusa ubuthakathaka bakhe obukhulu, ubuthakathaka bomuntu. Umuntu, nakuba ehlala efuna njalo, usemseni wezenzakalo futhi akakwazi ukwenza lutho ngokumelene nazo.

Chartres Cathedral nguJean Baptiste Camille Corot 

Umdwebi we-landscape kuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, u-Camille Corot ungomunye wamaciko othando ngokunaka kwakhe imvelo kanye nobudlelwano abakhulisayo nomuntu, njengoba kungabonakala kulo mdwebo omuhle: I-Chartres Cathedral. Umdwebo umelela ukuba khona komuntu esimweni semvelo esakhiwe izihlahla, amafu nezimfunda. Ubukhona bomuntu buzwakala ngezibalo ezingaphambili endalweni yesithombe efuna ukunikeza ukubaluleka okulinganayo kuzo zonke izici ezihlukahlukene ezimelwe.

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  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.