Ithonya lamaGreki likhona kubo bonke ubuciko bakhe, kodwa imprint yakhe ibeka izitayela ezinezici kakhulu umdwebo wamaRoma: izigcawu zempilo, izigcawu zezinganekwane, indawo, ama-lifes noma imihlobiso ye-trompe l'oeil. Umhlobiso wezakhiwo wawuthandwa kakhulu kumaRoma.
umdwebo wamaRoma
Njengoba nje ubuciko bamaGreki bethulwa impucuko yangaphambi kwamaGreki yaseCrete naseMycenae, ubuciko bamaRoma nabo bathola indawo yokuzalela empucukweni yase-Etruscan neyamaGreki. Cishe ngeminyaka ye-1000/800 bafika bevela esifundeni esisempumalanga yeMedithera, mhlawumbe bevela eLydia, e-Asia Minor, izizwe zase-Etruscane zase-Italy ngaphakathi. Ngenhlanhla, ngaleyo ndlela banezela abantu bomdabu; enhliziyweni ye-Italy baletha ucezu lwamagugu amasiko avela eMpumalanga.
Njengoba ama-Etruscans anqoba cishe yonke inhlonhlo yase-Italy, anikela kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yamaRoma: ukusebenza kwawo nekhono lobuchwepheshe kushiya uphawu olujulile kwezobuciko baseRoma. AmaGreki nawo aba nethonya elikhulu kwezobuciko nempucuko yamaRoma.
Ngesikhathi sekoloni elikhulu, i-800-550, bagcwala ogwini lweMedithera. Ingabe nabo bahlala eSicily? naseningizimu ye-Italy, ngalokho ebizwa ngokuthi iGrisi Elikhulu. Lawa maGreki aletha impucuko yamaGreki kuzo zonke izici zawo emhlabathini we-Italic futhi athonya ubuciko bamaRoma ngaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye.
Ngokukhula kwesiko lamaRoma, inkathi yasendulo yangena esigabeni sayo sokugcina. Ubuciko eRoma badlala indima ehluke ngokuphelele kuleyo yaseGreece, lapho yayixhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuphila.
Abadwebi bamaGreki, abaqophi, abadwebi bezakhiwo, izazi zefilosofi nezimbongi baziqophela umlando. ERoma lasendulo, lo msebenzi wenziwa ababusi bemizi, ojenene, izikhulumi. Amagama abo alotshwe emibhalweni yomlando, kodwa amagama abadwebi nabaqophi bamaRoma awakaze ehlele kithi, nakuba babenekhono njengamaGreki.
Ukuphela kwesiko lama-Etruscan kwaba ukuqala kobuciko bamaRoma. Mhlawumbe, ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abaculi nabaqophi bezithombe eRoma lasendulo, kodwa akukho lwazi ngabo olugciniwe. Kwaphinde kwathinta iqiniso lokuthi cishe kuze kube sekupheleni kokuba khona kweRiphabhulikhi, iRoma yayilokhu ilwa izimpi enqoba omakhelwane bayo, futhi impi, njengoba wazi, ayifaki isandla ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko.
Izwe laphinde lazamazama ngenxa yezingxabano: abantukazana balwa nabasebukhosini, bevikela amalungelo abo; Amadolobha ase-Italy (omasipala) ayefuna ukulingana nezakhamuzi zaseRoma. Izimpi zathatha amakhulu eminyaka, zinganqamuki nowodwa unyaka. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ubuciko bamaRoma njengalokhu abuzange bube khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-IV-III BC. I-Architecture yaba ngowokuqala ukuzimemezela: okokuqala ngesimo samabhuloho nezakhiwo zokuzivikela, futhi kamuva - amathempeli.
Kuyaye kuthiwe amaRoma awawona amaciko eqiniso. Umuntu angathola lowo mbono lapho eqhathanisa impumelelo yobuciko yamaRoma, ake sithi, eyamaGreki noma amaGibhithe. Emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka omlando wamaRoma, sithola okuncane okubonisa izifiso zobuhle noma zobuciko; ngokuqinisekile amaRoma awazange adale ubuciko bokuqala.
Nokho, uma iRoma ithatha indawo evelele emlandweni wobuciko phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kungenxa yokuthi amaRoma, ngemva kokunqoba ukubusa kwezempi emhlabeni wonke, nawo aqaphela izindinganiso ezingokomoya nezinhlobo zobuciko zabanye abantu. , ikakhulukazi amaGreki. , yayinamandla amakhulu okufana nokwazi ukucubungula ngendlela yomuntu siqu.
Izici ezijwayelekile zomdwebo waseRoma wasendulo
Umdwebo wamaRoma wehlele kithi cishe ngendlela yokudweba odongeni. Kulokhu, imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko isesendaweni eyadalelwa yona futhi lapho igcinwa khona ezimweni ezivame ukuba nzima. Ubufakazi obubalulekile bomdwebo wamaRoma imihlobiso yamathuna nezindlu ezizimele, amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele kuwo wonke umbuso.
Ithonya lamaGreki lalivame kakhulu ekuqaleni emdwebeni wamaRoma. Indawo eqondile yamaRoma itholwe kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi imidwebo yokunqoba. Ukuze kuhlonishwe ojenene abanqobile, imidwebo yayiphathwa njengemibiko ethandwayo odwendweni lokunqoba bese ibukiswa obala. Ngeshwa, le midwebo ayizange isinde futhi ifakazelwa kuphela ezincwadini zasendulo.
Isiko lokudweba izindonga zangaphakathi zezindlu langena emadolobheni aseRoma ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC lisuka emadolobheni aseGreece aseningizimu ye-Italy, kodwa abadwebi bamaRoma abahlobisa, bedweba amasu amaGreki, bathuthukisa ngobuchule uhlelo lwabo olucebile lokuhlobisa udonga. .
Emdwebeni waseRoma odongeni lwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezitayela ezine zokuhlobisa, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "i-Pompeian" (ngoba imidwebo enjalo yaqala ukutholwa ku-fresco inqubo ngesikhathi sokumba ePompeii).
Umnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni imidwebo yodonga eRoma Lasendulo wenziwa usosayensi waseJalimane u-August May, owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonza izitayela ezine zemidwebo yasePompeian.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitayela zokudweba akunangqondo futhi akushayisani nemithetho evamile yokuvela komdwebo waseRoma usuwonke.
Umdwebo waseRoma wasemuva ungabonakala ezindaweni ezahlukene: Okokuqala, njengesakhiwo esisodwa sesithombe esihlobisa lokhu noma ezinye izakhiwo zobukhulu nenjongo ethile. Okwesibili, njenge-echo yezingoma zamaGreki nezamaGreki.
Okwesithathu, njengokusesha lokhu noma lelo zinga lezamasiko, izinga lokuthandwa kobuciko bamaRoma kusuka ezikhathini ezahlukene. Okwesine, njengommeleli wemisinga yobuciko ehlukene yomdwebo waseRoma ngokwawo, amakhono obuchwepheshe abadali bawo.
Amasu nezitayela zomdwebo waseRoma
Ingaphakathi lezakhiwo zaseRoma lalivame ukuhlotshiswa ngokumangalisayo ngemibala egqamile nemiklamo. Imidwebo yodonga, amafresco, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-stucco ukudala imiphumela yokusiza kwenziwa ngekhulu lokuqala BC.
Isetshenziswa ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ezindlini zabantu, emathempelini, emathuneni ngisho nasezindlini zezempi kuwo wonke umhlaba waseRoma.
Imiklamo yayisukela emininingwaneni eyinkimbinkimbi, engokoqobo kuye ekuhumusheni okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa yonke ingxenye yodonga etholakalayo, kuhlanganise nosilingi.
Ukulungiswa kokhonkolo kwakubaluleke kangangokuthi uPliny noVitruvius bachaza, emisebenzini yabo, inqubo esetshenziswa abadwebi ukuze baqophelise izindonga: okokuqala nje, kwakudingeka kwenziwe ukhonkolo lwekhwalithi enhle olwalungabuye lwakhiwe ngezingqimba eziyisikhombisa ezilandelanayo. ukwakheka okuhlukile.
Eyokuqala yayinzima kakhudlwana, futhi enye emithathu yenziwa ngodaka nayisihlabathi, futhi amathathu okugcina enziwe ngodaka nothuli lwemabula; Ngokuvamile, ungqimba lukakhonkolo lwalulugqinsi olungaba amasentimitha angu-XNUMX, elokuqala libekwe ngokuqondile odongeni ukuze linamathele kahle, futhi laliwugqinsi (amasentimitha amathathu kuya kwamahlanu) olwenziwa ngesihlabathi nomcako.
Abadwebi bezindonga baseRoma babekhetha imibala yomhlaba yemvelo, futhi obomvu obumnyama, ophuzi nama-ocher. Izibala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimnyama nazo zazisetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza imiklamo elula, kodwa ubufakazi obuvela esitolo sokupenda sasePompeii bubonisa ukuthi kwakunezinhlobonhlobo zamathoni.
Ekhulwini le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC, izithombe azizange zidwetshwe ngokuqondile odongeni. Ku-plaster odwetshiwe, ama-slabs angama-rectangular of marble, ukuma nokuqamba amanga, ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, alingiswa, asetshenziselwa ukumboza izindonga endaweni ephakeme. Phezulu lo mhlobiso wawuvalwe ngohlaka lukakhonkolo, lawa mafreyimu cishe ayequkethe amaphaneli axegayo. Izibonelo ezimbalwa zalesi simiso sokuhlobisa ziye zalondolozwa eCampania, kuhlanganise neNdlu kaSallust ePompeii.
Lokhu kwalandela imfashini eyasabalala emhlabeni wonke wamaGreki. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala BC lapho kwavela khona ubuciko beqiniso bamaRoma. Amapuleti ayengasenakwenziwa nge-stucco yepulasitiki, kodwa esikhundleni salokho ayependwe futhi umumo uphakanyiswe yimigqa yokukhanya nesithunzi.
Kamuva, ingxenye emaphakathi yodonga yapendwe njengokungathi ihlehla kancane futhi izinsika zaziboniswa ngezikhathi ezithile ezibonakala zime emsamo futhi ngokusobala zisekela uphahla. Phezulu odongeni kwakusikisela ukubona elinye igumbi noma igceke. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nakho kwahlelwa ngokulinganayo eduze kwendawo evulekile ependiwe, enomnyango noma isango phakathi nendawo, njengasendlini kaPublius Fannius Sinistor eBoscoreale, 50-40 BC.
Izihloko bekuyizithombe, izigcawu ezivela kuzinganekwane, izakhiwo ze-trompe l'oeil, izitshalo, izilwane, ngisho nezingadi, izindawo, kanye namadolobhana wonke ukuze bakhe ama-panorama amangalisayo ahambisa umbukeli ukusuka ezindaweni eziwumngcingo ukuya emhlabeni ongenamkhawulo womcabango womdwebi. idunwe.
Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zomdwebo wamaRoma zivela emifanekisweni egqagqene endaweni yaseVesuvius (ePompeii naseHerculaneum), ezibhebheni zaseGibhithe zeFayum nasemamodelini amaRoma, amanye asuselwa enkathini yamaPaleo-Christian (imidwebo evela emigodini). Sinobufakazi bomdwebo wamaRoma ngamasu amathathu:
- Umdwebo wasemuva: wenziwa nge-fresco, kumcako omusha, ngakho-ke uhlala isikhathi eside; imibala yayixutshwa neqanda noma ingcina ukuze ibasize babambe;
- Ukudweba ngokhuni noma iphaneli: ngenxa yesimo sokusekela, izibonelo ezitholiwe azivamile. Okuhlukile okudumile kuvela emathuneni aseFayum (eGibhithe), ngenhlanhla agcinwe ngenxa yesimo esithile semvelo nesimo sezulu;
- Umdwebo ongabonakali, osetshenziselwa izinto, ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa. Ngokuvamile kubonakala ngokufingqa nokushaywa ngokushesha.
Ngokuvamile, imidwebo yangaphambili kanye naleyo yezindlu ezicebile ibonisa izendlalelo eziningi kunemidwebo yakamuva kanye naleyo yezakhiwo zokuhlala ezingabizi kangako. Kusukela phezulu, kwafakwa ungqimba lukakhonkolo nopende odongeni futhi ekugcineni kwaqedwa ngezansi.
Naphezu kokuhluka okukhulu kwemininingwane, izindonga zakhiwe ngokuvumelana nohlelo olufanayo. Kukhona njalo indawo eyisisekelo, indawo emaphakathi nendawo ephezulu. Indawo eyisisekelo imvamisa ilula, ingaba yi-monochrome, kodwa futhi ingaba nemabula yokulingisa noma imidwebo yezitshalo ezilula. Amaphethini weJiyomethri nawo athandwa kakhulu.
Nokho, endaweni ephakathi nendawo, isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi somdwebo siyavela. Kuye ngesitayela, uzothola izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma izinkambu ezilula, kanti isikhungo sodonga ngokuvamile sinzima kakhulu futhi sihlotshiswe ngomdwebo.
Imidwebo yasensimini, eyayisakazeke kakhulu ngesitayela sesithathu (sokuhlobisa), ihlanganisa ukushintshaniswa kwamasimu abanzi, ama-monochrome, namasimu amancane, avame ukuhlotshiswa ngokucebile ngezitshalo, izakhiwo ezingezona zangempela, noma amanye amaphethini.
Ukudweba kwase kwenziwa ama-Etruscans (imidwebo yamathuna), kodwa ubufakazi obudala kunabo bonke bomsebenzi wezithombe eRoma buhlehlela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC: ikakhulukazi, isibalo sikaFabius Pictor odumile (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ) uyakhunjulwa, umhlobisi weThempeli likaSalus.
I-hypothesis iphakanyiswa ukuthi kulesi sigaba esidala kunazo zonke, umdwebo waseRoma usuvele wethule ukuthambekela okukhethekile komlingiswa wemikhosi wamakhulu eminyaka alandelayo, ovezwa ngokulandisa okumanzi nokucacile, njengasezithombeni eziqoshiwe zesimanje. Odume kakhulu yilowo obizwa ngokuthi umdwebo wasePompeian, oqanjwe ngemidwebo etholakala ePompeii, eHerculaneum nakwamanye amazwe athintwa ukuqhuma kweVesuvius (79 AD). Ihlukaniswe yaba izitayela ezine ezahlukene:
isitayela sokuqala
Ikhulu le-XNUMX-XNUMX BC, elibizwa nangokuthi "ama-inlays". Yayihambisana nempilo yamaRoma ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka BC. Lesi sitayela siwukulingisa i-marble masonry enemibala. Ezindongeni zamakamelo angaphakathi, yonke imininingwane yezakhiwo yenziwe ngezingcezu ezintathu-ntathu: ama-pilaster, ama-ledges, ama-cornices, amabakaki ama-masonry ngabanye, bese konke kupendwe, ukulingisa amatshe okuqeda ngombala nephethini.
I-plaster, lapho upende ifakwe khona, yalungiswa kusuka ezingqimbeni eziningana, lapho ungqimba ngalunye olulandelayo lwaluncane.
Isitayela "se-inlay" sasiwukulingisa ingaphakathi lezigodlo nezindlu ezicebile emadolobheni amaGreki, lapho amahholo ayembozwe ngamatshe anemibala eminingi (amamabula). Isitayela sokuqala sokuhlobisa saphuma ngesitayela kuma-80s BC Isibonelo sesitayela "se-inlay" yi-House of the Faun e-Pompeii. Imibala esetshenzisiwe, ebomvu emnyama, ephuzi, emnyama nemhlophe, ihlukaniswa nokuhlanzeka kwethoni.
Amafreyimu e-House of Griffins e-Rome (100 BC) angase asebenze njengesiteji sezinguquko phakathi kwezitayela zokuhlobisa zokuqala nezesibili.
Inhlanganisela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-lilac, imibala ensundu ngokukhanyayo, ukuhlukaniswa okucashile komdwebo wasebukhosini nokukhazimulayo, isithombe esiyisicaba kanye ne-volumetric, phakathi komhlobiso wodonga lwephaneli namakholomu, njengokungathi, ukuphuma odongeni, kuvumela ukugqamisa umdwebo wesithombe. I-House of Griffins njengendlela yenguquko kusukela ekulingiseni okuncane kokwakhiwa kwamatshe kuya endleleni esebenzayo yendawo yokuxazulula udonga.
isitayela sesibili
XNUMXnd-XNUMXst Century BC Ibizwa ngokuthi 'i-architectural perspective', ngokungafani nesitayela sangaphambili esiyisicaba, imvelo eyengeziwe. Izindonga zabonisa amakholomu, amakhoni, ama-pilaster kanye nezihloko ezinenkohliso ephelele yeqiniso, kuhlanganise nokukhohlisa. Ingxenye emaphakathi yodonga yayimbozwe ngezithombe ze-pergolas, porticos, ezethulwa ngombono, usebenzisa i-chiaroscuro. Ngosizo lomdwebo wokuhlobisa, indawo ekhohlisayo yadalwa, izindonga zangempela zibonakala zihlukanisiwe, igumbi libonakala likhulu.
Kwesinye isikhathi imifanekiso yomuntu ngamunye, noma zonke izigcawu ezinezibalo eziningi noma izindawo, zazibekwa phakathi kwamakholomu nama-pilaster. Ngezinye izikhathi phakathi kodonga kwakunezithombe ezinkulu ezinezibalo ezinkulu. Iziqephu zemidwebo zaziyinganekwane, izikhathi ezingajwayelekile nsuku zonke. Ngokuvamile imidwebo yesitayela sesibili yayingamakhophi emisebenzi yabadwebi basendulo bamaGreki bekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC.
Isibonelo somdwebo wesitayela sesibili sokuhlobisa umhlobiso omuhle we-Villa of the Mysteries ePompeii. Ekamelweni elincane eline-plinth ephakeme efana ne-marble, ngokumelene nesizinda sodonga olubomvu olukhanyayo olunama-pilaster aluhlaza, izibalo ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye zihlanganiswe ngosayizi wokuphila.
Iningi lokuqamba linikezelwe ezimfihlakalo zokudumisa unkulunkulu uDionysus. UDionysus ngokwakhe uyavezwa lapha, encike emadolweni ka-Ariadne (unkosikazi). Abadala, ama-satyr amancane, ama-maenad, nabesifazane bayaboniswa lapha.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu isigameko lapho ikhehla elinamandla, eliboniswe odongeni olulodwa lwegumbi, liqondise amehlo alo ngakumaenad osemusha, ovezwe kolunye udonga. Ngaso leso sikhathi, uSilenus uklolodela umuntu osemusha ophethe imaskhi yaseshashalazini ezandleni zakhe.
Esinye isigcawu sokudweba siyathakazelisa, sibonisa unkulunkulukazi owesabekayo eshaya intombazane eguqile ngesiswebhu eside emhlane ongenalutho ezama ukuba ngumhlanganyeli ogcwele ezimfihlakalo. Ukuma kwentombazane, isimo sobuso bayo, amehlo abuthuntu, imicu ephithene yezinwele ezimnyama iveza ukuhlupheka okungokomzimba nobuhlungu obungokwengqondo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa nesithombe esihle somdansi osemusha ongenalutho osephumelele izivivinyo ezidingekayo.
Ukwakheka kwe-fresco akusekelwe kakhulu enanini levolumu emkhathini, kodwa ekuhlanganisweni kwama-silhouette endizeni, nakuba izibalo ezimelelwe zinkulu futhi zinamandla. Yonke i-fresco ixhunywe ibe yinto eyodwa ngokuthinta nokuma kwezinhlamvu ezivezwe ezindongeni ezihlukahlukene. Zonke izinhlamvu zikhanyiswa ukukhanya okuthambile okuvela ophahleni.
Imizimba enqunu ipendwe ngendlela ebabazekayo, uhlelo lombala wezingubo luhle ngokwedlulele. Noma ingemuva libomvu ngokugqamile, akukho mininingwane enyamalalayo ngokumelene nalesi sangemuva esihlukile. Abahlanganyeli ezimfihlakalo bamelwe ukudala inkohliso yokuba khona kwabo ekamelweni.
Isici esiyingqayizivele sesitayela sesibili yizithombe zezwe: izintaba, ulwandle, amathafa, avuselelwe izibalo zabantu abenziwe ngendlela emangalisayo, ababulawa ngohlelo. Isikhala lapha asivaliwe, kodwa simahhala. Ezimweni eziningi, i-landscape ihlanganisa izithombe zezakhiwo.
Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma, isithombe se-easel esinesithombe sasivame kakhulu. EPompeii kunesithombe sowesifazane osemusha ophethe izibhebhe zokubhala, kanye nomfanekiso wePompeian Terentius nomkakhe. Zombili izithombe ezime ngobude zipendwe ngendlela ependiwe emaphakathi. Zihlukaniswa ngokudluliswa okuhle kwamapulasitiki obuso. izithombe ezijulile.
isitayela sesithathu
Isitayela sesithathu sePompeian (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD) sihambisana nesitayela sokuhlobisa. Esikhundleni semihlobiso ekhangayo, ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa nokufaka esikhundleni sezindonga zobukhosi, kunemidwebo ehlobisa udonga ngaphandle kokuphula indiza yayo.
Imidwebo, ngokuphambene nalokho, igcizelela indiza yodonga, iyihlobisa ngemihlobiso ethambile, phakathi kwayo okunezinsika ezinhle kakhulu, njengama-chandelier ensimbi. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi isitayela sesithathu sokuhlobisa sibizwa nangokuthi "i-chandelier".
Ngaphezu kwalokhu mhlobiso wokukhanya wezakhiwo, imidwebo emincane enokuqukethwe kwezinganekwane ibekwe phakathi nendawo odongeni. Ukuphila okusekhona, izindawo ezincane nezigcawu zansuku zonke zingeniswa emhlobiso wokuhlobisa ngekhono elikhulu.
Imihlobiso yamaqabunga nezimbali ependwe ngemuva emhlophe iyisici esikhulu. Ubucwebe bezimbali ezipendiwe, imihlobiso, izigcawu ezincane kanye nempilo esekhona kudinga ukubukwa eduze. Umdwebo wesitayela sesithathu ugcizelela induduzo nokusondelana kwekamelo.
Iphalethi labadwebi besitayela sesithathu liyathakazelisa futhi liyahlukahluka: isisekelo esimnyama noma esimnyama esinsomi, lapho kuboniswa khona izihlahla ezincane, izimbali noma izinyoni. Engxenyeni engenhla, amaphaneli ashintshanayo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani noma omnyama kwethulwe, lapho imidwebo emincane, izindondo eziyindilinga noma izibalo ezihlakazekile ezihlakazekile zafakwa.
Abadwebi bamaRoma bachaza isisombululo sesiGreki sezigcawu zezinganekwane ngokuvumelana nesitayela esivamile. Isimo sobuso esibucayi, ukuma okuzolile nokulinganisela kokuthinta, izibalo eziqoshiwe.
Ukunakwa okukhulu kwanikezwa uhlaka olucacile oluchaza ngokucacile imiphetho yengubo. Isibonelo sesitayela sesithathu i-Cicero's Villa ePompeii. Izindawo zamadlelo ezifuywayo ziye zasinda ePompeii naseRoma. Ngokuvamile imidwebo enosayizi omncane, ethi idwetshwe, ngezinye izikhathi iphendwe ngombala owodwa noma emibili.
isitayela sesine
Isitayela sesine sokuhlobisa esakhiwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Isitayela sesine siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sijabule, sihlanganisa ukwakhiwa okuthembisayo kwezakhiwo zesitayela sesibili ngemihlobiso yokuhlobisa yesitayela sesithathu.
Ingxenye yokuhlobisa yemidwebo ithatha uhlamvu lwezingoma zezakhiwo ezimangalisayo, futhi imidwebo etholakala ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi zezindonga inomlingisi wendawo futhi onamandla.
Ububanzi bemibala ngokuvamile buhluka. Iziqephu zemidwebo ngokuvamile ziyizinganekwane. Ubuningi bezibalo ezingakhanyi ngendlela engavamile, eziboniswa ngokunyakaza okusheshayo, zithuthukisa umbono wobubanzi. Umdwebo wesitayela sesine uphinde uphule indiza yodonga, unwebe imingcele yekamelo.
Ochwepheshe besitayela sesine, benza imidwebo yasendongeni, babonisa ezindongeni ingosi yesigodlo ebabazekayo, noma imidwebo elandisayo, eshintshana "namafasitela" lapho izingxenye zezinye izakhiwo zezakhiwo zibonakala khona.
Ngezinye izikhathi, engxenyeni engenhla yodonga, abadwebi babependa imipheme namavulandi anezithombe zomuntu, njengokungathi babheka ababekhona ekamelweni. Ukudweba kulesi sitayela, ukukhethwa kwamapende kwakubuye kube yisici. Ikakhulukazi ngalesi sikhathi bamele izingoma ezinezenzo eziguqukayo noma ezibukhali
Ezithombeni zasePompeii kanye nomoya wamaRoma kuphela kugcinwe. Isibonelo, e-Calle de la Abundancia, emnyango we-workshop ye-dyer Verecundo, odongeni lwangaphandle kwakukhona umdwebo owenziwe ngokunemba kanye nokuqina, okubonisa zonke izinqubo ze-dyer nabasizi bakhe. Isibonelo sesitayela sesine umdwebo wesigodlo sikaNero eRoma (iNdlu Yegolide), umhlobiso wawo omuhle owawuqondiswa umdwebi ongumRoma uFabullus.
Kwakuyisitayela esiwubukhazikhazi kakhulu, esihlanganisa ukwakheka okumangalisayo nokukhohlisayo kwesitayela sesibili, amaphaneli emabula angamanga nezinto zokuhlobisa zesitayela sesithathu (Indlu yeVettii ePompeii, iNdlu yeDioscuri). Kule nkathi kunezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo ezinomphumela weshashalazi kanye ne-scenographic, okuthi, nokho, zisebenze kabusha futhi zihlanganise izici ezithathwe ezitayeleni zangaphambili.
Ama-villas amaningi asePompeian ayehlotshiswe ngale ndlela kusukela ekwakhiweni kabusha ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-62 AD Isibonelo sazo iNdlu yaseVettii, ehlotshiswe ngezigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke (isib. ukulwa phakathi kwamaqhude) futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izigcawu ezine isihloko sezinganekwane.
Imvelaphi yomdwebo waseRoma wasemuva wekhulu le-II-III
Ngemva kokunyamalala kwePompeii, i-Herculaneum ne-Stabiae ngo-79 AD Kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela indlela yokuthuthukiswa komdwebo waseRoma wasendulo, njengoba izikhumbuzo ezisukela ekhulwini le-II-IV zimbalwa kakhulu. Singasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukudweba odongeni ekhulwini le-XNUMX kwanda kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nesitayela sesine sokuhlobisa, lapho ukukhohliswa kwesikhala esikhulu kwadalwa, indiza yodonga manje igcizelelwe. Udonga luhunyushwa ngokulandelana kwezakhiwo zomuntu ngamunye.
Ngaphezu kokudweba lapho kuhlotshiswa ikamelo, kwakusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemabula kanye namatshe aqoshiwe abekwe kokubili phansi nasezindongeni. Isibonelo umdwebo wendlu yoMbusi uHadrian eTivoli, eduze neRoma. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, amasu okudweba okuhlobisa enziwa lula nakakhulu.
Indiza yodonga, usilingi, indawo engaphansi ethuneni yahlukaniswa ngemigqa emnyama yaba ama-rectangles, trapezoid, noma ama-hexagon, ngaphakathi kwayo (njengasohlaka) kwakupendwe ikhanda lowesilisa noma lowesifazane, noma i-motif. izitshalo, izinyoni nezilwane.
Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, indlela yokudweba yasungulwa, ebonakala ngemivimbo egcizelela kuphela imiqulu eyinhloko futhi ilandele ifomu lepulasitiki. Imigqa emnyama eminyene, amehlo achazwe kahle, amashiya, ikhala. Izinwele ngokuvamile zaziphathwa ngobuningi. Izibalo ziyisikimu. Lesi sitayela saduma kakhulu lapho kupenda amathuna obuKristu namathuna amaRoma.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX lama-mosaic athandwa kakhulu. Izibalo zikaMose zihlukaniswa ngokuqina kokuma, umdwebo womugqa wemiphetho yezingubo, indawo yohlelo lombala, kanye nendiza evamile yefomu. Ubuso babalingiswa abamelwe buyantula izici ngazinye.
Kwakuvamile ukuthi izicukuthwane zihlotshiswe izindonga zezindlu zabo zokuhlala kanye nezindlu ezizimele futhi yingakho ubufakazi obuningi bezithombe obufike kithi buvela kulo mongo. Okubaluleke kakhulu emdwebeni wamaRoma kwakuyithonya lamaGreki, elitholakala olwazini lwezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki nemidwebo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke kusukela ekusakazeni kwabadwebi bamaGreki eRoma. Kusukela kumkhakha wamaGreki, umdwebo wamaRoma awugcinanga nje ngofuzo izindikimba zokuhlobisa kodwa futhi ngokwemvelo kanye namaqiniso amele.
Izithombe ze-Fayum funerary
Kanye nomdwebo wamaRoma kanye nensimbi, kunezithombe ezidumile ze-Fayum (ikhulu lokuqala BC - ikhulu lesi-XNUMX AD) okuwuchungechunge lwamaphilisi aseGibhithe afana nezithombe ezibekwe kumufi ngesikhathi sokungcwatshwa. Izihloko zivezwe ziphila, ezinobuso bangempela obuqinile, obumelwe ngaphambili futhi ngokuvamile kusizinda esimaphakathi. Isici salawa maphilisi ukugqama kwesithombe okuhlukile.
Indaba eyisibonelo yokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene, leli qembu lemidwebo laziwa ngokuthi i-Fayum Portraits ngenxa yendawo lapho itholwe khona. Kukhona cishe izithombe zomngcwabo ezingamakhulu ayisithupha, ezenziwe emabhodini okhuni ngendlela ye-encaustic noma ye-tempera phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-XNUMX, futhi zigcinwe zisesimweni esihle kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile saleyo ndawo. Isibalo sabantu ababehlala lapha sasidabuka eGreece naseGibhithe kodwa sasivele sinamandla amaRoma ekusetshenzisweni kwawo, siwajwayelanisa namasiko awo.
Lolu hlobo lomdwebo osetafuleni luwumdwebo wangempela kamufi futhi luyingxenye yemikhuba yomngcwabo wendawo: izindleko nazo zingase zibe phezulu kakhulu njengoba isithombe singahlotshiswa ngamahlamvu egolide ukulingisa amagugu nezinto eziyigugu, sabekwa phakathi. amabhandishi kamama izinsuku ezimbalwa ngesikhathi sombukiso wesidumbu ekhaya ngaphambi kokungcwatshwa.
I-Egyptian Rite, Isiko LamaGreki Kodwa Isitayela SamaRoma: Lo mphakathi uthintwa ubuciko bamaRoma futhi ukopishe izingqikithi namathrendi awo; zonke izithombe zinengemuva elingathathi hlangothi, kodwa zizwakala kakhulu ekunikezeni izici zobuso nemininingwane yezingubo nezitayela zezinwele.
Kulo mkhiqizo kunezinhlamvu eziphindaphindayo ezazisakazeke kabanzi eRoma: amehlo amakhulu, ukubuka okugxilile kanye nokwenza lula kwe-volumetric (ukuchithwa kwezindiza ze-contour nomzimba) nazo zitholakala kwezinye izithombe zamaRoma zenkathi Enzima futhi ngemva nje kwalokho.
Okuhlukaniswa njengesibonelo sokuqala somdwebo weBhayibheli imidwebo ye-Dura Europos (Syria), ehlehlela emuva engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesithathu leminyaka. Ukusungulwa kwesithombe-mfanekiso esisha sobuKristu kuboniswa lapha ukuthi kuthonywe kakhulu isiko le-iconographic lamaGreki-Jewish: imifanekiso yokuqala yobuKristu ikhipha, empeleni, izakhi kanye ne-iconography evela kumlando wamaJuda namaqaba, iwanikeza incazelo entsha yenkolo.
Uma kubhekwa ukuhlobana okuseduze kwe-iconographic kanye nesitayela, kukholakala ukuthi abaculi basebenze ngasikhathi sinye kumakhasimende angamaqaba namaKrestu. Ubuqiniso obuhlala bubonisa ukudweba kwamaRoma kwalahleka kancane kancane ezikhathini zasendulo lapho, ngokusabalala kobuciko besifundazwe, amafomu aqala ukwenziwa lula futhi avame ukubonakaliswa.
Ukufika komdwebo wamaKristu okuqala, owaziwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngemidwebo yemigodi yamathuna ehlanganisa izigcawu zebhayibheli, imihlobiso, izibalo ezivela emongweni wobuqaba namanje kanye neqoqo elicebile lezimpawu eziqondisa izibalo zobuKristu nokuqukethwe (ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi , UMelusi Omuhle). Izibonelo ezidume kakhulu zivela emigodini kaPriscilla, Callisto kanye ne-SS. UPietro noMarcellino (eRoma).
UMose wamaRoma
Ngaphezu kwe-Alexander mosaic, izigcawu ezincane, eziningi eziyisikwele, ezakhiwe ngamatshe anemibala eminingi, zitholwe e-Pompeii futhi zahlanganiswa njengesikhungo sephansi elenziwe kalula. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-emblemata kuhlehlela emuva kukhulu lokuqala BC. Imifanekiso efanayo ye-Hellenistic mosaics itholwe ku-Delos. Izithombe, ezivame ukuba ne-Bacchus ku-panther noma ezisaphila njengesihloko sazo, zifana nemidwebo.
Ihlukile ngephansi elimnyama nelimhlophe, elavela e-Italy ngekhulu lokuqala BC. Zabulawa ngemabula futhi zinemihlobiso yejometri, izitshalo nezimbali ezenziwe ngesitayela, kanye nezethulo ezenziwe lula zabantu nezilwane njengengqikithi yazo, futhi zifanelana ngokuphelele nezakhiwo zazo. umsebenzi. Lo mfanekiso omnyama nomhlophe, ojwayelekile wase-Italy, wathuthukiswa ngempela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, ikakhulukazi e-Ostia, lapho kwenziwa khona izingoma ezinkulu zezidalwa zasolwandle.
Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yombuso baqale bajoyina isiko elimnyama nelimhlophe lase-Italy, kodwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD abantu baqala ukusebenzisa umbala owandayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyisikwele kanye ne-octagonal, lapho kwahlelwa khona izithombe ezihlukahlukene, kwakudumile lapho.
Ubuciko be-mosaic bachuma eNyakatho Afrika, lapho izigcawu ezinkulu zezinganekwane nezigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke zavezwa ngemibala eminingi phansi (indlu yasePiazza Armerina eSicily). I-polychrome mosaics nayo igcinwe e-Antiyokiya. Ngekhulu lokuqala AD, ama-mosaic odongeni ayesetshenziswa kakhulu lapho ukudweba kwakungafaneleki khona (isb. ezakhiweni zemithombo). I-Wall and vault mosaics yangekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX isicishe yalahleka ngokuphelele.
I-mosaic yodonga ithuthukiswe ngokugcwele emasontweni obuKristu (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX). Ngaphandle kwe-mosaic, kwasetshenziswa nendlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-opus sectile, lapho izibalo nemifanekiso kwakwenziwa izingcezu ezinkulu ezisikwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zemabula. Le nqubo yayingasetshenziselwa phansi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezindonga.
Curiosities
- Ngokusho kukaPliny, imibala yayihlukaniswe yaba 'izimbali' (i-minium, i-armenium, i-cinnabaris, i-chrysocolla, i-indicum kanye ne-purposorum) okwakudingeka ithengwe ngokuqondile iklayenti kanye "ne-auster", esikhundleni salokho yafakwa umdwebi ngentengo yokugcina. futhi ngokuvamile yayihlanganisa i-ocher ephuzi nebomvu, umhlaba, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwaseGibhithe
- Kwatholakala ukuthi e-Imperial Villa yasePompeii imidwebo emihubheni, yonke engokwesitayela sesithathu, yayibuyiselwe eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokuqhuma kanye neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela ngemva kokwakhiwa kwayo, okubonisa inani elikhulu kakade elishiwo endulo.
- Imvelo emelelwa emdwebeni wamaRoma njalo futhi kuphela izingadi: emqondweni wesikhathi imvelo ezenzakalelayo yahlanganiswa namasiko amaqaba kanye nokungabikho kwempucuko, izethulo kuphela ezibekezelelwa yilezo zezilwane zasendle ekuzingeleni izigcawu zezinganekwane.
- Ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu eRoma "umhume" onezindonga ezipendwe ngokuphelele watholakala ngephutha: kwakuyiDomus Aurea ye-Emperor Nero. Umdwebi wasenkantolo u-Fabullus noma u-Amulius kusukela ngo-64 kuya ku-68 AD usebenza e-Domus Aurea, eveza amagumbi amaningi ngesitayela sesine se-Pompeian.
Imibala
Imibala yenziwe nge-pigments yemvelaphi yemifino noma yamaminerali kanti i-Vitruvio ku-De Architectura ikhuluma ngesamba semibala eyishumi nesithupha okuhlanganisa emibili yemvelo, emihlanu yemvelo kanye neyisishiyagalolunye yokufakelwa. Eyokuqala imnyama, etholakala ngokubala inhlaka ngezingcezu zokhuni olunenhlaka noma i-pomace eshiswe kuhhavini bese iboshwa ngofulawa, nonsomi, ophuma ku-murex, eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu endleleni yokuthambisa.
Imibala yemvelaphi yamaminerali (amathoni amhlophe, aphuzi, abomvu, aluhlaza namnyama) atholwe ngokukhipha noma ngokubala. I-Decantation iyindlela yokuhlukanisa ehlanganisa ukuhlukanisa izinto ezimbili kwingxube yoketshezi oluqinile ngamandla adonsela phansi (empeleni, okuqinile kuhlala ngaphansi kwesiqukathi kuze kube yilapho lonke uketshezi olungenhla luphela).
I-Calcination iyinqubo yokushisa esezingeni eliphezulu eqhutshwa isikhathi eside uma kuthatha ukususa zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo kwinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali futhi ibilokhu isetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ukukhiqizwa kwemibala kapende, kuhlanganise ne-cerulean. Eziyisishiyagalolunye zokwenziwa zatholwa ekubunjweni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene futhi phakathi kwalezi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-cinnabar (i-vermillion ebomvu) ne-cerulean (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka saseGibhithe).
I-Cinnabar, enemvelaphi ye-mercurial, kwakunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyigcina (yaba mnyama lapho ichayeka ekukhanyeni) futhi yayibiza kakhulu futhi ifunwa kakhulu. Yathengwa ivela ezimayini eduze kwase-Efesu e-Asia Minor naseSisapo eSpain. I-Cerulean yayenziwe ngesihlabathi sezimbali esichotshoziwe se-nitro esixutshwe namafayili ensimbi asomisiwe abese efakwa emagatsheni.
Lo mbala wangeniswa eRoma ngumthengisi webhange, uVestorius, owawuthengisa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Vesterianum futhi wabiza cishe odenariyu abayishumi nanye. Umthetho wasungula ukuthi iklayenti linikeze imibala "eqhakazile" (ebiza kakhulu) kuyilapho imibala "eqinile" (eshibhe kakhulu) ifakiwe kunkontileka. I-workshop, mhlawumbe, yakhiwe inkosi nabasizi bayo.
Lezi zingcweti ezihlonishwayo zaba yingxenye ye-instrumentum yesitolo, futhi lapho isitolo sidayiselwa abanye abanikazi, nabo, kanye namathuluzi okusebenza (izinga, umugqa wokuqondisa, isikwele, njll.) namathuluzi, bashintsha izandla. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuqala entathakusa futhi uphele lapho kuhwalala, futhi nakuba imisebenzi yakhe yayivakashelwa futhi ithakaselwa, ayizange inakwe.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: