I-Inventions and Discoveries of Aristotle okufanele ukwazi

Konke mayelana ne- Okutholwe ngu-Aristotle, owaziwa nangokuthi uyise wefilosofi futhi uyingxenye yososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando, kunemininingwane embalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nayo yonke isayensi. ulwazi mayelana no-Aristotle esikunikeza khona lapha.

ukutholwa kwe-aristotle

Wayengubani u-Aristotle?

U-Aristotle wayeyingane eyakhula ngaphansi kwethonya likayise njengesisebenzi esigodlweni, wazalwa ngo-384 BC. C. emzini wasendulo waseMakedoniya, lokho esikwazi namuhla ngokuthi iGrisi.

Abazali bakhe bashona naye esemncane kakhulu, yingakho agcina enakekelwa umqaphi wakhe u-Proxenus wase-Atarneo, abanye abacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayengumfowabo womunye wabazali bakhe futhi wenza isinqumo sokumdlulisela e-Athens. , konke lokhu ukuze afundiswe kulokho okwakuyisikhungo sokuhlakanipha nolwazi kulo lonke elaseGreece ngaleso sikhathi.

U-Aristotle wafunda e-Academy yase-Athens, eyayibhekwa njengenye yezikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufunda ifilosofi, isayensi nobuciko, yasungulwa ngo-387 BC. C. kaPlato owayengumfundi kaSocrates futhi waba uthisha ka-Aristotle.

Isikhathi sakhe esikoleni samnika ulwazi oluningi, kuyilapho ekwazi ukuqeqesha nezazi zefilosofi ezihamba phambili zangaleso sikhathi, kokubili abafundi nabafundisi. U-Aristotle waba ugqozi lwe Iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei, nakuba lena yayingavumelani kakhulu nefilosofi yaseMakedoniya.

ukutholwa kwe-aristotle the academy

Nokho, weza ukuzosungula ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu nabantu abaningana abavela kulesi sikhungo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona indoda eyahlanganyela neMacedonio ukungqubuzana eyayinakho ngokuphathelene nefilosofi eyagxiliswa kubo uthisha nomsunguli wayo uPlantón.

Ngokuyinhloko yilokhu okwanikeza ingqondo ka-Aristotle inkululeko, okwamvumela ukuba abe isazi sefilosofi esingcono kakhulu emlandweni, njengoba yena, enganelisekile ngezimfundiso azizuzayo, wanquma ukuzakhela eyakhe ifilosofi.

Ngemva kokushona kukathisha wakhe, yena, njengabanye abafundi abaningi, wasuka e-Athene waya edolobheni lase-Aso, namuhla elaziwa ngokuthi iTurkey, lapho ahlangana khona noPythias, owayeyisihlobo esiseduze sikaHermias, umngane wakudala waseMacedonia futhi agcine esengunkosikazi wakhe wokuqala nonina wezibulo lakhe.

Ngemva nje kokushona komngane wakhe, u-Aristotle waya edolobheni elisendaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Island of Lebos, lapho ahlangana khona nomngane wakhe omdala u-Theophrastus futhi ndawonye bafundiswa isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi leyo yezilwane. terrestrial (zoology) kanye nezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Wacelwa ngokuqinile enkosini yendawo okwakuyidolobha lakubo ngaleso sikhathi, ukuba afundise umndeni wasebukhosini futhi abe umfundisi walokho okwakuyokwaziwa ukuthi ngelinye ilanga omunye wababusi abahamba phambili kulo lonke elaseGreece nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, nokho, lesi sazi sefilosofi salangazelela okwengeziwe, ngendlela yokuthi sasungula imfundiso yaso ekusungulweni kwaso, eyaziwa ngokuthi iLyceum.

ukutholwa kwe-aristotle i-lyceum

Lesi sikhungo saziwa ngokukhulu ukushesha, nokho, sasifana nezinye izikole zangaleso sikhathi, njengokuthi zazifundisa amakilasi namasemina okungadingeki ukuthi bakhokhe, lokhu babekwenza ukuze noma ubani edolobheni akwazi. hamba uyofunda ngesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kokushoda kwezimali zokukhokhela amakilasi.

Washada okwesibili owayeyisithandwa sakhe ngemva kokushona komkakhe, kuthiwa nalo wesifazane wakhulelwa izingane ezimbalwa, nokho, owaziwa kakhulu kwakunguNicomaco uyise athi uphefumulelwe ukubhala uchungechunge lweshumi. izincwadi zokuziphatha kanye nobuhle.

Lapho ebona ukuphila kwakhe kusengozini ngenxa yezingxabano zomphakathi ezazibangelwa ukufa kombusi ngaleso sikhathi, wahamba nomkhaya wakhe baya esiqhingini saseGreece, lapho ashona khona ngemva konyaka ngenxa yokugula okunzima okungaziwa kuze kube manje. manje.

Wafundani u-Aristotle?

Lona omunye wemibuzo evame kakhulu mayelana nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe, ngoba kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izifundo azinikezela ukuphila kwakhe nolwazi, kodwa-ke, kufanele sigcizelele ukuthi le ndoda ayizange ifunde egatsheni elilodwa lanoma iyiphi isayensi, ngoba Ubukhulu bokuqonda kwakhe kwahamba kakhulu kangangokuthi wakwazi ukufunda izifundo ezifana ne-physics, astronomy, biology, ipolitiki namanye amagatsha amaningi.

Wayeyindoda enelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, ethanda ulwazi ngokwethembeka, umbono wakhe wawusekelwe ekubalulekeni kwemfundo ukuze abantu bathole ikhono lokuhlaziya nokubuza yonke into, hhayi nje ekufuneni ulwazi kodwa nokuthola iqiniso eliphelele. inqobo nje uma kunengqondo.

Yini u-Aristotle ayithola?

I-Los Okutholwe ngu-Aristotle ngisho nanamuhla basaqhubeka nokunikeza okuthile abangakhuluma ngakho, izindlela zabo zokuhlola zisasetshenziswa futhi nakuba amanye amagalelo aye angena emlandweni, ngaphandle kokungabaza, le ndoda yayiyithonya elibalulekile lenqubekelaphambili ngesikhathi sayo kanye nokwanda kolwazi kwabaningi. izindawo zokufunda.

I-Aristotelian logic

Le filosofi isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi izimpikiswano ezenziwa esihlokweni esithile, ukuhlaziya, ucwaningo noma isimo esithile zisekelwe ekuqaguleni okungafakazelwa yindlela ethile. Ngokwesibonelo; uma izinsolo zokushaya zisekelwe ebufakazini obuphathekayo obufana nofakazi noma ividiyo, isitatimende kufanele sibe yiqiniso.

Ezifundweni ezifana nefilosofi, imibono, imfundiso yenkolo namanye amagatsha ezemfundo, umqondo wokubona nekhono lokwazisa akusizi kona ngokwako, ngoba kudingekile ukubona okungaphezu kwalokho izinzwa ezivamile ezingakuhlukanisa, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqiniseka nokucabanga. sicashe ngalokho okubonakala kuyiqiniso, yingakho kufanele sibe nenhloso lapho sibhekene nobunzima futhi sicabange kahle ngaphambi kokukhuluma.

Ipolitiki ka-Aristotle

Ku-Aristotle, umholi ufeza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ebuholini besizwe, njengoba engumuntu ohola izakhamizi ukuthi zihambisane nochungechunge lwemithetho nemiklamo eqinisekisa inhlalakahle yomuntu.

Kulezinsuku sonke siyazi ukuthi ukuba ngumbusi akuwona umsebenzi olula, abakwazi ukuvele baqhubeke nempilo bebeka imiyalo engahleliwe ngendlela abafuna ukuyisho futhi abasoze bakwazi ukujabulisa zonke izakhamizi zabo, yingakho izizwe kufanele zibe phakathi. icala lomuntu oqinile ezinjongweni zakhe futhi oqeqeshelwe ukukwazi ukwazisa amakhono omuntu ngamunye njengomuntu ngamunye ngokwehlukana nanjengengxenye yomphakathi.

ukutholwa kwesithombe se-aristotle

Iminikelo kuBiology

Isazi sefilosofi sangena ngokujulile emhlabeni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, sakwazi ukuqhathanisa okuningi phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe, ikakhulukazi izilwane, futhi yilokho okwamvumela ukuba aqale lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo. imibuso yemvelo, ngokuhlukanisa izilwane ezinomgogodla nezingenamgogodla zibe amaqembu amabili.

Inhloso yakhe eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo zezilwane kwakuwukufuna inzuzo ethile ekwakhekeni kwesilwane ngasinye, acacise ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yebala lalowo oxoxwayo isebenzela ini nokuthi isimo saso sakhiwe kanjani uma siqhathaniswa nesinye.

Izindlela zokufundisa

U-Aristotle uthe inkumbulo iwukuqagela okungacacile kwalokho okwakukhona, sikhumbula okuthile okwenzekile lapho sikuhlobanisa nesikhathi sethu samanje futhi kule nqubo ingqondo ikhiqiza izithombe noma imisindo ehlobene nesikhathi okwenzekile. Lokhu akwenzeki ngengozi futhi inkumbulo isebenza ngemodi ezenzakalelayo, njengoba ingqondo yethu isebenza ngokushesha kunathi futhi ivusa izinkumbulo ngisho nangaphambi kokuba siyihlanganise.

Kodwa-ke, inkumbulo isinika amazwibela kuphela okungenzeka ukuthi kwaba khona ngempela futhi ayibonisi ukuthi kwenzekeni ngqo, ingqondo ikwazi ngisho nokushintsha noma ukuqeda izinkumbulo lapho ivusa izikhathi zokucindezeleka okukhulu nokushuba.

Yingakho kungeyona yonke into ephilayo esesikhumbuzweni, ngoba asikhumbuli okwenzeka njalo nangawo wonke umzuzu esiphila kuwo. Uma ubukhona bebusekelwe ekuphileni ezinkumbulo, bekuyosithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweyodwa yokuphila ukuze sibuyele kuzo zonke izikhathi zomlando wethu, futhi lokhu bekungeke kusivumele ukuthi siye phambili.

Ukubaluleka Komkhuba

U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo sempumelelo siwukubekezela, ukuthi ngokwalokho esikujwayele ukukwenza, umphumela esizowuthola kufanele ufane ngekhwalithi nangenzuzo. Umkhuba awuwona nje umsebenzi ophoqelelwe esiwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, kusho ukuziqeqesha ukuze lesi kube esinye isinyathelo sokufeza izinhloso zethu.

“Siyilokhu esikwenza ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ubuhle-ke akusona isenzo; Kuwumkhuba". Aristotle

Indlela yesayensi

Wafundisa ukuthi isici esiyinhloko okufanele sisetshenziswe ophenyweni kwakuwukuqaphela, ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda noma imuphi umbono noma inkolelo-mbono inamaqiniso aqinisekisiwe futhi angatholwa ngezifundo ezibambekayo, hhayi nje izinkolelo-mbono ezisekelwe ekucabangeni okungenangqondo kokuthi «kungaba yini. uma…”

Wabuye wasiyala ukuthi kufanele sibe nelukuluku lokwazi, imibuzo engaholela esifundweni isisiza ukuba siqonde ngokujulile isihloko esiphenywayo. Yonke imiphumela etholiwe kufanele ikwazi ukuboniswa futhi kuxoxwe ngayo, ukuze kuthi uma omunye umuntu engavumelani nomphumela, lo muntu angasebenzisa indlela yesayensi ukuze aqinisekise inkolelo-mbono yakhe.

umhlaba awusiwo square

Nakuba ayengeyena owokuqala ukubhekana nenkolelo-mbono yokuthi umhlaba uyindilinga, waba ngowokuqala ukuqinisa izimpikiswano zakhe ngobufakazi obuphathekayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakwazi ukunikeza umbono omfishane ngokuba khona kwamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni futhi wakwazi ukunikeza umbono omfishane ngokuba khona kwamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni kanye nokuba khona kwamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni. insimu kazibuthe by ukwakheka komnyombo womhlaba.

Iminikelo Yesayensi

Kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi imibi isazi sefilosofi esasinayo ngokungabi nawo amathuluzi abalulekile esinawo namuhla yayiminingi, yaze yamkhinyabeza emsebenzini wayo nokwenza ukuthi afinyelele eziphethweni ezaphika iminyaka eminingi kamuva, nokho, lokhu. akusho yini ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe ubungenamsebenzi, ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba la maphutha enza kuphela yonke imibono yakhe ebingaqinisekiswa yazuza ukubaluleka namandla phakathi neminyaka edlule.

Aristotle kanye Inventions yakhe

I-Los Okusungulwe ngu-Aristotle baguqule ucwaningo nokufundisa kwamagatsha esayensi nezenhlalo, bayisibonelo esicacile sokucabanga nokuqonda. Nazi izinto aziqambile ezibaluleke kakhulu:

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwendaba kanye nefomu

U-Aristotle wabumba incazelo enikeza incazelo nokubaluleka komphefumulo, wagomela ngokuthi umzimba awulutho ngaphandle komoya nokuthi yilokhu okuphawula umngcele phakathi kwabafileyo nabaphilayo. Umphefumulo ungumoya, usinika isifiso sokwenza izenzo futhi uxhumeke nomzimba uwenza usebenze kumuntu.

Kufakazelwa ukuthi umzimba ngaphandle komphefumulo awuyona into engaphezu kokudla komhlaba, noma kunjalo, akukakakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphefumulo uyini ngaphandle komzimba, kunemibono eminingi kanye nemibono mayelana nalokhu, kodwa nanamuhla kukhona. azikho izindlela zokuqinisekisa noma yikuphi kwalokhu.

I-Binomial Classification System

Wakha indlela yokuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ukuze zingadideki futhi kungabikho uhlobo olunegama elifanayo. Kunezigidi zezinhlobo ezehlukene emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ukudideka emagameni avamile kuvamile ngenxa yomehluko wezilimi kanye nokuhumusha igama elinalo lisuka kwesinye isichazamazwi liye kwesinye.

logic ehlelekile

Kuyindlela yoguquko emagatsheni amaningi esayensi, isiza ukuhlukanisa ingqondo ngokusebenzisa ingqondo yokuqhathanisa, lapho singathatha khona imiphumela emibili ukuze siyiqhathanise futhi sithole esinye isiphetho esisekelwe kulawa maqiniso amabili afakazelwe.

amandla

Kwaziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwefilosofi lapho ukuhlakanipha kutholwa ngolwazi, okuyilapho leli gama livela khona. U-Aristotle wayengeyena yedwa isazi sefilosofi esabhekana nalo mbono, nokho, kulula ukumhlukanisa kwabanye ababhali, njengoba umcabango ngamunye usekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile.

U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi nawo wonke amagatsha olwazi kwakungeke kuvele kuvele nje, njengoba kungenzeka ngemfundiso yenkolo ngokwesibonelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi ngaphezu kwawo wonke amaqiniso kufanele aqinisekiswe, kufanele futhi abe nesisekelo esiqinile nokuthi yini engcono Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho. , lokhu kunganikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kungani ithiyori ilungile.


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