Izinguquko ze-Goldberg: Ifomu, Izinguquko, Ukutolika nokunye

Izinguquko zeGoldberg bagqama phakathi kweqoqo lomculo wepiyano lomhlaba wonke njengomsebenzi womculo obabazekayo ongakaze ube khona futhi nawo owabhalwa. U-Johann Sebastian Bach wayengumqambi odumile nodumile emlandweni womculo waseNtshonalanga owayemele isitayela somculo sobuciko be-Baroque.

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Yiziphi Izinguquko zeGoldberg?

I-Goldberg Variations, i-BWV 988, igama elinikezwe ukwakheka kwesitayela somculo sekhibhodi, elakhiwe umhleli we-baroque wemvelaphi yaseJalimane u-Johann Sebastian Bach ngonyaka we-1741.

Ekuqaleni kwayo yayibizwa ngombhali u-aria ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukene kwe-harpsichord enamakhibhodi amabili, okungukuthi: Aria mit verschiedenen Verænderungen vors Clavicimbal mit 2 Manualen, umsebenzi womculo wahlelwa ngezikhathi lapho uBach esebenza njengomculi eBandleni laseSanto Tomás. de Leipzig.

Igama layo livela ku-harpsichordist kanye nomfundi we-Bach u-Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ube ngowokuqala ukuyicula. Ngokufanayo, kubhekwa njengobuciko bomculo kaBach.

I-Goldberg Variations ibonakala imise okwe-harpsichord enamakhibhodi amabili, ehumusheka ensimbini yomculo enamakhibhodi amabili, eyodwa yawo etholakala ngaphezu kwesinye; mhlawumbe, futhi kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile emisebenzini ehlelelwe i-harpsichord, lapho esinye sezandla sidlala ucezu kwelinye lamakhibhodi amabili, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi lwekhibhodi, umkhuba wokudlala i-harpsichord.

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi leli thuluzi lekhibhodi, -njengesitho somoya- lalivamile ngalezo zikhathi.

Izinguquko zeGoldberg esakhiweni somsebenzi kaBach: iClavier Übung

I-Clavier Übung, igama lokuqala elanikezwa, ngolimi lwesiJalimane ngaleso sikhathi, ekuqoqweni kwezingoma zekhibhodi ezaqanjwa ngu-Johann Sebastian Bach, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, alishicilela ngezingcezu ezine, ngesikhathi iminyaka 1731-1742.

Njengamanje i-Goldberg Variations yaziwa njengegama eliyinhlanganisela elithi Klavierübung, elake lahunyushwa olimini lwesiSpanishi, lisho "ukuzivocavoca kwekhibhodi", nokuthi u-Bach awuthole kumanduleli wakhe u-Johann Kuhnau, ukwakheka kwe-Baroque yaseJalimane, nesidlali sezitho zomzimba. Kuyisifinyezo sezigaba somsebenzi wakhe wohlobo lwekhibhodi, olwahlukaniswa lwaba izingxenye ezine.

Kungenzeka ukuthi umbono wakhe uBach ngokwakhe awuqoke uLiebhaber, ohumusha izithandwa ezikhangayo ezinhle futhi eziqinile, u-Bach wabeka njengesihlokwana salo msebenzi omuhle kakhulu, kanye nakweminye yemisebenzi yakhe: UDenen Liebhabern zur Gemüths-Ergetzung verfertiget.

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ingxenye yokuqala kaClavier Übung owaziwayo, yakhiwe kuma-partitas ayisithupha (ucezu lomculo wensimbi eyodwa) njenge-BWV kusukela ku-825 kuya ku-830, ngonyaka we-1731.

Ngonyaka we-1735, baziwa ku-Concerto yase-Italy, i-BWV 971 kanye ne-French Overture, i-BWV 831 njengengxenye yesibili neyesithathu eyanyatheliswa ngonyaka we-1739, kuhlanganise ne-BWV organ partitas kusukela ku-669 kuya ku-689 ngobuningi baseJalimane, kanye namaduwo amane e-BWV clef kusukela ku-802 kuya ku-805. I-Goldberg Variations yashicilelwa njengesitolimende sesine nesokugcina.

Lo msebenzi omuhle we-Goldberg Variations, njengoba uba uchungechunge lokuqala lwemisebenzi yomculo ebalulekile, ye-counterpoint, indlela yokuthuthukisa kanye nokuqanjwa komculo okwazisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamazwi amabili noma ngaphezulu amahhala, u-Johann Sebastian Bach, azowuthatha umvuthwandaba wakhe. umsebenzi wobuciko. umculo, njengokuthi: : Umnikelo womculo, BWV 1079, Das musikalische Opfer kusukela ngonyaka we-1747.

Kungabonakala futhi Ezinhlobonhlobo Ezimangalisayo maqondana nekhwaya kaKhisimusi ethi “Von Himmel hoch”, BWV 769, Kanonischen Veränderungen über “Von Himmel hoch” da 1747 to 1748, kanye ne-The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080, Die Kunst der Fuge.

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Igama eliqokiwe elithi Aria (itimu eyinhloko) mit verschiedenen Veraenderungen vors Clavicembal mit 2 Manualen, limele ngokukhethekile i-harpsichord yamakhibhodi amabili, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-harpsichord, ikakhulukazi njengethuluzi elifanele lokulidlala.

Ukuba ngelinye lamathuba amathathu, lapho u-Bach aphawule khona ukuthi kwakuyithuluzi lomculo elikhethekile lokutolika imisebenzi yakhe ebabazekayo, ngokushaya kwakhe i-Italian Concerto BWV 971 kanye neFrench Overture BWV 831. Ungakwazi futhi ukujabulela I-Metamorphoses ka-Ovid

Ngenkathi i-Goldberg Variations ishicilelwa ngo-1741, equkethwe eNcwadini IV ye-Clavier Übung, yamane yabizwa ngokuthi "i-aria enezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ze-harpsichord enezincwadi ezimbili". Ummeleli obabazekayo wekhibhodi, kanye nomqambi uJohann Gottlieb Goldberg, igama lakhe lafakwa emsebenzini ngo-1802, lapho nje uJohann Nikolaus Forkel, isazi somculo saseJalimane kanye nomculi wezingoma zomculo, eshicilela umlando wakhe omusha weBach.

Kodwa-ke, mayelana nendikimba yeGoldberg Variations, ubuciko bobuciko bukaBach, ayilandeli kahle iphethini eyaziwayo. Kusukela emcimbini onjalo, kuthiwa u-Johann Sebastian Bach wayengakaze abe ngumuntu othanda ukuhlukahluka kwendikimba, futhi njengoba kuboniswa okwamanje, phawula ukuthi kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe kukhona umsebenzi owodwa kuphela wesitayela esifanayo, njengoba icala lezinhlobonhlobo "ze-Italian".

Lo mqambi ohlakaniphile ohamba ngegama lika-Johann Sebastian obheja ku-Goldbergs, umqondo obalulekile nojulile, kunesenzo esilula sokubukisa. Ebukhoneni bakhe, ebuya endaweni yaseGoldberg, umelela incazelo enkulu, ebona sengathi ukubuya kweGoldbergs ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe kufanele kuhunyushwe njengesandulela sokubuyela kokugcina ekubeni yiqiniso, okungukuthi, iqiniso elingokoqobo. lokufa kwakhe kwangempela.

Kwakhiwe izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zemiculo ka-Bach, kanye neka-Goldberg, futhi ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zabo, kuye kwavela impikiswano phakathi kwalabo abavumelanayo nalabo abangazithandi.

Umsuka kanye nengxabano ngobunikazi be-aria

Kulesi siqeshana se-athikili, sizobe sikhuluma ngokuzalwa kanye nengxabano ebhekisela ekubhalweni komculo, siqhubeka nesihloko se-biography kaBach, njengoba sishilo esigabeni esandulele, kungenxa kaJohann Nikolaus Forkel, odalula kuyo kanye naleyo eyanyatheliswa ngonyaka we-1802, ukuhlukahluka kwakungaphansi kwesibopho sikaBach, ngu-Count Hermann Carl von Keyserlingk, inxusa laseRussia enkantolo yaseDresden.

Ubani owayengumbhali oyinhloko wokuthi u-Bach aqokwe “njengomqambi wenkantolo yaseSaxon”, esekela umdlali we-harpsichord wenkantolo yakhe, u-Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, owayengumfundi okhaliphile kaBach, ukuthi aphazanyiswe nabo ebusuku, lapho isibalo sihlushwa ukuqwasha.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isibalo samzuzisa kakhulu uBach, samnika inkomishi yegolide, eyayinesamba esikhulu se-louis d'or ngaphakathi, efana nama-thaler angu-500, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisitezi sonyaka njenge-cantor ye-Thomaskirche yaseDresden. idolobha.

Ngokufanayo, uJohann Nikolaus Forkel, wabumba ingxenye ye-biography yonyaka ka-1802, ngemva kweminyaka engu-60, ukunemba kwayo kuye kwanikeza okuningi ukucabanga ngakho. Cishe kungenxa yokuntula ukuzinikela obekuzobekwa ekhasini lokuqala lomsebenzi.

Bathi ngesikhathi sokushicilelwa komsebenzi, uGoldberg wayeneminyaka engu-14 kuphela ubudala, lokho uForkel akushoyo kumshiye engabaza, naphezu kokuthi uGoldberg wayesevele edumile njengomculi we-harpsichord onolwazi, kanye nommeli omuhle. izindaba zomculo.

Kodwa-ke, kuhle ukuqaphela kulokhu ukuthi komunye wemibhalo yamanje, isidlali sekhibhodi kanye nomcwaningi onolwazi ku-Bach, uPeter Williams, uthi indaba ekhulunywa nguForkel ingamanga ngokuphelele.

Ukuba yisihloko esihlale sidonsela ukunaka ku-genesis yanoma yisiphi isihloko, kulesi sikhala, sifuna ukunciphisa kancane mayelana nalolu daba, ngoba kuzwakala kuthakazelisa ukwazi umsuka walo.

Indaba futhi isitshela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi Goldberg wayesebenza enkonzweni Count Kayserling, inxusa Russian, futhi admirer omkhulu, futhi ngandlela-thile umvikeli Bach. Ngakho, isibalo kwakuyindoda eyayingakwazi ukulala, futhi ngokuvamile wayebiza umculi wakhe wehabhu ukuze adlale futhi ejabule ngomculo wakhe ebusuku esegumbini lakhe eliseduze elaliseduze nelakhe.

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Ngokunjalo, kusho emlandweni wayo ukuthi kolunye uhambo lwakhe oluya eLeipzig, u-Count Kayserling wenza isiphakamiso ku-Bach, owayezozinikela ekubhaleni izingcezu zomculo ukuthi kokuqukethwe kwazo zizobonisa izici ezimnandi nezijabulisayo ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokho kungaba ekhethekile yokuzijabulisa nokujabulisa.

Kungaleso sikhathi lapho u-Bach, ethanda njengomculo we-sarabande owabhalwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule futhi wavikelwa encwadini yokubhalela ka-Ana Magdalena, futhi wanezela kuwo ukuhlukahluka okungamashumi amathathu, eshiya isibalo sithakazelisa "ukuhlukahluka kwayo". Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wanikeza umqambi ikhophi embozwe ngegolide ngekhulu louis d'or.

Ubunikazi be-aria

Ngokuphathelene nalesi sici, ngokubhekisela ekubhaleni komculo, bekulokhu kukhona iqiniso lokubuza, lapho abanye bephikisana ngokuthi empeleni kusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zangempela zikaBach ngokwakhe ukuthi, uma ehluleka lokho, azihambisani, eziphikisana nezimbalwa eziningana. imibono yesitayela noma inkulumo yolimi, eneziqephu ezisuselwe ocwaningweni nasekuhlaziyweni kwemithombo, kanye nosuku lokubhala.

Umcwaningi ngale ndaba kanye nesazi somculo saseJapane, u-Yo Tomita, ugcizelela ukuthi nakuba ingoma ikopishwe embhalweni II we-Little Book ka-Anna Magdalena Bach, ukuthi yabhalwa ngesandla sakhe siqu, ngaphandle kokushiya igama lomqambi noma isihloko sesiqephu, singasho ukuthi mhlawumbe umbhali walo msebenzi akaziwa.

Ngokuphathelene nalesi sihloko, kuningi okushiwo, njengoba kuboniswe ngu-Yo Tomita, ngenxa yokuthi i-aria e-bass, noma mhlawumbe ingxenye yokuqala yayo, iyindikimba evamile, lapho ngingakwazi ukuhlukanisa khona izibonelo ezimbalwa eziqukethwe ku-repertoire. eyekhulu le-XNUMX.

Ngenkathi abanye ochwepheshe nabacwaningi ngale ndaba beqinisekisa ukuthi u-Bach wayezikhawulele kuphela ukuboleka eminye yemibono yakhe kusukela esemncane ngomculo wakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izazi, njengesazi somculo saseJalimane u-Arnold Schering, zibambelela ekutheni zisekelwe ekuqaphelisweni kwesitayela, futhi ziveza ukuthi uhlelo lokuguquguquka nokuthuthuka akulona olwangempela ku-Bach.

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Nakuba umbhali nommeli waseJalimane u-Franz Leopold Neumann evikela inkolelo-mbono yokungabhali kuka-Bach, kuyilapho u-Robert Marshall, usomabhizinisi nosopolitiki, evikela ubunikazi buka-Bach, bafinyelela ezingeni lokubhekana nomphakathi ngemibono yabo.

Kodwa-ke, u-Yo Tomita uphetha ngokuthi ngokusobala umqondo ovezwe uMarshall uye waphumelela ngenxa yezinkulumo zokulotshwa kuka-Anna Magdalena, cishe zango-1740, zinembe kakhulu kunalezo ezikhonjiswe umphikisi wakhe. Kungangokuba kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi uMagdalena ulobe umculo weminye yemibhalo kaBach, kucatshangwa ukuthi isisebenzi ubengawusebenzisa ukuqopha.

Zonke lezi ziphetho, kanye nalezo ezishiwo isazi somculo kanye noprofesa wase-Harvard University, u-Christoph Wolff, kusukela ekufingqweni kwemithombo, kubonakala sengathi zedlula iziphakamiso ngaphambilini ezisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesitayela.

Ngokunjalo, isazi-mlando kanye nesazi somculo uDavid Schulenberg sigcizelela ukuthi lo mculo awunawo owesiNtaliyane noma owesiFulentshi, ngokusobala lokho okunesitayela sasenkantolo saseJalimane kuphela, kanye nezinye izikhombo ezimholela ekubeni aveze ngaphakathi kombhali kaBach, ikakhulukazi ukuguqulwa okuhle kwe isigqi esinamanothi ageleza aqine kakhulu kunothi lokugcina.

Ukushicilelwa

Ukushicilelwa kwe-Goldberg Variations kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-1741, ngawo lowo nyaka ezahlelwa ngawo, noma mhlawumbe kwakungonyaka ka-1742, ngenkathi umdali wabo esaphila, okuyinto engeyona inkambiso. Umhleli ophethe umsebenzi kwakungumhleli ogama lakhe linguBalthasar Schmid, waseNuremberg, uBach agcina ubungane bakhe obukhulu naye.

Umshicileli uSchmid weza ezonyathelisa umsebenzi, ngenqubo yokuqopha ezingcwecweni ezikhethekile zensimbi yethusi, nakuba into engcono kakhulu yayiwukuthi wayezosebenzisa izinhlobo ezinyakazayo; imisho yohlelo lokuqala yabhalwa nguSchmid ngokwakhe. Kungabonakala kuhlelo ukuthi okuqukethwe kwayo kunokuphrinta okungalungile okuningi.

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Kungafakazelwa esembozweni somsebenzi, izincwadi zesiJalimane ezithi: Clavier Ubung, bestehend, in einer ARIA, mit verschiedenen Veraenderungen, vors Clavicimbal, mit 2 Manualen.

UDenen Liebhabern zur Gemüths, Ergetzung verfertiget von. UJohann Sebastian Bach. Konigl Pohl. I-Curfl. Ama-Saechs. Hoff. Umqambi, uCapellmeister. Umqondisi. IChori Musici eLeipzig. I-Nürnberg eVerlegung. Balthasar Schmids, okusho ukuthi ngesi-Spanish lokhu okulandelayo: “Ukuzivocavoca kwekhibhodi okusebenzayo, okuhlanganisa i-ARIA enokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kokhiye onamakhibhodi amabili.

Idizayinelwe ongoti, ukuze bajabulele imimoya yabo, ngu-Johann Sebastian Bach, umqambi wenkundla yasebukhosini yasePoland kanye nenkantolo yoMkhethi waseSaxony, uKapellmeister kanye noMqondisi Womculo Wamakhwaya eLeipzig. Nuremberg, Balthasar Schmid, umhleli”.

Kulo mbhalo obalulekile, kunenani elincane kuphela lamakhophi ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye akulolu shicilelo lokuqala, agcinwe esigabeni samamnyuziyamu nangaphakathi kwamaqoqo emibhalo ethathwa njengeyinqaba.

Kuwo wonke lawa makhophi, lowo onenani elikhulu kakhulu, ngoba unezilungiso ezithile nezengezo ezenziwe ngumqambi ngokwakhe, lapho ungabona khona umphelelisi lapho kubhalwe khona imiyalo eyishumi nane ye-BWV 1087, egcinwe ku-National Library of France , Paris.

Amakhophi ashiwo ngenhla awukuphela kwento etholakalayo ukuze isetshenziswe abashicileli besimanje abahlukene, abazama ukwethembeka enjongweni ka-Bach. Kodwa-ke, kuyagcinwa ukuthi amaphuzu okuqala naphelele agcinwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke awazange ahlale. Ngenkathi elinye lamakhophi alotshiwe omculo watholakala ekhophi ka-1725 encwadini yokubhalela yomfazi wesibili kaBach, ogama lakhe lingu-Anna Magdalena.

Isazi somculo kanye noprofesa uChristoph Wolff ubheka ukuthi u-Anna Magdalena wathatha umsebenzi wokukopisha ingoma ephuma kumaphuzu azenzakalelayo cishe kusukela ngonyaka we-1740, ovela emakhasini amabili angenalutho ayengaphakathi kwebhukwana.

umumo nesakhiwo

I-Goldberg Variations yenziwe ngetimu ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-aria, equkethe ukuhlukahluka okungamashumi amathathu nokushintshwa kwe-aria noma i-aria da capo, okusho uhlobo lwe-aria yomculo we-baroque obonakala ngesimo sawo se-ternary, ezingxenyeni ezintathu.

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Ngempela, okuzihlanganisayo phakathi kwazo zonke izingxenye zazo akungenxa yomculo ofanayo, kunalokho, kungenxa yesizinda sokuhlukahluka kokuvumelana emgqeni webhesi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imiculo ivamise ukushintsha, nokho, ingaphakathi kwetimu engapheli.

Itimu emgqeni webhesi

Itimu eyinhloko yomsebenzi, i-Goldberg Variations, yembula ngobude bezinhlelo ezingamashumi amathathu nambili emgqeni we-bass ostinato ye-aria, okuyisibalo esiphindwa kaningi ocezwini lomculo, kanye nesokuqala saso. izinhlelo eziyisishiyagalombili ziyafana nalezo zetimu ye-Chaconne ezinokuhlukahluka kwamashumi ayisithupha nambili kokuthi G enkulu, i-Handel HWV 442, njengoba kushiwo nguChristoph Wolff.

UGeorg Friedrich Haendel, umqambi waseJalimane, wahlela izingoma zakhe ezithandwayo zeSpanishi, phakathi kweminyaka ka-1703 no-1706, eyanyatheliswa umshicileli u-Witvogel, edolobheni lase-Amsterdam ngonyaka ka-1732, kwathi ngonyaka ka-1733 eLondon, yaba ingxenye. yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Suites de Pièces pour le harpsichord.

Ngenxa yokuthi uWitvogel udume ngokusizakala ngoBach njengomsabalalisi wemisebenzi yomqambi nomshayi we-ogani owaziwayo, uConrad Friedrich Hurlebusch waseJalimane-Dutch, ngokolwazi olwatholwa ngeminyaka yo-1735-1736 kuCompositioni musicali per il Cembalo. de Hurlebusch, engatholwa "eKapellmeister Bach yaseSt. Thomas School eLeipzig".

Ngakho-ke uBach kwakufanele azi ukuthi yayiyini i-chaconne ka-Haendel, kungaba ngohlelo lwase-Amsterdam lwango-1732, noma ngohlelo lwaseLondon lwango-1733, ngoba uBach wagcina enze izinhlelo zakhe zokuhlukahluka ngonyaka ka-1741.

U-Bach kumelwe ukuba wawuqaphile umyalo olula wezingxenye ezimbili osekela ukuhlukahluka kwe-Chaconne ye-Handel. Ngaphezu kwalokho akubona ngeso lengqondo kusukela kuphethini ye-ostinato eyakhiwe ngamanothi ayisishiyagalombili, asetshenziswa u-Haendel njengendikimba eyinhloko eyayizokhuthaza u-Bach, amandla ahlanganisiwe ayinkimbinkimbi ashiwo encwadini yakhe yezokuphila abaziswe kubo ngezansi:

Wayedinga kuphela ukuthi ezwe itimu yokwazi - impela ngaleso sikhathi - cishe noma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi ubuciko obungayiveza ekwelapheni kwabo.

Ophenyweni luka-Bach, wathola ukulingana okuhle okungaba khona maqondana namanothi ayisishiyagalombili, nawo akhiqiza uchungechunge lweCanons Eyishumi Nane ye-BWV 1807, kamuva eyafakwa embhalweni wakhe wesandla we-Clavier Übung IV.

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Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umjikelezo wokuhlukahluka kwe-Bach, wanquma ukungajwayeli ukweqisa kwamanothi ayisishiyagalombili, noma olwazini oluphoqelekile lomsebenzi wobungcweti ngokuphelele. Ngale ndlela, wakha i-ostinato bass, ngendlela emelela kahle, wenza ukunwetshwa kwayo ngokuphindwe kane, ukuze akwazi ukunikeza ukuqiniswa okuvumelanayo kweculo, okwakuvusa amadlingozi futhi kuphazamise ngobuhlakani ukunaka kwebhesi, elihumushayo. isakhiwo sangempela esakha umjikelezo wokuhlukahluka.

Umsebenzi womculo uchazwa ababhali abathile ngokuthi i-passacaglia, okusho uhlobo lomculo lwemvelaphi yaseSpain, kanti abanye bayibheka njenge-chaconne, nokho, ingahlukaniswa kulokhu okulandelayo: itimu ye-chaconne ngokuvamile ikhula emigoqweni emine nje, kuyilapho i-aria inwebeka ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu ezihlelwe ngamabha, ngayinye ngokuphindaphinda.

U-Bach, osebenza njengomqambi we-passacaglias, ucwiliswe kumkhuba omkhulu futhi obanzi oqukethe uSweelinck, uScheidt, uFroberger noPurcell, u-pre-Bach nabangane bakhe uJohann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, kanye nomalume wakhe uJohann Christoph Bach. amanye asebenzisa ngisho nokuhluka kumabhesi, afana kakhulu nelika-Bach ekuqambeni kwakhe.

Kuyafaneleka ukubalula ukuthi u-Bach ukhuphula ukuhluka kufinyelele ezingeni elidlulele, ukuthi yimisebenzi elandelayo kuphela efaneleka ukuqhathaniseka, njenge-Beethoven's Diabelli Variations.

Izinguquko emsebenzini kaBach

Ukuhlukahluka kweGoldberg, kuhle ukuveza, ukuthi uBach akazange azinikezele ekudaleni inani lemisebenzi ngendlela ye-aria enokuhlukahluka, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingachazwa kuphela njengenye yazo, i-Aria variata alla maniera Italiana BWV. 989, awenza eWeimar ngonyaka ka-1709.

Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Goldberg Variations akufanele ifakwe kulo msebenzi, njengoba kubonakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezingoma, njengemisebenzi emibili ephawulekayo, njengePassacaglia yesitho se-BWV 582, kanye ne-Chaconne ku-D encane ye- umdlalo wevayolini eyedwa omakwe ngenombolo 2 BWV 1004.

Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi u-Bach wayenokukhathazeka okuthile ngokuphikisana nendlela yomculo yokuhluka, njengoba abanduleli abaningi abadumile nabaqanjwe besikhathi sinye bamemezela izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu ezazibakhumbuze kakhulu.

U-Bach wayengumlingiswa owayengakaze abe nentshisekelo yokuzuza ukunqoba okulula, okwabekwa njengenhloso yokuzama ukuphakamisa uhlobo lulonke ngomlingisi wokuxhumana wokuhlukahluka kobuciko obuphezulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izinga elingokomoya elalingaziwa isikhathi..

Izinguquko-Goldberg-8

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somsebenzi

U-Roswitha Borsche ugcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi wakhiwe ngokwezimiso ezisemthethweni zobuciko be-baroque. Ingabonakala enguqukweni yeshumi nesithupha, eyakheke ngendlela ye-symphony yesiFulentshi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesingeniso sayo esincane, esiyingxenye yayo yokuqala yokuphunyuka okulandelayo, hhayi ngokuqinile, engxenyeni elandelayo yendikimba i-bass, ecabangisisa ngokuningiliziwe kwezakhi ezimbili zomsebenzi.

Ngemva kokubonisa i-aria, ekuqaleni kwesiqephu somculo, ukuhlukahluka okungamashumi amathathu kukhiqizwa. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu, ochungechungeni lwamashumi amathathu, umyalo uboniswa ngokulandela iphethini ephezulu. Ngakho-ke, ekuguquguqukeni kwesithathu kunesimiso ku-chord, owesithupha ubhekisela kumthetho owodwa kuya kwesibili, oqala ngesikhawu sesibili phezu kokungena kokuqala; kuyilapho ukuhluka kwesishiyagalolunye kuwumthetho wesithathu, futhi ngale ndlela sifinyelela ukwahluka 27, okubhekisela kumthetho wesishiyagalolunye.

Ekuhlukeni kokugcina, esikhundleni somyalelo njengoba kungase kulindelwe, libhekisela ku-quodlibet, ehumusha uhlobo lomculo oluhlanganisa izingoma eziphikisanayo, ngokuvamile izingqikithi ezithandwayo.

Ngokufanayo, kungabonakala, ekuhlukeni kwe-10, i-Fughetta kanye ne-22, inqubo yomculo, i-Alla, emfishane ebekwe ezindaweni ezinkulu ezikhethekile esakhiweni esilinganiselwe, kodwa, ngebanga lokuhlukahluka okuyisithupha, ngokuphathelene nokuhlukahluka kwe-16 i-central, eyakha i-eksisi, i-Overture, okusho ukuvuleka, isingeniso esibalulekile somsebenzi omangalisayo, womculo noma cha, okhomba isakhiwo esikhulu se-ternary esifihliwe sezigaba.

Ngokunjalo, kuyaphawulwa ukuthi i-harpsichordist uRalph Kirkpatrick ugcizelela Ukuhlukahluka kweGoldberg, phakathi kwemithetho eqondiswe ngokulinganayo kumodeli.

Esimeni lapho izakhi eziyinhloko zigwenywa kokubili ekuqaleni nasekupheleni, ngokuqondile ku-aria, ukuhluka okubili kokuqala, okungukuthi: i-quodlibet kanye ne-aria da capo, izakhi ezisele zihlukaniswa kanje: ezibekwe zilandelwe ngemva kwesimiso ngasinye, kukhona izingcezu zohlobo lwezinhlobo ezahlukene, phakathi kwazo okungagqanyiswa imidanso emithathu ye-baroque, (4,7 kanye ne-9); i-fugheta (10); i-French overture (16), kanye nama-arias amabili ahlotshisiwe abekwe esandleni sokudla (13 kanye ne-25).

Amanye avela endaweni yesibili, ngemva komyalelo ngamunye (5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 kanye no-29) yilawo abhekisela ku-Kirkpatrick, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-arabesque" okusho ukuthi: ukuhlukahluka endaweni yokuhlala Enokwanele. ukweqa izandla. Le modeli ye-ternary: i-canon, umdanso wobulili kanye ne-“arabesque”, isetshenziswa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye zilandelana, kuze kube yilapho i-quodlibet ihlukanisa izingcezu indilinga.

Uma ukuhlukahluka okungamashumi amathathu sekuqediwe, u-Bach ugcizelela ukuthi u-Aria da Capo è fine, okuhumusha ukuthi umhumushi kufanele aqale ekuqaleni (da Capo) futhi aqale ngokuchazwa kwe-aria ngaphambi kokuphela.

Izinguquko-Goldberg-9

UWolf ugcina umbono wokuthi uBach uphambana nokunyakaza kwecanonical ngendlela ehlelekile, kodwa ngendlela egodliwe kakhulu, ukuze kuvele izinga lokubona kwalowo ohumushayo, kuyilapho lowo olalela i-canonical counterpoint, kanye ne-non-. i-canonical counterpoint, isibonisi esiyindida sokuklama kwayo okuhle nokukhanga kwemvelo akufanele kuhlukaniswe.

Ngakho-ke ngokombono ohlangene kaKirkpatrick, uWolff noDahler ukuhlukahluka kungacatshangwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 1 (umdanso we-baroque: courante). Ama-Arabesques: Ukuhluka 2. AmaCanons: Izinhlobonhlobo 3 (i-unison canon)
  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 4 (umdanso we-baroque: udlulile). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 5 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukwahluka 6 (canon kuye kweyesibili)
  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 7 (umdanso we-baroque: i-jig noma i-Sicilian). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 8 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukwahluka 9 (i-canon kuye kweyesine)
  • Izinhlobo zokudansa: Ukuhluka 10 (uhlanya). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 11 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukuhluka kwe-12 (i-canon kuye kweyesine)
  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 13 (i-aria yesandla sokudla). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 14 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukuhluka kwe-15, (i-canon kuye kweyesihlanu)
  • Izinhlobo zokudansa: Ukuhlukahluka kwe-16 (i-French Overture). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 17 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukuhluka kwe-18 (i-canon kuye kweyesithupha)
  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 19. Ama-Arabesques: Ukuhlukahluka 20 (arabesque). AmaCanons: Ukwahluka 21 (canon kuya kowesikhombisa)
  • Izinhlobo zokudansa: Ukuhluka 22. Arabesques: Ukuhluka 23 (arabesque). Ama-Canons: Ukwahluka 24 (canon kuya kowesishiyagalombili)
  • Izinhlobo zokudansa: Ukuhluka 25. (i-aria yesandla sokudla). Arabesques: Ukuhluka 26 (arabesque). AmaCanons: Ukwahluka 27 (canon kuya kweyesishiyagalolunye)
  • Imidanso yohlobo: Ukuhluka 28. Ama-Arabesques: Ukuhlukahluka 29 (arabesque). AmaCanons: Ukuhluka 30 (quodlibet)

Izinguquko ze-Bach Goldberg

Le ngxenye ye-athikili izochaza cishe i-aria kanye ne-Goldberg Variations, ngokwemibono ephakanyiswe abadlali abahlukahlukene nabaqambi. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi atholwe emithonjeni ehlukene nokuthi aphinde ahlangane ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene zokuthi ukuhumusha kwawo kufanele kukhulunywe kanjani, noma kunjalo, kuhle ukwazisa ukuthi akuzona zonke ezivela ezigabeni ezilandelayo.

Umsebenzi womculo wawuhlelelwe i-harpsichord enamakhibhodi amabili noma amabhukwana. Ukwehluka okulandelayo kungabonakala kumphumela: 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27 kanye no 28, okumele kuhunyushwe ngamabhukwana amabili, inqobo nje uma umehluko: 5, 7 kanye 29, ingenziwa ngekhibhodi eyodwa noma ezimbili.

Nokho, ngobunkimbinkimbi obukhulu, umsebenzi womculo ungenziwa, futhi ngokusebenzisa i-harpsichord eyodwa-manual noma, uma uhluleka, ngopiyano. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuphelele konke ukuhlukahluka kuboniswa ku-shades ye-G enkulu, ngaphandle kokuhluka: 15, 21 kanye no-25, okuqoshwe ngethoni ye-G encane.

I-Goldberg Variations ihlelwe yaba izakhi ezimbili, okusho ukuthi, isethi A, elandelwa isethi B, ngokuvamile ngokubona komhumushi, uma kwenzeka eyikhiqiza noma cha, kokubili kokubili, noma futhi. angeke ikwenze nanoma yimaphi amasethi.

Umshayi wopiyano owazalelwa eHungary u-András Schiff ubeka izizathu zokuthi u-Bach ubonisa umculi ukuthi kufanele akhiqize kabusha iqembu ngalinye noma isigaba, okunomphumela wokuthi ukungahambisani nalokhu kuzolimaza ukuhambisana okuhle komsebenzi womculo nezilinganiso zawo: “umculo omnandi awumude kakhulu, okufushane kakhulu ukubekezela kwabalaleli abathile"

Iningi le-Goldberg Variations lenziwe ngamabha angamashumi amathathu nambili, wona ahlukaniswa abe izingxenye ezimbili zamabha ayishumi nesithupha okufanele adlalwe kanye ngayinye. Nokho, ukuhluka okulandelayo akufakiwe: 3, 9, 21 kanye no-30, ngoba aqukethe izingxenye ezimbili zamabha ayisishiyagalombili, ngayinye okufanele idlalwe kanye; kanjalo nokwehluka 16 okwakhiwa ingxenye yokuqala yemigoqo eyishumi nesithupha, nenye ingxenye yesibili enemigoqo engama-32, okufanele ngayinye ikhiqizwe kabusha ezingxenyeni ezimbili.

Igama elinikezwe ukuhluka ngakunye, elethulwa ngokuqhubekayo, lifana naleli elisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ze-Bach-Gesellschaft, elibhekisela emphakathini owadalwa ngo-1850, okuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, buqongelela, bahlele futhi bashicilele konke. imisebenzi edumile kaBach.

Umphakathi waseBach-Gesellschaft, ukuze ufeze umgomo wawo, wawusemsebenzini onzima wokuqoqa nokuqeda, iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, ukuze wenze kube nokwenzeka iqoqo lokuqala elaliqediwe. Phakathi kwazo, zishiywe zinjengoba zinjalo, ngokuhlonipha izimpawu zokubhala, okuqukethwe kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane, kanye nezifinyezo ze-Bach-Gesellschaft, ngaphandle kwezinye ezitholakala embhalweni wesandla obalulekile, oye wabhalwa. ethathwe kuhlelo oluphrintiwe, ngu-Bach uqobo, olugqanyiswe kubakaki abayisikwele.

Aria

Uma ukhuluma ngegama elithi Aria, lisho ucezu lomculo, olunikeza isici esinengqikithi yezinhlobonhlobo zeGoldberg. Njengoba kunjalo nge-baroque emele "i-aria enezinhlobonhlobo". Izinguquko zisekelwe emculweni we-aria yokuvula, noma kunjalo, kulokhu umugqa ku-bass, ikakhulukazi ama-harmonies aphumayo, azosebenza njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlukahluka.

I-aria ye-Goldberg Variations iyi-sarabande esikhathini esingu-¾, esakhiwe ngamaqembu amabili noma izigaba ezinezilinganiso eziyishumi nesithupha ngayinye, futhi evame ukuba khona ngesikhathi somsebenzi, ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka: 3, 9, 21 kanye no-30, lapho inani lamalungu afanayo lihhafu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-aria, kanye nokuhluka kwesethi ngayinye noma isigaba, kufanele kudlalwe kanye.

I-Goldberg Variations: 2, 4, 6, 16, kanye no-25, ibeka iziphetho ezihlukene emdlalweni wokuqala nowesibili wesigaba ngasinye. I-aria ingumculo ohlotshiswe kahle kakhulu. I-aria yesitayela sesiFulentshi ijwayelekile ukubukeka ihlotshiswe kahle ukuze kugqanyiswe ingoma. Kukhona otolika abathile abanquma ukungabonisi imihlobiso ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe inguqulo egqama kakhulu yileyo ehambisana neka-Wilhelm Kempff, ophiyano.

Kodwa-ke, uPeter Williams, isazi somculo esidumile, uqinisekisa ukuthi iqiniso liwukuthi ingqikithi yokuhlukahluka ayiveli ku-aria, ngokuphambene nalokho, ivela esihlokweni sokuhluka kokuqala. Lo mbono uqinisekisa ngokuvikela ukuthi umsebenzi ubhekisele ku-chaconne, kunokuba umsebenzi oqhubekisela phambili uhlobo lwe-aria lweqiniso ngokuhlukahluka.

Khona-ke, i-aria iboniswa njenge-sarabande, ekhiqizwa kabusha ngendlela eqondile, kulokho okulotshwe encwadini yesibili ka-Anna Magdalena, engumngane womshado kaBach wesibili owaholela ekuqoqeni izingxabano ngonyaka we-1725. Ngenxa yokufana kwe-Anna Magdalena Izingoma zika-Anna Magdalena ngaleso sikhathi, kucatshangwa ukuthi wabhala i-aria yonyaka we-1740.

Ungabona ithoni eyisisekelo ye-G enkulu, ekugcineni kwesethi yokuqala noma isigaba setimu evamile kusigqi esishintsha u-D ovelele, bese, ngethoni ethi E minor, okuncane ngokulandelana kwe-G enkulu, umsebenzi. ibuyela emuva esiphethweni setimu ku-tonic.

Okulandelayo, sizobe sikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziphawula i-aria, okungukuthi:

Ukuhluka 1 kuya ku-1 Clav. Ukuhluka 1: Iminithi 9:25

Le 1 kuya ku-1 Clav variatio iwuhlobo oluhle, olunethezekile oludlalwa ngesikhathi esingu-¾ oluveza ithoni ethambile, ephuphile ye-aria. Isigqi sigqama ngokunyakaza phakathi kwamabha 1 kanye no-7, ngokubeka isandla sokudla ku-accent kusigqi sesibili.

Ukuma kwezandla kuhlanganiswe ngesilinganiso se-13, ngesikhathi sokubhalisa phezulu kuya phansi, ukubuyisela ukuvumelanisa kwezinye izilinganiso ezimbili. Ngokombono ovezwe u-Dahler, ukuhluka kungacatshangwa njengomdanso ofana ne-courante, okusho ukunyakaza komdanso we-baroque ngesikhathi esiphindwe kathathu.

Phakathi nezilinganiso zokuqala ezimbili zengxenye yesibili, isigqi sikhiqiza leso sengxenye yokuqala, nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kushunyekwa umqondo ohlukile. Izazi zomculo ezingongoti uWilliams noDahler babambelele ekutheni lo mbono unikeza ukuhluka kwe-polonaise halo, uhlobo lomculo olunomnyakazo omaphakathi kanye nesigqi se-ternary.

Isigqi sakhe savela ekusebenziseni isandla sobunxele, njengoba u-Bach asebenzisa kuPartita yakhe ukuze adlale i-violin eyedwa engunombolo 3 yezingcezu zakhe kanye namafomula akhe omculo asetshenziselwa ivayolini eyedwa i-BWV 1001-1006, kanye nasekubhalweni kunothi elikhulu lombhalo wokuqala. kusukela ku-Harpsichord elinganiswe kahle.

Izifundo eziningi kubuciko bomculo, zigcina ukuthi itimu ebhekise kumugqa webhesi walokhu kuhluka kokuqukethwe kwayo isekelwe kokunye ukuhlukahluka, futhi hhayi kuleso se-aria ngokuqondile.

Ukuhluka 2 kuya ku-1 Clav. Ukuhluka 2. Iminithi 10:35

Kuculo elilula eliphikisayo, elethwa izingxenye ezimbili ngesikhathi esingu-2/4. Imigqa emibili iyahlangana esenzweni saphakade semizwa yabo kokuqukethwe komculo oqhubekayo okhona kubhesi. Iwucezu olufana nohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Esigabeni ngasinye kukhombisa isiphetho esihlukile sokuqala nesesibili.

I-Variatio 3. Canone all'Unisono. A 1 Clav. Ukwehluka 3. ICanon ngazwi linye: Iminithi 11:25

Kubhekiselwa kowokuqala Wokuhlukahluka kwe-Goldberg, ngendlela ephelele yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, noma ukunyakaza kobuciko, kule ndaba ethize iculo lokucula: ingoma eqinile iqala ngokunembile kunothi elifanayo nedlule. Njengakuwo wonke amanye ama-canon e-Goldberg Variations, ngaphandle kwasesimeni sokuhluka 27, Canone alla nona, umugqa webhesi osekela kukho konke ukuhluka.

Umkhondo wesikhathi esingu-1/8 nokusetshenziswa kwe-tresillo, okubhekisela eqenjini elikhethekile lokulinganisa elakhiwe izibalo ezintathu ezilinganayo, likhomba uhlobo oluthile lomdanso oncishisiwe. Inani elikhulu labadlali livamise ukuyidlala ngesikhathi esisesilinganisweni, nokho, abanye bakhetha ukuyidlala ngokuthambile, njengoba umculi wamahabhu waseJalimane u-Hans Pischner noma u-Charles Rosen benza ophiyano.

Ukuhluka 4 kuya ku-1 Clav. Ukuhluka 4: Iminithi 12:55

Njengaku-passepied, kungumnyakazo onesitayela somdanso we-baroque, inguquko ethathwe ngesikhathi esingu-3/8 lapho isigqi samanothi esishiyagalombili sigqama khona. Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela, kulokhu, ukuthi u-Bach usebenzisa ukulingisa okufanayo, nokho, akunembile: imodeli yomculo yengxenye ethile iphinda ivela kamuva kubha kwenye ingxenye, ngezinye izikhathi iguqulwa.

Kungabonakala ukuthi isethi ngayinye noma isigaba ngokuvamile sifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngendlela ehlukile ekukhiqizeni kwesibili. Njengengxenye yomculi we-ogani uKate Van Tricht, uhumusha lokhu kwehluka ngesivinini esiphansi.

I-Variatio 5 kuya ku-1 ovvero 2 Clav. Ukuhluka 5. Iminithi 13:45

Lena eyokuqala ye-Goldberg Variations, ezingxenyeni ezimbili, eyenziwa ngezandla ezihlanganisiwe. Iboniswa esikhathini esingu-¾. Umugqa womculo osheshayo ovezwa ngokuyinhloko kumanothi eshumi nesithupha, oseduze nomunye umculo, onobude benothi elide, okuholela ekugxumeni okubanzi.

Lolu hlobo lwe-Goldberg Variations lusetshenziswa, "kwisitayela saseNtaliyane" esaziwayo sokudabula isandla: isandla esisodwa sinyakaza njalo ukusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesobunxele, phakathi kwemisindo ephakeme nephansi, idlula enye ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyilapho ihlala phakathi nendawo. yekhibhodi edlala imisindo ediza kakhulu.

Abadlali abaningi badlala lokhu kuhluka ngokushesha ngendlela eyinqaba, okumele kuveze ukunemba okukhulu. Impela izinguqulo zika-Glenn Gould, uma usepiyano, ziphakathi kwezisheshayo, ezihlala imizuzwana engama-35 ngaphandle kokudlala. Kodwa, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi otolika abathile, abesigaba esinjengoKenneth Gilbert ku-harpsichord, bakwenza ngendlela ekhululekile futhi ekhululekile.

I-Variatio 6. ICanone alla Seconda a 1 Clav. Ukwehluka 6. ICanon ukuya eMizuzwini yesibili 14:20

Lokhu okwesithupha kokwehluka kweGoldberg, kuyicanon kuya kweyesibili: okungaguquki kuqala ngokuphumula kwesibili okukhulu, ngephimbo eliphakeme kunalelo elihlongoziwe. Ucezu lusekelwe esikalini se-decadent ngesikhathi se-3/8.

Lesi siqeshana sichazwa nguKirkpatrick njengecala "elicishe libe ne-melancholy tenderness". Ingabonakala esigabeni ngasinye, inesiphetho esihlukile sokukhiqizwa kwayo okubili.

I-Variatio 7 kuya ku-1 ovvero 2 Clav. Ngesikhathi sikaGiga. Ukuhluka 7. Iminithi 15:00

Lokhu kuhluka ekukhiqizeni kwakhe kabusha i-Goldberg Variations, u-Bach, ubhala ukuthi lo mdanso wenziwa ngesikhathi se-6/8, futhi wanconywa ukuthi wenziwe ngesikhathi se-di Giga, kucacisa ukuthi i-jig ingumdanso ohlakaniphile futhi onamandla aphezulu.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Bach akuzange kubekwe esihlokweni esiyimfihlo sesiFulentshi kwaze kwaba ngu-1974, izinguqulo zangaphambi kwalokhu kuhluka zazenziwa, ngendlela ekhululekile, ngokuvamile njenge-loure noma iSicilian.

Nokho, kungavezwa ukuthi kukhona ukutolika ngemva kuka-1974, okuwukuqoshwa kukaGlenn Gould, uWilhelm Kempff no-Angela Hewitt, phakathi kwabanye abaningi abaqhubeka besebenza kancane, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukuyiziba indlela evamile yokuhumusha. ukuthi iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, noma njengoba uchwepheshe wekhibhodi nomhumushi, uDavid Schulenberg owaziwa kakhulu, wathi, mayelana nokwembulwa kwerejista kaBach, "okwamangaza abagxeki bekhulu lama-XNUMX, ababonisa ukuthi ama-jigs asebenza ngokushesha futhi okwedlulele.

Ngalokho abakuvezayo, ukuthi, "naphezu kwegama lesiNtaliyane elithi "giga" libhekisela "ku-giga yesiFulentshi", okuvame ukukhululeka, ngakho-ke, u-Schulenberg ugcizelela ukuthi ukwakheka kwesigqi esikhona kulokhu kuhluka kufana ne-jig. okwesibili kwamanothi e-French, noma i-jig ye-Overture ngesitayela sayo sesiFulentshi, i-BWV 831, ebonisa kukho kokubili umugqa webhesi kanye nomculo ohlotshiswe kahle.

Ukuphetha, u-Schulenberg ugcizelela ukuthi "akudingekile ukuhamba ngokushesha" futhi wengeza ukuthi "ama-trill amaningi amafushane nama-appoggiatura avimbela ukuhamba kakhulu ku-tempo". Ngokufanayo, umculi wopiyano u-Angela Hewitt, uthi u-Bach wayezama ukuxwayisa ngokumelene nokuvumelana ngesivinini esincane kakhulu, ukuze aguqule umdanso ube yifomu ye-forlane noma yaseSicilian, evumelana no-Schulenberg, obhekisela "ku-giga yesiFulentshi", kodwa hhayi "ku-giga yase-Italian", ayihumusha njengomphumela wejubane elisheshisa kancane.

Ukuhluka 8 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 16:20

Kulezi Zinguquko zeGoldberg, uvela futhi ezingxenyeni ezimbili ngezandla ezixhumene, ngesikhathi se-3/8. Ngesitayela sesiFulentshi, esisetshenziswa kuleli thuba ukuwela izandla: izingxenye ezimbili zidlala endaweni efanayo kukhibhodi, enye ingaphezu kwesinye. Akuvamile ukuba nzima ukucula ku-harpsichord enamanuwali amabili, nokho, kunzima kakhulu ukuyidlala ensimbini yepiyano.

Iningi lezilinganiso libonisa iphethini ehluke kahle eyenziwe ngamanothi ayishumi nanye nesithupha, kanye nekhefu leshumi nesithupha nxazonke, noma amanothi ayishumi nesithupha kanye nesishiyagalombili. Kungabonakala kalula ukuthi kukhona ukweqa okukhulu emculweni, njengoba kwenzeka emigoqweni engu-9 kuye ku-11: ukugxuma kwama-octave amabili, aziswa kusukela ku-B low, maphakathi C, kubha 9, kanye naphakathi C kuya okukodwa kwesishiyagalombili, okuphezulu ku-bar 10.

Ingase futhi ibonakale kusukela ku-G ngenhla maphakathi C, kuya ku-G i-octave ephakeme ngesilinganiso esingu-11. Izigaba ezimbili zigcina ngeziqephu ezehlayo kumanothi wesi-XNUMX, okusho inothi lomculo elinesikhathi esilingana nengxenye yenothi leshumi nesithupha.

I-Variatio 9. Canone alla Terza a 1 Clav. ICanon kuya kweyesithathu: Iminithi 17:15

Lokhu kuhluka kubhekise ku-canon okwesithathu esikhathini esingu-4/4. I-bass line inamandla kakhulu kunama-canon angaphambilini. Kungukuhluka okufushane kakhulu, amabha ayishumi nesithupha kuphela kokuqukethwe, ngokuvamile adlalwa ngesivinini esikhululekile.

I-Variatio 10. I-Fughetta kuya ku-1 Clav. Imizuzu 18:15

Iwukuhluka kweshumi, okuyi-fugue encane yamazwi amane, ekhonjiswa i-alla breve, enendikimba ekhonjiswa emigoqweni emine, ehlotshisiwe futhi ngandlela thize evusa umculo we-aria ekuqaleni. Abadlali abaningi bayayilahla imihlobiso ethile, njengoCharles Rosen odlala upiyano; kanye noChristiane Jaccottet ku-harpsichord. Nakuba abanye, njengo-Keith Jarrett ku-harpsichord, bengeza imihlobiso eyengeziwe.

Bukisa sonke isigaba sokuqala salokhu kuhluka; itimu iboniswa kuqala ngebhesi, iqala ku-G ngenhla maphakathi no-C. Ngenkathi, impendulo ezwini le-tenor ingena esikalini sesi-5, kodwa, iwukusabela kwephimbo, yingakho izinguquko ezithile zithinteka.

Khona-ke, izwi le-soprano elangena esilinganisweni sesi-9 liyangenelela, nakuba lishiya izilinganiso zokuqala ezimbili zetimu ezithobayo ngokuphelele, kodwa enye ingxenye iba noguquko. Okokufaka kokugcina kukhiqizwa lapho phezulu kwebha 13 kuvela.

Ngaleso sikhathi, isigaba sesibili sivuleka kusetshenziswa isici setimu efanayo ngoguquko oluthile. Kubukeka sengathi i-counterexposition: amazwi angena ngokulandelana, wonke aqala ngokubonisa isihloko, kwezinye izimo, kubhekwa kushintshiwe, njengasesigabeni sokuqala.

Isigaba siqala ngesihloko, siveze izwi le-soprano, kanye nomugqa osebenzayo ku-bass, okusho ukuthi umugqa okwibhesi yiwona kuphela ongangeni nesihloko kuze kufike esilinganisweni sama-25.

Ukuhluka 11 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 19:15

Kubhekiselwa kokunye kwe-Goldberg Variations, ngesitayela se-toccata, okusho ucezu lomculo we-Renaissance nomculo we-Baroque wezinsimbi zekhibhodi, ngefomu le-virtuoso ngesikhathi sika-12/16. Ingenziwa ikakhulukazi amakhibhodi amabili. Ithuthukiswe kuphela ngeziqephu zezikali, ama-arpeggios nama-trills. Okunye ukuguqulwa kwerejista kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwabo kupiyano.

I-Variatio 12. Canone alla Quarta. Imizuzu 20:10

Ibhekisela ku-canon ekuguquleni okwesine esikhathini esingu-3/4: impendulo ingena okwesibili, nakuba iphambene nesiphakamiso. Phakathi nesigaba sokuqala, indawo yesandla sobunxele iseduze komugqa webhesi oboniswa kumanothi ekota aphinde akhiqizwa, ezilinganisweni: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 kanye no-7.

Bese sithola ukuthi la manothi akhiqizwe aboniswa ngokufanayo esilinganisweni sokuqala sesigaba sesibili, okuyisilinganiso 17, ezimbili D kanye no-C oyedwa; futhi ishintshile ngandlela-thile, emigqeni 22 kanye no-23. Nakuba esigabeni sesibili, i-Bach, ngishintsha ukhiye ngokushelela ngokwethula izisekelo ezithile, njengemigoqo 19 no-20, namabha amathathu, amabha 29 no-30.

Kulokhu kuhluka ukuhumusha okunesisindo sesikhathi kungenzeka. Kwezinye izikhathi, abadlali abathile, abanjengoGlenn Gould oculweni lwepiyano, noma uJean Guillou ku-ogani, bakwazile ukwenza izinguqulo eziqondile.

Ukuhluka 13 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 21:45

Ukuhluka kwe-sarabande okunensayo, okulula futhi okuhlotshiswe ngokwedlulele, okwenzeka esikhathini esingu-¾. Ingxenye enkulu yomculo ifakwe kumanothi omculo, ihlotshiswe nge-appoggiaturas ethile, ebonwa esigabeni sesibili, kuyilapho imihlobiso ethile.

Esikhathini esiningi sobude besiqephu, ingoma ibhaliswe ngezwi elilodwa, kungaqashelwa ukuthi kumabha 16 no-24, kunomphumela omuhle kakhulu okhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa kwezwi elengeziwe.

Ukuhluka 14 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 24:25

Lokhu kuhluka kufaka i-toccata enomoya, ehlanganiswe izingxenye ezimbili ezinezandla ezixhumene ngesikhathi esingu-¾, enama-trill amaningi nokunye okuhlotshisiwe. Ingadlalwa ngokukhethekile nge-harpsichord enamanuwali amabili, futhi iqukethe ukweqa okuningi okude phakathi kwemibhalo.

Kungaqashelwa ukuthi imihlobiso kanye nokweqa kuboniswa kusukela kubha yokuqala: ucezu luqala ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukusuka ku-G, ama-octave amabili ngezansi maphakathi no-C, nge-morden eyehlayo (ukuhlobisa komculo), okuhlanganiswe no-G ama-octave amabili ngezansi maphakathi no-C. ilele ku-trill ebuyela ekuqaleni.

Uma iqhathaniswa nokuhluka okungu-15, u-Glenn Gould ukucacisa ngokuthi "impela enye yezingcezu ezishesha kakhulu ze-neo-Scarlatism ongazicabanga."

I-Variatio 15. Canone a la Quinta in moto contrario A 1 Clav. Ukuhamba. Imizuzu 25:30

Kulokhu okungenye ye-Goldberg Variations, itholakala ohlwini lwezincwadi lwesihlanu, esikhathini esingu-2/4 esibonisiwe. Ekuhlukeni kwe-12, kuphambene, nokuhlinzwa okuhlongozwayo kushintshile esilinganisweni sesibili. Lokhu okokuqala kokuthathu okuhlukile okutholakala ku-G minor, futhi ukulangazelela kwayo kuphambene kakhulu namandla nenjabulo yokwehluka kwangaphambilini.

Ngokwalokho okuphawulwe umculi wopiyano u-Angela Hewitt, kuphawulwa ukuthi “kunomphumela omangalisayo ekupheleni kwalokhu kuhlukahluka: izandla ziyaqhela komunye nomunye, isandla sokudla siphakanyiswe emoyeni, ngemva kwengxenye yesihlanu evuliwe. Ukufiphala okuvumelanayo, ukuthi izethameli ziyamangala, njengoba zilindele ukuqhubeka nokulalela, kuyisiphetho esihle maphakathi nalo mculo”.

Nakuba uGlenn Gould esho lokhu kuhlukahluka: “Iwukuhlukahluka okuqinile futhi okunohlu oluhle lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, okunamandla futhi okuhle kakhulu engikwaziyo, uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli luguquguquka ku-quinine. Kuyisiqephu esinothando, nobuhlungu, futhi esiphakamisa ngesikhathi esifanayo, esingatholakali kunoma yisiphi isici esingaphandle kwesikhala se-Passion, ngokukaMathewu oNgcwele, ngempela, ubelokhu ecabanga ngokuhlukahluka kwe-15 njengento eyisimangaliso. umcimbi kaGood Friday, muhle kakhulu”

I-Variatio 16. Ukudlulela ku-1 Clav. Umzuzu 30:30

Kule ngxenye, kukhona uchungechunge lwezinhlobonhlobo ezingakwazi ukufaneleka ezihlukaniswe zibe izingcezu ezimbili, ezilinganiselwe kweyishumi nanhlanu yokuqala futhi eziyishumi nanhlanu ezilandelayo. Lesi sigaba simakwe ngokwedlulele okukhulu, okuphawulwa njengokumangalisayo, okutholakala kuhlelo lukaPeters, ngesiqalo esinamaculo ajulile ekuqaleni nasekupheleni.

Kungashiwo ukuthi lokhu okweqile okujwayelekile kuwukuphenduka kwesiFulentshi, okusekelwe kumsindo ongasheshi onesigqi esinamachashazi, obhekana ngokuphawulekayo nephuzu eliphikisayo lesigaba esilandelayo esiboniswa njenge-allegretto.

Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nokwehluka kwangaphambilini okukhulunywe ngakho esigabeni B, kuqhathaniswa nesigaba A, ukuphikiswa kubonakala kakhulu kulokhu kuhlukahluka, ngokuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi komculo okhululekile, kanye nodumo olubabazekayo, kanye nomfutho nokuhlakanipha okwengeziwe. ibonisa ngokucacile, okusho ukuthi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi phakathi kokuhluka, ngemva kwesilinganiso 16.

Ukuhluka 17 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 32:10

Phakathi kwe-Goldberg Variations, ingenye ye-virtuosa toccata, ehlukaniswe kabili. UWilliams uzwa enanela ka-Antonio Vivaldi kanye no-Domenico Scarlatti kulokhu kuhluka. Kukhethekile ukusetshenziswa namamanyuwali amabili, ucezu lomculo ludinga ukuhlanganisa izandla. Cishe isikhathi esingu-¾, futhi ngokuvamile idlalwa ngesivinini esisheshayo. U-Rosalyn Tureck, umdlali wopiyano waseMelika kanye nomdlali we-harpsichord, uphakathi kwabadlali abambalwa abarekhode inguqulo enensayo yalokhu kuhluka.

Ngenkathi esebenza ekurekhodeni kwakhe okusha kwe-Goldberg Variations ka-1981, u-Glenn Gould wajabulela ukudlala lokhu kuhluka ngesivinini esithambile, egcina ijubane lokuhluka kwangaphambilini, okungukuthi 16, nokho, ekugcineni wanquma ukungakwenzi. , ngoba "inguquko engu-17 , ingenye yokukhanya, okwaziwa ngokuthi kuyize, ukuhlanganiswa kwezikali namaculo u-Bach akwamukela ngenkathi engazinikezele ku-plasma izindaba ezinhle nezanele njengama-fugues nama-canon, nesivinini esihlelekile, samaJalimane ngamabomu ”.

I-Variatio 18 Canone ehambisana ne-Sesta ne-1 Clav. Imizuzu 33:05

Lokhu kungenye ye-Goldberg Variations, ibhekisela ohlwini lwesithupha esikhathini esingu-2/2. Ngesikhathi sesenzo se-canonical samazwi aphezulu, ukuphazamiseka kuyenziwa. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwama-canon e-Goldberg Variations, u-Glenn Gould uveza lokhu kuhluka, njengesibonelo esiqinile "sokugcizelela okubili okuphindaphindiwe, imigqa ye-canonical iyadingeka ukuze kusekelwe indima ye-passacaglia, okuwukushiya okungenangqondo umugqa we-bass".

UGould, okubhekiselwa kuye ephawula ngothando olukhulu ngalolu hlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli enkulumweni yomsakazo, nesazi somculo nomgxeki uTim Page, sathi: “Uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli endaweni yesithupha, ngiyaluthanda, luyigugu elihle. Nakuba, ngiwathanda wonke ama-canon, nokho, lokhu kungenye yezinhlobonhlobo engizikhonzile ”.

Ukuhluka 19 kuya ku-1 Clav. Imizuzu 34:05

Ibhekisela kulokhu okufakwe ngaphakathi kwe-Goldberg Variations, kufana nomdanso, kutholakala ngamazwi amathathu ngesikhathi esingu-3/8. Kuwuphawu olufanayo lwenothi leshumi nesithupha, olusetshenziswa unomphela, ukuguqula nokushintsha phakathi kwamazwi amathathu aqukethe ucezu. I-cantus firmus, ebhekisela emculweni owake waba khona ngaphambili owakha isisekelo sokuqanjwa kwe-polyphonic, iyavela futhi.

Lolu hlobo lokuhluka luqukethe uchungechunge nephoyinti eliphikisayo elihlanekezelwe, kokubili ekuqaleni nasesigabeni sesibili.

I-Variatio 20 kuya ku-2 Cla. Umzuzu 35:10 (Enye incazelo ehlanyisayo)

Kuyi-virtuoso toccata, ehlanganiswe ngezingcezu ezimbili ngesikhathi esingu-¾. Ikhonjiswe ukhiye onamabhukwana amabili, futhi kudingeka ukuhlanganisa okuningi kwezandla. Ucezu luthuthuka ngokuhlukahluka nokuthungwa okwethulwe emigoqweni eyisishiyagalombili yokuqala, lapho kubonakala khona ukuthi isandla esisodwa sidlala ukuqhubeka kwamanothi esishiyagalombili, kanti esinye siseduze kwamanye amanothi eshumi nesithupha, ngemva kwenothi ngalinye lesishiyagalombili.

Ngenxa yalokho, ekuchazeni okuningi kunomehluko oqinile phakathi kwe-Goldberg Variation 19 ethambile futhi ehlukile, kanye neziqephu ezinamandla nezisheshayo eziqukethwe kulokhu kuhluka. Kodwa-ke, abadlali abaningi, njengoba kwenzeka kuClaudio Arrau epiyano, bakhetha ukudlala zombili izingcezu ngesikhathi esisodwa, i-soberly virtuosic, ekhiqiza umehluko omncane ezicucu.

I-Variatio 21. ICanone alla Settima.  Imizuzu 36:00

Kulezi Ziguquko ze-Goldberg, imele okwesibili, nokhiye we-G minor, ekuhlukeni kuka-21 kuwuhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli olutholakala okwesikhombisa esikhathini esingu-4/4. U-Kenneth Gilbert uyawufanelekela njenge-Allemande, okusho umdanso we-baroque waseJalimane. Iphuzu elibalulekile, eliqala ngenothi eliphansi, abadlali abaningi abavame ukuligcizelela, livela ekwehleni kwechromatic ukusuka kunothi eliphakeme, libheke kuphela emazwini e-canonical asuka esilinganisweni sesithathu: imodeli efanayo, enomehluko ogqame kancane, ivuleka emgqeni we-bass ekuqaleni kwesigaba sesibili, esiqala nge-motif yokuvula ephambene.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhluka okungu-15, okuwukuhluka kokuqala ku-G encane, lesi siqeshana simelela ukuba siqine, siboniswa sihamba kuhlelo luka-Peters.

I-Variatio 22 Alla breve a 1 Clav. Imizuzu 38:15

Phakathi kwe-Goldberg Variations, ekhonjiswe i-alla breve, ibonisa izingxenye ezine ezithathwe ngezindawo ezilingisayo ezihlukahlukene eziqukethwe kuwo wonke amazwi, ngaphandle kwe-bass, eyingxenye ye-fugue. Kulokhu okuwukuphela komhlobiso ohambisana nayo i-trill, eyenziwa kahle iyonke, enwetshiwe emigoqweni emibili: 11 no-12; ukuze abadlali abathile abenza i-Goldberg Variations nge-reproductions bengeze imihlobiso ethile emincane kuzimpinda zesibili zesigaba ngasinye.

Itimu etholakala kuma-bass, lapho isethi yokuhlukahluka ichazwa khona, mhlawumbe izwakala ngokucacile kulokhu kuhluka, njengoba kunjalo ku-quodlibet, konke ngenxa yobulula bomugqa we-bass ophawulekayo kuleli cala.

Ukuhluka 23 kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 39:20

Ku-Goldberg Variations, lena enye ehlakaniphile, eyakhiwe ngezingcezu ezimbili ze-harpsichord enamanuwali amabili, ngesikhathi esingu-¾. Iqala izandla zijahana zodwa, zibonakale zisemgqeni womculo, oqala ngesandla sokunxele ngokuhlasela ngamandla ku-G kanjalo nomaphakathi no-C, kugeleza ku-D ngaphezu kuka-A, bheka okumangazayo isandla sokudla, kulingisa isandla sobunxele njengokungathi sibude obufanayo, nokho, bese kuthi ngenothi lesishiyagalombili, ezilinganisweni ezintathu zokuqala, sifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokuhlobisa okuncane ekupheleni kwesilinganiso sesine:

Lolu hlobo lwesikimu lukhiqizwa kabusha emigoqweni 4 kuya ku-8, into kuphela ukuthi ngesandla sobunxele silingisa kwesokudla, futhi ngezikali ezikhuphukayo, esikhundleni sokwehla. Izandla zishintshwa ngokuqhuma okuncane okufakwe kumanothi, kube nesikhathi esifushane kuze kufike ekugcineni kwemigqa emithathu ehambisana nesigaba sokuqala.

Ngenkathi esigabeni sesibili, iqala ngoshintsho olufanayo ekuqhumeni okuncane futhi, bese ingena esiqeshini esimangalisayo sokuthintwa kwesithathu, ngokulandelana ngezandla zombili.

Ochwepheshe abaningi kule ndaba baye bazwakalisa ukuphawula kwabo ngale ndaba, isibonelo, umshayi wopiyano u-Angela Hewitt, uzwakalisa: «ukuqhuma kwezingxenye eziphindwe kabili kwezintathu kanye nesithupha kuphusha ngempela ubuciko bekhibhodi obukhona ngesikhathi sakhe kuze kube sekupheleni, kuvula indlela yesikhathi esizayo. amakhibhodi.abaqambi'; kuyilapho uPeter Williams owaziwayo, ejabule ngokuthuthukiswa kwesiqephu, ezibuza umbuzo othi "Ingabe lokhu kungaba ngempela ukuhlukahluka kwendikimba efanayo engemuva kwenombolo ye-adagio 25?"

I-Variatio 24. Canone all'Ottava a 1 Clav. Imizuzu 40:15

Lena enye ye-canon's Goldberg Variations to the octave in 9/8 time. Ukunikezwa kuphendulwa nge-octave ngezansi, kanye ne-octave ngenhla: okuwukuphela kwenguquko ekhona esiphakamisweni, ishintsha phakathi kwemigqa emaphakathi nesigaba. Kulokhu kuhlukahluka, ukuhlobisa akukho ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala, ngaphandle kokusekela okuthile, noma kunjalo, esigabeni sesibili ama-trills amaningana kanye nokuhlobisa okuthile komculo kuboniswa, kuboniswe ngokusemthethweni ngumlobi.

I-Variatio 25. kuya ku-2 Clav. I-adage. Imizuzu 41:55

Lokhu kuhluka 25, okwesithathu nokokugcina kokuhluka okuncane kwe-G, kunezigaba ezintathu, futhi kuboniswa njenge-adagio, okusho umusho ophindaphindiwe, kukhophi ye-Bach, futhi isesikhathini esingu-¾. Ingoma ithathwe ngokumangalisayo kumanothi eshumi nesithupha kanye namanothi eshumi nesithupha, nge-chromaticism enkulu. Kungukuhluka okuvame ukwenziwa ngesikhathi esiyimizuzu emihlanu, futhi yinde kunezinye, nokho, inezilinganiso ezingamashumi amathathu nambili kuphela.

Lokhu kuhluka kubizwa ngokuthi "iparele elimnyama", kuzo zonke Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Goldberg, ezinikezwe umdlali we-harpsichord kanye nomdlali wopiyano u-Wanda Landdowska, lokhu kuhlukahluka kwe-Goldberg 25, kulinganiselwa ochwepheshe abaningi njengenhle kakhulu futhi ihlaba umxhwele kakhulu umsebenzi kuwo wonke umfutho wayo.

Ngokunjalo, uWilliams walokotha ukubhala ngaye ngokuthi "ubuhle nothando olumnyama lwalokhu kuhluka ngokusobala kukwenza kube izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomzwelo kuwo wonke umsebenzi", kuyilapho uGould egcizelela ukuthi "ukubonakala kwalokhu kuhluka okungathandeki nokukhathala, kungukucabanga. i-masterstroke ye-psychology".

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ingxoxo yomsakazo ka-Tim Page, oyichaza njengokuhlukahluka "okune-chromatic texture engavamile", lapho uGould agunyaza ukunikeza isivumelwano sakhe ngesikhathi ezwakalisa: "Angicabangi ukuthi kukhona umthambo ocebile. Ubudlelwano be-enharmonic nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi kukaGesualdo noWagner.

I-Variatio 26. kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 47:55

Umahluko okhaliphile nemvelo yokwazisa kanye nentshiseko ye-Goldberg Variation eyanduleleyo ingenye isiqephu sesitayela se-toccata esihle, esihlukaniswe kabili, esijabulisayo ngohlamvu kanye nesiyezi futhi.

Kutholwe ngaphansi kwama-arabesque asheshayo, lokhu kuhluka kujwayelekile kwe-sarabande, ngokusho kokushiwo uGilbert. Izakhiwo zamakhompasi ezimbili zikhonjiswa ku-18 kanye no-16 ngomculo ongapheli ovezwa ngamanothi eshumi nesithupha kanye no-¾ wokuvumelana kumanothi ekota namanothi esishiyagalombili; kuyo yonke imigoqo emihlanu yokugcina, kokubili isandla sobunxele nesokudla kudlala kusiginesha yesikhathi sika-18/16.

Ngenxa yejubane lesiqephu, kanye nezisekelo ezingeziwe ezitholwe zikhona kukhophi eyimfihlo ka-Bach, lokhu kuhluka kufaneleka njengokunye okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyidlala. Bambalwa otolika, okuthi ngendlela evelele, njengo-Rosalyn Tureck epiyano, basebenzise isivinini esimaphakathi. Iningi lemidlalo iqhubeka ngesivinini esifanelekile.

Ucwaningo oluningi nophenyo olwenziwa ochwepheshe bomculo, njengendaba kathisha womculo okuthiwa u-Cory Hall, batusa ukuthi lokhu kuhluka kuphakanyiswe ukuthi kwenziwe ngesivinini esinejubane kunalelo lokwehluka kwangaphambilini.

I-Variatio 27. Canone alla Nona. kwe 1 klav. Imizuzu 48:50

Lokhu kuhluka kuyi-canon kuya kweyesishiyagalolunye esikhathini esingu-6/8. Ukuba iyona yodwa yama-canon lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamabhukwana amabili kucacile, ngaphezu kokuba i-canon ye-sublime kuphela yomsebenzi, ngenxa yokuthi ayinawo umugqa we-bass. Ngokunjalo, iwuhlu lokugcina lwezincwadi ezifakwe eGoldberg Variations.

I-Variatio 28. kuya ku-2 Clav. Imizuzu 50:15

Ingenye ye-Goldberg Variations lapho i-toccata ikhona ngezingcezu ezimbili ngesikhathi esingu-¾. Kudinga ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwezandla, futhi kuyindikimba yangempela yama-trills: ama-trills abhalwe ngama-fusas, futhi aboniswa ingxenye enkulu kumabha.

Isiqephu siqala ngephethini eyenziwa ngesandla sokunene, edlala ngamanothi amathathu ngesilinganiso ngasinye, idala umugqa womculo kuma-trills adlalwa ngesandla sobunxele. Kulandela ijika lomculo, elimakwe ngamanothi eshumi nesithupha, lika-9-12.

Isigaba sokuqala siphetha, sibonise ama-trills futhi enziwa ngezandla zombili, kufakwa isibuko esisodwa phezu kwesinye: ingxenye yesibili iqala futhi iphethe ngomcabango ofanayo, ngokunyakaza okuphambene nokubuka emigoqweni 9 kuya ku-12. Ingxenye enkulu ye izilinganiso, ama-trill aboniswa kuzo zombili izandla phakathi kwezilinganiso 21 kanye ne-23.

I-Variatio 29. a 1 ovvero 2 clav. Imizuzu 50:15

Ingenye ye-Goldberg Variations, iyingcezu ebhekwa njengenhle, ehluke kakhulu kuwo wonke umsebenzi: esikhundleni sokuba i-counterpoint, isekelwe kakhulu kuma-chords aqinile, ashintshana nezigaba ezimangalisayo ze-chord. Kuyisilinganiso esingu-¾. Lokhu ukuhluka okukhulu okwengeza i-halo yesibindi ngemuva kokukhanya okuhlukile kokuhlukahluka okwandulele. Glenn Gould, uthi ngalokhu "njengokuhlukahluka kuka-28 kanye no-29, okuwukuphela kwendaba ekhethekile yokubambisana phakathi kwe-motif yakho kokubili ukuhlukahluka okuqhubekayo".

I-Variatio 30. I-Quodlibet. A 1 Clav. Imizuzu 52:15

Lokhu kutholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Goldberg Variations, kusekelwe ku-quodlibet, equkethwe ezingoma ezihlukahlukene zemvelaphi yaseJalimane, ezimbili zazo ezithandaza: "Sengikude nawe isikhathi eside kangaka, sondela, sondela", Ich bin solang nicht i-bei dir g'west, mhlikihle, uyihlahle; kanti enye ithi "Iklabishi notheniphu kungenze ngahamba, ukube umama wayeyiphekile inyama, ngabe ngahlala", Kraut und Rüben haben mich vertrieben, hätt mein' Mutter Fleisch gekocht, wär ich länger blieben.

Ikakhulukazi itimu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Kraut und Rüben, enegama elithi La Capricciosa, ngaphambilini yayisetshenziswa u-Dietrich Buxtehude, ukuze asebenzise inombolo yakhe ye-partita engu-32 ku-G enkulu, i-Bux WV 250.23. Abanye sebekhohliwe. Ngenkathi uForkel echaza nge-quodlibet, ekhumbula isiko lomndeni womndeni wakwaBach, ukujabulela imidlalo yomculo emibuthanweni yabo yomndeni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yozalo lukaBach kwakungabaculi. Ngokunjalo baqamba, balungisa ikhwaya.

Ekuqaleni kwabo okuqinile, bafika namaphathi ayevame ukuqhathanisa. Zizinikele ekuculeni izingoma ezidumile ezinokuqukethwe kwamahlaya nokungabukeki, ezihlangana ngokungalindelekile ngezinye izikhathi. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lokuguquguquka olusungulwe phakathi kwezingoma, balubize nge-quodlibet, lezo ababejabulela ukuzicula, futhi ludale uhleko olungalawuleki kubo bonke ababelulalele.

Ilandisa indaba, ye-anecdote, mhlawumbe eyiqiniso ngasohlangothini lukaForkel, ukuthi ube nethuba lokukhuluma namadodana kaBach, ngendlela eqotho nesobala uBach azama ngayo ukwenza le quodlibet, kwakuyi-buffoonery, ngakho-ke. ukuthi abaningi ababeyilalela bayigcina namuhla ngalo mbono.

Nakuba ku-Borschel, lesi siphetho esihambisana ne-quodlibet, yilokho esikumelela futhi, ukuthi umbhalo ongezansi awuvezi ifomula ye-baroque engacacile, ngokuphambene nalokho kuba i-recreatio cordis, ehumusha ukuthokoza kwenhliziyo, ngomqondo omuhle wamaLuthela. .yebinzana, elinendawo yalo enkampanini ye-laudatio Dei, okusho ukuthi Dumisani UNkulunkulu, u-Bach acabanga ukuthi ngezikhathi ezahlukene yilokho okunikeza incazelo emculweni wakhe.

I-Aria da Capo ilungile

Le nkulumo isho ukuphindaphinda kwenothi nenothi kwe-aria, nokho, imvamisa yenziwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngesethulo esingachazwa njenge-melancholy.

Ukubuyiswa kwe-aria kwengeza ukulinganisa emsebenzini, mhlawumbe izici ezikhuthazayo zemvelo yomjikelezo oqukethwe emsebenzini.

I-BWV 1087: ama-canon ayishumi nane asuka ku-bass ye-aria evela ku-Goldberg Variations

Kule enye lapho i-counterpoint ka-Bach sekwephuzile ikhona khona, ebizwa nge-Vierzehn Kanons über die ersten acht Fundamentalnoten der Aria aus den Goldberg-Variationen, iqukethe ama-canon ahleliwe ayishumi nane, kusukela kumanothi ayisishiyagalombili ayisisekelo e-aria bass ye-Goldberg Variations.

Le ncwadi yatholakala eStrasbourg, e-Alsace, eFrance, ngo-1974, ibhekwa njengengxenye yohlelo lomuntu siqu olunyathelisiwe lwe-Goldberg Variations, ekaBach.

Ngokunjalo, kushiwo, ku-canon inombolo 11 kanye ne-13, ukuthi zibonakala zifana nenguqulo yokuqala ye-canon ye-BWC 1076 canon yamazwi ayisithupha, kanye ne-BWC 1977 canon yamazwi amane anesihloko njenge-bass, enziwe samuntu kumculo odumile. isithombe sikaBach, esivela kubuciko obupendwe ngu-Elias Gottlob Haussmann kusukela ngonyaka we-1746.

Okulotshiweyo nezinguqulo ze-Goldberg Variations

Kule ngxenye, sizobe sikhuluma ngokuthi i-Goldberg Variations ibe khona kanjani ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene zamahhala, ezandleni zabadlali abaningi nabaqambi, noma ngenxa yokuthi baye baguqula izinsimbi, amanothi noma zombili izakhi, okungase kukhulunywe ngazo:

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha okukhethekile okuzodlalwa kupiyano, leyo eshintshiwe, nguFerruccio Busoni.

Unyaka we-1883

U-Josef Rheinberger. Ukuloba kwamapiyano amabili.

Unyaka we-1912

UJozef Koffler. Ukudlala upiyano lwezandla ezine

Unyaka we-1938

UJozef Koffler. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-orchestra, i-orchestra yezintambo.

Unyaka we-1975

UCharles Ramirez noHelen Kalamuniak. Ukulotshwa kweziginci ezimbili.

Unyaka we-1984

UDmitry Sitkovetsky. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kweyunithi yezinhlamvu ezintathu. Okufanayo kubhalelwe i-orchestra yezintambo.

Unyaka we-1987

UJean Guillou. Ukulotshwa kwesitho.

Unyaka we-1991

UJoel Spiegelmann. Ukudlalwa okukhethekile kwe-synthesizer

Unyaka we-1997

József Eötvös. Ukulotshwa kwesiginci

Unyaka we-2000

UJacques Loussier. Ukwakhiwa kwabathathu beJazz.

Unyaka we-2003

UKarlheinz Essl. Amalungiselelo e-string trio kanye nama-electronics aphilayo.

Unyaka we-2009

Catherine Finch. Ukuloba okuphelele ukuze kusetshenziswe kuhabhu.

Unyaka we-2010

UFrederick Sarudiansky. Ukuhlelwa komculo kweyunithi yezinhlamvu ezintathu.

Unyaka we-2011

UJames Strauss. Ukudlala okugcwele komtshingo nehabhu, noma umtshingo nopiyano.

i-discography ebalulekile

I-Goldberg Variations nayo isetshenzisiwe kulolu hlobo, oludalulwe ngezansi:

Unyaka ka-1933: Novemba eParis. Wanda Landsca. EMI 5 67200, ADD, key

Unyaka ka-1942: UClaudio Arrau. Ukurekhoda kwepiyano kokuqala

Unyaka ka-1945: Wanda Landsca. I-New York. rca, ukhiye

Unyaka ka-1954: Juni 21. Glenn Gould. CBC, inkawu, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1955: Juni 10. Glenn Gould. I-New York. I-Sony Classical 52 594. ADD, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1957: Rosalyn Turek. Phillips, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1959: Glenn Gould. Ukuqoshwa bukhoma ku-Salzburg Festival. I-Sony Classical 52685, ADD, upiyano. U-Ralph Kirkpatrick. I-Deutsche Grammophone 439 673-2. ENGEZA, ukhiye

Unyaka 1960-1961: Inyanga kaJuni. Helmut Walcha. Hamburg. EMI 4 89166. ADD, key

Unyaka ka-1969: Inyanga kaJuni. UCharles Rosen. I-New York. I-SonySBK 4817. ADD, upiyano. July. UWilhelm Kempff. I-Deutsche Grammophone 439 978-2. ADD, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1978: Gustav Leonhardt. Deutsche Harmonia Mundi GD77149. ENGEZA, ukhiye

Unyaka ka-1980: UTrevor Pinnock. Archiv Production 415 130-2. ENGEZA, ukhiye. UJoão Carlos Martins. I-Concord Records 1343-12023-2, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1981: Izinyanga zika-April no-May. Glenn Gould. I-New York. I-Sony Classical 52619. DDD, upiyano. Inyanga kaJuni. Alexis Weissenberg. I-Wagram Room, eParis. EMI – DDD, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1982: Inyanga kaFebhuwari. UGrigory Sokolov. I-Leningrad. Phila, Melodija, upiyano. Inyanga kaZibandlela. Andras Schiff. London. Decca 417 116-2. DDD, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1985: Inyanga ka-Okthoba. U-Chen Pi-hsien. I-Frankfurt am Main. Naxos 8.550078. DDD, upiyano.

Unyaka ka-1986: Inyanga ka-April. Kenneth Gilbert. I-HMA 1951240 - DDD, ukhiye. Inyanga kaJuni. UMary Type. Paris. I-EMI HMV 5 86666 - DDD, upiyano

Unyaka we-1987: Inyanga kaNovemba. UJean Guillou. Church of Notre-Dame des Neiges, Alpe d'Huez, France. I-Dorian 90110, isitho. Umculo

Unyaka ka-1988: UToni Koopman. ERATO 45326-2 DDD, ukhiye

Unyaka ka-1989: Inyanga kaJanuwari: Keith Jarrett. I-ECM Records 839 622-2.DDD, ukhiye

Unyaka we-1990: Bob van Asperen. EMI CDC 7 54209 2, DDD, Key

Unyaka we-1991: UMaggie Cole. Virgin 5 61555 (2 CDs), DDD, key. Christiane Jacottet. TMI 446927-2 – DDD – nge BWV 802-805. Ukhiye, ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda

Unyaka we-1992: Tatyana Nikolaeva. I-Hyperion CDA 66589, DDD, upiyano

Unyaka ka-1993: Rosalyn Turek. I-Video Artist International VAIA 1029, ADD, upiyano. U-Andrey Gavrilov. Deutsche Grammophon 435 436-2, DDD, upiyano. Inyanga ka-Okthoba. Eleonore Buhler-Kestler. I-Bayreut, Germany. CHARADE; CHA 3012, DDD, ukhiye. Inyanga ka-Okthoba. I-NES Chamber Orchestra. Hamburg, okulotshiweyo kaDmitry Sitkovetsky, Nonesuch, violin kanye ne-orchestra.

Unyaka we-1994: Inyanga kaJuni. Peter Serkin. I-Manhattan BMG Classics 09026 68188 2, DDD, upiyano. Inyanga kaJuni. Konstantin Lifschitz. I-Denon Records #78961.DDD, upiyano. U-Lifschitz wayeneminyaka engu-17 kuphela ngaleso sikhathi.

Unyaka ka-1999: Izinyanga: April no July. UPieter-Jan Belder. I-Brilliant Classics 92284. DDD, ukhiye. Inyanga ka-August no-September. Angela Hewitt. UHenry Wood Hall, eLondon. I-Hyperion Records CDA 67305, upiyano.


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