Ake sikhulume ngalokho emcabangweni odumile umngane othembeke kakhulu wabathakathi: ikati. Sizokwenza ngaphezu kwakho konke ngombono womlando, sigxile esiqeshini sezindaba, ezikhathini zamuva, esizuze okulandelayo okulandelayo.
ake siphinde sixoxe izinganekwane ezimnyama nama-clichés mayelana neNkathi Ephakathi, kodwa kulesi senzakalo sibhekene necala elithile: ukwazi okungokomlando okuyiphutha akusuki ekuhlaziyweni ngokuxhamazela noma okukha phezulu kwamaqiniso omlando, njengasendabeni ye Malleus Maleficarum (umgunyathi odumile owawuphumelele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi); kulokhu kumane kuyinkohliso eyenziwe ngaphandle kokuboniswa okuncane kwesitayela.
Kuyinto a noticia ukuthi, naphezu kwamanga ayo, ithole udumo olukhulu kubasebenzisi bamanethiwekhi; esinye isiqinisekiso sokuthi abantu abaningi kakhulu abasazihluphi ngokubheka imininingwane futhi baqinisekise ukuthi akunjalo izindaba ezingamanga, ngaphambi kokwabelana ngayo.
Ukuphika lezi zindaba, kufanele kuqashelwe, kwakwanele ukuthola umbhalo (otholakala kuwebhu) wenkunzi yamapapa ekhonjiwe lapho.
Ngaphambi kokuthi siqhubekele “ekuphikeni”, sizoqala nge-akhawunti yamaqiniso njengoba ibikiwe.
Ixoxwa kanjani "indaba" mayelana nokuqothulwa kwamakati
Ngo-AD 1233 uPapa Gregory IX wakhipha incwadi inkunzi kapapa » Vox eRama ": Ingabe umyalo oqukethwe kulo mbhalo ugunyaziwe? Bulala amakati! Eqinisweni, uhlu lwezinsikazi lwaluzomelela ukuzalwa kukaSathane eMhlabeni ngezigaba zesonto.
Lokhu kwaholela ekuqothulweni okuhlelekile kwamakati eYurophu: nomaphi lapho ayetholakala khona, ayeshiswa endaweni yomphakathi. Lolu shushiso olubi olubhekiswe kubangane bethu abangamadevu lwaluyothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu!
Ukushoda kwamakati kwaba nomthelela eminyakeni embalwa ekwandeni kwamagundane: umphumela waba ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu i-Black Death yathatha ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yabantu baseYurophu.
Indaba yeqiniso
Ngo-1233 AD C., uPapa Gregory IX, enkunzini » Vox eRama "wabika indaba yomunye wababhali bakhe baseJalimane mayelana nehlelo likaSathane elalisakazeke eJalimane: phakathi nemihlangano yaleli hlelo, udeveli wabonakala esesimweni sezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nekati elimnyama. Akukho lapho enkunzini kapapa lapho kukhona umyalo noma okukhulunywa ngakho ngokuqothulwa kwezinsikazi.
Siyazi ukuthi izincwadi zenkathi ephakathi zazisebenzisa izinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu nezifaniso: kwakungavamile ukuthi isilwane sifanekisele isici esihle noma esibi seqiniso: ikati elimnyama, inyoka nesikhova, ngokwesibonelo, ziyizimpawu zesiko laseNtshonalanga zobumnyama nobubi.
Apocalypse
ETestamenteni Elisha, ngokulandelana ku i-Apocalypse kanye neZenzo zabaPhostoli, uSathane uhlotshaniswa ngokukhethekile nenyoka kaGenesise futhi eqhathaniswa nengonyama ezulazula yonke indawo ifuna engamshwabadela.
Nokho, umuntu wenkathi ephakathi wayehlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuba ahlukanise phakathi kophawu neqiniso. Ukuqhubeka ngesifaniso, singakhumbula ukuthi udeveli wayevame ukuhlotshaniswa nomfanekiso wembuzi, nokho awukho umbhalo wanoma yikuphi ukuqothulwa kwezimbuzi eNkathini Ephakathi!
Ikati nomthakathi
Ucezu lwezindaba oluphindwa kaningana ngonyaka odlule lusitshela ukuthi e-Triora, idolobha laseLigurian elaziwa ngokuzingela abathakathi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abaphathi bakamasipala bazomisa isifanekiso sokukhumbula wonke amakati abulawa uphenyo. Kuyakhathaza ukuthi abaphathi bomphakathi bafakazela amanga athile omlando.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuthiwe lokho uMasipala waseTriora uhlala uhlobo lwe-Halloween engapheli, eheha izivakashi ikakhulukazi "ngomnyuziyamu wayo wokuhlushwa". Kule mnyuziyamu kukhonjiswa ama-trinkets namagajethi ahlukahlukene manje avumelana ngazwi linye izazi-mlando zibhekwa njengamangamanga. Abantu bendawo nabo bakhuluma nge- inqwaba yomlilo lapho kwashiswa khona abathakathi abangaba ngamashumi amathathu: Ukube lokhu bekuyiqiniso, bekungaba ukubulawa kwabantu okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni wabantu abasolwa ngokuthakatha, okungaphezu kwamacala abathakathi baseSalem. Umbono womlando owabiwe kakhulu ukuthi, esikhundleni salokho, bonke abamangalelwa, ekupheleni kwenqubo ethathe isikhathi eside, bakhululiwe futhi bakhululwa.
Kwesinye isikhathi ezincwadini zasekupheleni kwenkathi ephakathi ikati lihlotshaniswa nabathakathi kanye covens, noma ngezinye izikhathi nezihlubuki, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda obubonisa ukuthi zazisidelela kakhulu isilo ngalesosikhathi kunabanye.
Umngane wami uPangur Ban
" Ikati lami u-Pangur Bán kanye nami sinomsebenzi ofanayo:
igijima ngenjabulo ijaha amagundane, ngizwa ngijaha amagama
ubusuku nemini." (…)
Lawo ashiwo amagama okuqala ka-a inkondlo eyabhalwa cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX yindela yase-Ireland amanuensis. Phawula indlela yothando umbhali abhekisela ngayo esilwaneni.
Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, umuzwa ojwayelekile wokuba nomusa kumakati awubonakali unciphile, ku-"Rule of the anchorites", incwadi yezindela eyabhalwa ngo-1200, siyafunda: "Ngeke ube nesilwane, sithandwa sami. odade, ngaphandle kwekati elilodwa kuphela ".
Hamba uyofuna amagundane!
Iqhaza lekati njengesikhali esisebenzayo ngokumelene namagundane laliwumbono owabiwe kusukela eGibhithe lasendulo futhi layigcina le ndima ngisho nangeNkathi Ephakathi. Amakati ayesakazeke kakhulu ezigodini zezindela: izinqolobane zemithetho yenkolo zazigcina inqwaba yokudla okungase kube izisulu zamagundane. Kodwa kwakuyimitapo yolwazi eyayisongelwa kakhulu yilolusongo; singalokotha sithi ukubhekana namagundane kwakukubi kakhulu kunokubhekana nomlilo; kwanele ukuthi amagundane ambalwa enze isidleke sawo phakathi kwamashalofu futhi izindela zazizozithola zihlaselwa amagundane futhi ingxenye yomtapo wolwazi yaququda. Isixazululo esisebenzayo kuphela kwakuwukuthola ikati elilodwa noma amaningi.
ngezinye izikhathi kwakuyisiko dala izimbobo ezikhethekile eziyindilinga eminyango yangaphakathi yezakhiwo ezivumela ukudlula kwezilwane ezifuywayo zisuka kwelinye igumbi ziye kwelinye: lokhu Yilokhu okwenzeka e-Exeter Cathedral, eNgilandi. Izincwadi zesonto lombhishobhi elifanayo nazo zilandelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izindleko zokunakekela amakati!
amakati angenisiwe
Okunye okwehlisa umqondo wokuzondwa kwe-visceral kwamakati eNtshonalanga YamaKristu yimicimbi eminingi exhumene nokungeniswa kwezilwane eYurophu.
Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ukungena eYurophu kwekati laseCarthusian kungalandelelwa. Cishe yayingeniswa ngabalweli Benkolo ababebuya eZweni Elingcwele futhi kamuva yakhuliswa ezindlini zezindela ze-Carthusian oda, lapho ithatha khona igama layo.
amakati ezindlini
Okukhulu ngokulinganayo kwaba impumelelo yamakati, kanye nokubamba amagundane abanekhono, njenge mascotas. Imilando isho lokho Getrudis of Nivelles, umlandu owaphila ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, wayenamakati amaningi kanye naye, ewaphatha ngokucophelela nangothando. Nanamuhla kuyakhunjulwa USanta Gertrudis njengosanta ongumvikeli wamakati. Umdwebo osesithombeni odumile wangekhulunyaka le-XNUMX ubonisa usanta ezama ukuthola omunye wabangane bakhe abangabangane ukuthi adlale ngephini lokuphotha.
Ngisho no-Santa Chiara nezindela zakhe, ngokwezindaba ze-hagiographic, bakha ubuhlobo nekati, "sora Gattuccia", owayethandwa kangangokuthi ukuba khona kwakhe kwakubekezelelwa ngisho nangesikhathi semicimbi yenkolo. Iqiniso lokuthi le ndaba iqukethwe ku-hagiography, okungukuthi, embhalweni obhaliwe ukufundisa ukuziphatha kwezenkolo, kusenza siqonde ukuthi isibalo sekati asizange sikhathazeke kakhulu.
Ngo-1265, emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka ngemva kokukhishwa kwencwadi kapapa okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, kuthiwa Eleonora Plantagenet, U-Countess waseLeicester nomzukulu kaRichard Cuordileone, bathenga ikati.
amandla namakati
Amanye amalungu ahlukahlukene ezicukuthwane, kanye nabefundisi phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance babegcina amakati njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Isabella d'Este, umkaMarquis waseMantua, wayenekati okuthiwa uMartino ayelithanda kakhulu: ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1510, lo mhlonishwa wayenomngcwabo owakhelwe wona.
Ngisho nangale kweNkathi Ephakathi, amakati ahlala engesabi mascotas kwezenkolo: Cardinal Richelieu (umphikisi omkhulu we-Alexandre Dumas ethi "The Three Musketeers," ukuze kucace) wazizwa emthanda kakhulu ngamakati abo: ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1642 wayeneminyaka eyishumi nane ubudala, futhi ingxenye yefa lombhishobhi omkhulu yadluliselwa kubo.
Isifo sekhulu le-XNUMX
Umsuka walolu bhubhane olwacekela phansi iYurophu kusukela ngo-1347 awukacaci. Imibono yakudala ithi ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kungenxa yezimo ezingezinhle zenhlanzeko kanye nokuntuleka kwendle. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo, nakuba kungase kube khona ukuqaphela okugcwele ngokubaluleka kokuhlanzeka komzimba, kwase kunemikhuba ehlobene nokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufakazelwa kabanzi ukuthi kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX bekukhona, okungenani ezindaweni zasemadolobheni amakhulu, izinhlelo zokukhuculula indle ezakhiwe kahle (mhlawumbe "izindlalifa" zamapayipi endle aseRoma) nokuthi, lapho kwakungekho simiso sokukhucululwa kwendle, izindlela ezingajwayelekile. yokulahlwa kukadoti. Babesemfashinini.
Iqiniso liwukuthi lolu bhubhane aluzange lube khona eYurophu kodwa lwangeniswa eMpumalanga ngemigudu emikhulu yohwebo. KANYEEzimbanjeni zemikhumbi amagundane anda; amazeze emagundwaneni angaluma futhi athelele amatilosi, noma ayengathola lesi sifo ngokuqondile ngokuthintana nezakhamuzi zezindawo okufikela kuzo.
Ngakho-ke singaphetha ngokuthi ukuqothulwa kwamakati akuzange kwenzeke kuphela, kodwa ukuchichima kwezinsikazi ngokuqinisekile bekungeke kuvimbele ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo.