I-Sea Turtle enhle, noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-quelonioides, iyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinamagobolondo ahlala emhlabeni cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-150 futhi akwazi ukusinda kuzo zonke izinguquko ezinkulu ezenzeke endaweni ezungezile. Empeleni, izimfudu zazimane ziyizilwane zasemhlabeni, nokho, ngokuhamba kweminyaka zavela futhi zakwazi ukujwayela indawo yasolwandle. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngofudu lwasolwandle, ungangabazi okwesikhashana ukuqhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko.
Ufudu lwasolwandle
I-quelonioides iyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu wezimfudu, phakathi kwazo singathola izimfudu zasolwandle; okwamanje bahlanganisa imindeni emibili, i-Cheloniidae, kanye ne-Dermochelyidae, imindeni ehlanganisa nezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezimfudu. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinhle nezidumile zihlala zihlala ekujuleni kolwandle, nokho, ngezikhathi ezithile, ziphendukela phezulu ukuze zizalele amaqanda azo lapho.
Descripción
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, izimfudu ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo, eziyingxenye yezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-6.000 ezinesikhumba esinamaxolo; Ngokulandelayo, lezi zilwane ezinhle ezihuquzelayo ziphefumula umoya futhi zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukushisa izinkomishi zazo ze-ectodermal. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izimfudu zasolwandle zizalana ngokuvundiswa kwangaphakathi, futhi, njengeningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, indlela yazo yokuzala i-oviparous.
Cishe isici esivelele kunazo zonke izimfudu igobolondo lazo. Lesi sakhiwo samathambo sisebenza njengesembozo esihlomile, esivikela zonke izitho zangaphakathi, ngaphezu kokuzivikela ekushiseni nasezinyameni zazo ezihlukene. Ingxenye engenhla yaleli gobolondo ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nezakhiwo ezibukeka njengezikali, lezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuthi "izihlangu". Igobolondo lezimfudu lixhunywe endaweni ye-ventral, ebizwa ngokuthi i-plastron, ngokusebenzisa amapuleti amagobolondo aqine kakhulu aziwa njalo ngokuthi amabhuloho aseceleni.
Umgodi womzimba omkhulu izimfudu ezinawo, ikakhulukazi izimfudu zasolwandle, unenani elikhulu lamathumbu, okulula kakhulu ukugaya izinto zezitshalo nezidalwa zasolwandle ezahlukene ezitholakala ekudleni kwazo. Ikakhulukazi endabeni yofudu lwasolwandle oluluhlaza, olucishe lube yimifino ngokuphelele, lunezici eziyingqayizivele ohlelweni lwayo lokugaya ukudla; ingxenye ekhethekile yomgudu wabo wokugaya ukudla inama-symbionts e-bacteria, okubasiza ukuba bagaye i-cellulose kangcono kakhulu. Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezimbalwa kuphela ezidla imifino.
Lesi sikhala somzimba esikhulu esikhulume ngaso ekuqaleni sivumela izimfudu zezinsikazi ukuba zibe namaqanda amaningi kakhulu emzimbeni wazo. Izimfudu zasolwandle zesifazane nazo zikwazi ngokugcwele ukugcina isidoda esiphilayo iminyaka eminingi, nakuba ngokusobala ukuzala kwalesi sidoda kuzokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; Lo mthamo omkhulu wezinsikazi uzivumela ukuthi zizivundise ngaphandle kokungenela isenzo sokukhwelana.
Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaphaphu azo ukuphefumula umoya osendaweni, izimfudu ziye zasebenzisa ezinye izindlela eziningi zokuphefumula. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimfudu zasolwandle zidlulisa amanzi ngamakhala azo aze afinyelele emlonyeni nasemphinjeni, lapho wonke umoya-mpilo udonswa khona ngamakhala azo. Yonke le nqubo yenziwa ngepharynx enendima engathi i-gill; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezimfudu zasolwandle ziphuza amanzi ngokuvuleka kwazo kwendunu, ezigcwala ngokuphelele futhi zithulule amasaka amabili, lokhu kuvumela ukuba kube khona ukuhamba kancane okuzozivumela ukuthi ziqoqe umoya-mpilo.
Izimfudu ezivamile zivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-carbon dioxide egazini lazo uma kuqhathaniswa neningi lezilwane eziphefumula umoya, uma kucatshangelwa lokhu, izimfudu zingasebenzisa umoya-mpilo wazo ngendlela engcono kakhulu isikhathi eside. Ngendlela efanayo negazi, zonke izicubu zemisipha yezimfudu nazo zingagcina umoya-mpilo ngamanani aphezulu kakhulu: lesi sithako esikhulu somoya-mpilo lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinaso kwenza kube lula ukuthi zihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Esinye isici esihle sokuphefumula kofudu lwasolwandle singagqanyiswa, lesi sici isidingo esikhulu abanaso sokuguquguquka kwangaphandle. I-plastron enehinged, noma lokho okunamathisela igobolondo layo emzimbeni wayo, ivumela ukufinyela nokwanda endaweni yesifuba sayo. Ikakhulukazi endabeni yezimfudu zasolwandle kunzima kakhulu ukuphefumula lapho abesifazane bevela ogwini.
Izimfudu zasolwandle zinezimo ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile ezizivumela ukuba ziphile kahle ngaphansi kolwandle. Amagobolondo alezi zimfudu ezifanayo anesisindo esiphansi kakhulu, ingasaphathwa eyokwethulwa ngendlela ebukeka kahle ngokuzungeza umoya ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana okukhulu okungenzeka kube khona emanzini. Ngokungafani nezimfudu zasemhlabeni ezinemilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva, izimfudu zasolwandle zinamaphiko amane anemisipha eqinile yokuhamba ngaphansi kolwandle ngokushesha okukhulu emabangeni amade.
Kube nezibonelo zezimfudu zasolwandle ezifinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-55 ngehora ngaphansi kolwandle. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-anatomical kwezimfudu zasolwandle bekulokhu kuvela futhi kukhula kahle izigidi zeminyaka futhi, thethelela ukuphindaphindeka, kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlala njalo, ngisho nazo zonke izinguquko ezinkulu zemvelo umhlaba oye wabhekana nazo emlandweni.
Izinhlobo zezinhlobo
Ngokusobala, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zezimfudu zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi uma sicabangela ukuthi kunemindeni emibili ehlukene eziphuma kuyo, phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zinhlobo singathola okulandelayo:
- I-Dermochelys coriacea, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Leatherback Turtle
- I-Lepidochelys olivacea, i-Olive Ridley Turtle
- I-Chelonia agassizi, eyaziwa kangcono njenge-Eastern Pacific Black Turtle
- I-Caretta caretta, i-Loggerhead Turtle
- I-Lepidochelys kempii, ibizwa nangokuthi i-Olive Ridley Turtle
- I-Cheloni mydas, noma i-Green Turtle
- Eretmochelys imbricata, Hawksbill Turtle
- I-Chelonia depressa, kanye ne-Kikila Tortoise
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Lezi zilwane ezinhle ezinomgogodla bezilokhu ziphila emhlabeni okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-200, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinhle ziye zadlula ezikhathini ezinzile kakhulu, kodwa futhi nezikhathi ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kanye noshintsho oluke lwabonwa emhlabeni. Lezi zilwane ezinomgogodla eminyakeni edlule zashintsha zaba izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, okuyisigaba sezilwane ezinomgogodla kodwa ezindala kakhulu, ezingaphila ngaphandle kwenkinga olwandle nasemhlabeni. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo zazibusa ngokuphelele emhlabeni, emhlabeni, olwandle, ngisho nasemoyeni.
Naphezu kwalokhu, emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ekuqaleni kakhulu izimfudu, eziyingxenye ye-chelonians, okungukuthi, i-Chelonia, ihlukaniswe ngokuphelele emgqeni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo yalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo. Imvelaphi yalezi zimfudu ezifanayo akwaziwa, nokho, izinsalela zamathambo ziye zatholakala eziye zaqashelwa njengezimfudu kusukela enkathini endala njengenkathi yeTriassic, lenkathi ihlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-180 lapho ama-dinosaurs ayeqala ukuba yizilwane zasemhlabeni ezibusa ngokugcwele.
Ngokwezifundo eziningi zesayensi, izimfudu zenkathi ye-Triassic azizange ziveze umehluko omkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimfudu zanamuhla, nokho, kukhona ukuhlolwa okuhlukene okubonisa ukuthi izimfudu zasendulo zazinezici ezingenazo lezi zamanje; Isibonelo esihle salezi zici ukuthi izimfudu zenkathi ye-Triassic zazinamazinyo abukhali, kuyilapho lawo anamuhla anemihlathi enemiphetho ebukhali, cishe indawo engokwemvelo yalezi zimfudu kwakungamaxhaphozi.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, cishe eminyakeni yokugcina ye-Cretaceous period, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, izimfudu ezahlukene, njengezinhlobo ze-Archelon ischyros, zazikwazi ukufinyelela ubude obungamamitha amathathu, futhi zazivame ukuhlala olwandle olukha phezulu lwalokho. ukuthi namuhla singafika sicabangele ugu olusentshonalanga ye-United States of America. Naphezu kwekhono lezi zimfudu ezazihlala kalula olwandle, phakathi neminyaka, zaqala ukuguquka futhi kwakukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene ezihlala emhlabeni kuphela, njengoba nje ezinye eziningi zaqhubeka zihlala emanzini.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimfudu zasolwandle, ngaphandle kwezinyoka zasolwandle, yizona kuphela izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziphumelele ukubuyela olwandle. Izimfudu ezabuyela kule ndawo kwadingeka ziguquke futhi zithuthukise ukujwayela okukhethekile okuhlukile ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala kahle kuyo yonke indawo yasolwandle, nokho, azizange zilahlekelwe isimilo sazo sokuba isilwane esihuquzelayo.
Izimfudu zasolwandle zinezici ezihlukene ezizinikeza isimilo njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, phakathi kwazo esingazibona: Iqiniso lokuthi indlela yazo yokuzala i-oviparous, njengeningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izimfudu zasolwandle nazo zinamaphaphu futhi ziphefumula umoya; futhi ekugcineni, ngaphandle kofudu lwasolwandle lwe-leatherback, izimfudu zasolwandle eziningi zinezingcwecwe eziqinile ezizungeze umzimba wazo wonke. Endabeni yezimfudu ze-leatherback, zifana kakhulu nezimfudu zasemanzini ahlanzekile ngoba umzimba wazo wonke umbozwe izingqimba zesikhumba, esikhundleni salezi zingcwecwe eziqinile.
Ngokulandela ukuziphatha okuvamile kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izimfudu zasolwandle zigwema noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ngazo zonke izindleko, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimfudu zithembele ngokuphelele ekushiseni kwamanzi lapho zihlala khona ukuze zilawule umzimba wazo; Kuhle ukusho ukuthi izilwane ezenza lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-poikilotherms noma izilwane ezibandayo. Ngokucabangela lesi sici, ngaphandle kofudu lwasolwandle lwe-leatherback, izimfudu zasolwandle zisuka ngokuphelele endaweni ebanda kakhulu futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezishisayo.
Endabeni yezimfudu ze-leatherback, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo oluhlukene kuzo futhi kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bemizimba yazo, lezi zimfudu zingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukushisa okungaphezu kokwanele kwangaphakathi ukuze ziphile ngisho nasemanzini abandayo kakhulu. Okokugcina, njengeningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izimfudu zivame ukuba nokuphila okuphezulu kakhulu futhi zingaphila izinkathi ezinde kakhulu ngaphandle kokudla noma yiluphi uhlobo lokudla; Kuze kube namuhla, akwaziwa kahle ukuthi mingaki iminyaka lezi zimfudu eziphila, nokho, kuthiwa ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50.
Mhlawumbe isici esivelele kakhulu lapho sikhuluma ngezimfudu, kanye nesizathu sokuthi kungani inani elikhulu lososayensi lisola ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ziye zasinda kusukela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs, zidlula ekushintsheni okwedlulele kwemvelo, kuze kube namuhla, igobolondo layo elihle. Ngokukhethekile endabeni yezimfudu zomhlaba, zivame ukugqoka amagobolondo anesimo se-dome, lesi simo esithile sivumela ukuba babeke kalula ikhanda kanye nemilenze emine ngaphakathi kwegobolondo labo; Ngenxa yaleli khono elikhulu, izimfudu zingakwazi ukuzivikela esilwaneni ngasinye esizidlayo ngaphandle uma, yiqiniso, zingakwazi ukuphula igobolondo lazo.
Manje, ngasohlangothini lwezimfudu zasolwandle, azinalo leli khono elikhulu ngoba, ngendlela efanayo nezimfudu zasemanzini ahlanzekile, indawo yazo eyinhloko ingamanzi, ngakho igobolondo lazo ngokuvamile linesitayela esiningi kakhulu, igobolondo elibonakala liklanyelwe ukubanikeza kuphela. ngokunyakaza okulula kakhulu ngaphansi kolwandle.
Phakathi kwezimfudu zasolwandle nezimfudu zasolwandle, izimfudu zasolwandle zinaleli khono ngendlela egqame kakhulu ngoba uhlaka lwazo lwamathambo luseduze negobolondo lazo, nokho, naphezu kwegobolondo lazo eliwusayizi omncane futhi linesitayela esiningi, isamba salo lonke. umzimba wezimfudu kanye negobolondo lazo, kubenza babe isilwane esihuquzelayo esiwusayizi omkhulu uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka kanye nokuvela kwezimfudu, imilenze emikhulu nemahhadlahhadla yezimfudu zasemhlabeni, zase ziphenduka izimpiko eziyisicaba futhi ezinhle zezimfudu zasolwandle zanamuhla. Ngokungafani nezimfudu zasolwandle kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezimfudu zasemanzini ahlanzekile ezingahamba kalula emhlabathini, izimfudu zasolwandle kufanele zize zizokhasa ngasogwini lolwandle; Lapho lezi zimfudu zenza lokhu kunyakaza, zikwenza ngendlela efanayo nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesilwane sasemhlabeni esinemilenze emine olungakwenza, okungukuthi, uphiko lwangaphambili lwesokunxele lunyakaza ngesikhathi esifanayo nesokudla kwesobunxele, ngokuphambene nalokho elinye ipheya lamaphiko.
Ngokufanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi endabeni yofudu oluluhlaza, luhlukile, njengoba lezi zimfudu zihambisa amapheya awo amabili wamaphiko ngesikhathi esisodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lapho ziya khona. Ngokwawo wonke amarekhodi ezinsalela kanye nenani elikhulu lezifundo zamakhemikhali ezenziwe emadwaleni ahlukene, iplanethi enguMhlaba cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule yaba nezinguquko ezimbi kakhulu, izinguquko ezazingase ziqede ukuba khona kwama-dinosaurs, ingasaphathwa enkulukazi. inani lezinhlobo zezilwane zasemhlabeni nezasolwandle nazo ezashabalala, nokho, amanye amaqembu ezimfudu akwazile ukusinda kukho konke lokhu, namuhla kunezindawo ezimbili ezingaphansi.
Enye yalezi suborders ihlanganisa izimfudu ezinentamo yangemuva, okungukuthi, ziqoqa izintamo zazo ngaphakathi kwamagobolondo azo zisebenzisa ukunyakaza kwe-lateral; kuyilapho enye i-suborder ihluke kancane futhi ihlanganisa nezimfudu zasolwandle, ngaphezu kwalokho, zihoxisa izintamo zazo ngendlela eqondile.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi namuhla izimfudu zasolwandle zihlukaniswe imindeni emibili, i-Dermochelyidae, lo mndeni unohlobo olulodwa kuphela, okuwuFudu lwe-Leatherback olwaziwayo, noma njengoba igama lalo lesayensi i-Dermochelys coriacea libonisa; ngakolunye uhlangothi, umndeni wesibili i-Cheloniidae, umndeni onemindeni emincane emibili, ngayinye yalena ngokulandelana, enezizukulwane ezimbili kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu.
Singaqala ukukhuluma nge-subfamily yase-Chelonini, ehlanganisa i-Chelonia mydas, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-turtle eluhlaza noma emhlophe, i-Chelonia depressa, okuyi-Australian flat turtle noma i-kikila turtle; ekugcineni sithola ufudu lwe-hawksbill, noma ngokwesayensi olubizwa ngokuthi i-Eretmochelys imbricata.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, siphinde sibe ne-Carettini subfamily, lo mndeni omncane uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana ne-Caretta caretta, noma i-loggerhead eyaziwa kangcono, i-loggerhead noma i-loggerhead turtle, i-Lepidochelys olivacea, noma i-ridley turtle ye-Kemp; ekugcineni singabona i-Lepidochelys kempii, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-olive ridley turtle. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi inani elikhulu lososayensi liye laqaphela uhlobo lwesishiyagalombili lwe-turtle yasolwandle, lena i-Eastern Pacific black turtle, eyayibizwa ngesayensi ngokuthi i-Chelonia agassizi.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, phakathi neminyaka kanye nokuvela kwezimfudu zasolwandle, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinhle zathuthukisa ukujwayela okuhlukahlukene ukuze zikwazi ukuphila kahle kakhulu endaweni yazo, kulokhu okungamanzi. Zonke izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili okukhulunywe ngazo zakha lolu hlobo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, lokhu kuzinikeze imiphumela emihle endaweni ezihlala kuyo futhi kuqede nya ukuncintisana phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo; Isibonelo esihle salokhu singabonakala ngokuthi ukudla kwalezi zinhlobo zezilwane kuhluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, lokhu kusho ukuthi akudingekile ukuba baqhudelane ukuze bathathe ukudla kwabo.
Ngokufanayo, umncintiswano wokuthola indawo efanelekile yokuhamba wehle kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ufudu lwasolwandle lwe-leatherback luncamela ukuphendukela emabhishi ahlukene anodaka, olubanzi kakhulu, futhi olungenawo nhlobo amatshe noma amatshe, kuyilapho ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hawksbill. ufudu luhlala luhlala emihumeni emincane. Ngaphezu kwakho konke okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, lapho izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zomfudu zisebenzisa ulwandle olulodwa ukuze zihlale, into evame kakhulu ukuthi enye yalezi zinhlobo yenza kanjalo isizini ngaphambi kwenye, phakathi nenkathi yayo ehambisanayo.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ezikhona, ngayinye inezimo ezithile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, isibonelo esihle salokhu igobolondo elimibalabala kakhulu lama-hawksbill turtles, leli gobolondo libaluleke kakhulu kuzo lapho lizifihla ezixhobo zamakhorali lapho lichitha khona ingxenye enkulu. wempilo yakho. Endabeni yezimfudu eziluhlaza, zinegobolondo elimnyama elizisiza ukuthi zifihle kahle otshanini basolwandle lapho zivame ukudla khona.
Izimfudu ze-loggerhead noma izimfudu ze-loggerhead ngokudlula kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zahlakulela umhlathi onamandla kakhulu osebenza ukuchoboza kahle izinkalankala nama-clam ekudleni kwazo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uqhwaku oluzacile lwezimfudu zama- hawksbill lungangena kahle kakhulu emifantwini esemifuleni ukuze lubheke ukudla, ngaphezu kokukwazi ukubhubhisa izipontshi kalula kakhulu. Endabeni yezimfudu eziluhlaza, njengofudu i-loggerhead, ziye zaba nomhlathi oqinile ozisiza ukuba zihlukanise ngokuphelele ulwelwe oludla ngalo.
Konke lokhu osekushiwo kuyasikhombisa ukuthi izimfudu zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nendawo ezikuyo ngangokunokwenzeka, nokuthi nazo ziyizilwane ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ngeshwa, ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwenziwa izimfudu zasolwandle ukuze zikwazi ukusinda enkathini ebanda kakhulu nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo eziningi ezimbi azizange zizilungiselele kahle ukumelana nezingcindezi ezilethwa abantu ngokwabo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwe-Turtle Yasolwandle
Njalo ngonyaka ngaphandle kokwehluleka, izimfudu zasolwandle zibuthana ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke ulwandle ukuze zihlangane. Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuzala, izimfudu zezinsikazi zisuka olwandle ziye ogwini lolwandle ukuze zigubhe izidleke ezihlukahlukene futhi zizalele amaqanda azo; Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zizala ebusuku, nakuba singagqamisa ufudu lwe-olive ridley oluzala emini. Sekuyisikhathi eside kuphakanyiswa ukuthi izimfudu zezinsikazi zenzele amaphuphu azo izidleke emabhishi lapho zichanyuselwe khona.
Ngemva kokuphuma emanzini, izimfudu zezinsikazi zinyakaza ngokukhasa phezu kolwandle lonke kuze kube yilapho sezikwazi ukuthola indawo efanelekayo yokuzalela amaqanda; Kuhle ukusho ukuthi uma izimfudu ziphazanyiswa yinoma yimuphi umsindo noma izibani ogwini, zizovele zibuyele olwandle ngaphandle kokuzalela amaqanda.
Lapho ezinsikazi ekugcineni zithole indawo efanelekile, zisebenzisa amaphiko azo zimba umgodi ovame ukucishe zilingane nomzimba wazo, ngemva kwalokho, zisebenzisa amaphiko azo angemuva, zimbe umgodi omise okwembiza ojule nakakhulu. Ngokucophelela bakhipha isihlabathi emgodini besebenzisa elinye lamaphiko abo, bese bekha isihlabathi esiningi ngesinye.
Ngemva kokumba isikhashana, umgodi wesidleke sazo uzobe usulungile ngokuphelele, futhi ngalowo mzuzu ezinsikazi zizobekela amaqanda azo ngayinye ngayinye, noma ngamabili, nawo abukeka njengesikhumba. Njengoba ufudu lisebenzisa lesi senzo, izinyembezi ziyaphuma ukuze lugcine amehlo alo emanzi futhi engenaso isihlabathi ngokuphelele. Amaqanda eziwabekelayo ngokuvamile anobubanzi obuphakathi kwamasentimitha amane nayisikhombisa.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izimfudu zasolwandle zihlala zizalela cishe amaqanda ayi-100. Nokho, naphezu kwaleli qiniso, eSuriname izimfudu eziluhlaza ngokuvamile zizalela amaqanda angu-142 esidlekeni ngasinye, kuyilapho eziQhingini zaseGalapagos, ngokwesibonelo, zizalela amaqanda angu-80 kuphela esidlekeni ngasinye. Manje, e-Australia, yonke into ibonisa ukuthi ufudu lwe-kikila ngokuvamile luzalela amaqanda angaba ngu-50 kuphela esidlekeni ngasinye. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, izilwane ezihlukahlukene ezinjengama-raccoon zintshontsha amaqanda ezidlekeni ukuze zizidlise zona.
Ekugcineni, lapho insikazi iqeda ukubeka wonke amaqanda ayo, iwamboza ngokuphelele ngesihlabathi futhi iwenze isicaba umhlabathi kahle kakhulu; ngemva kokwenza lokhu, uzama ukuyifihla ngangokunokwenzeka ngokujikijela isihlabathi ezinhlangothini ezihlukene zolwandle futhi anyakazise umzimba wakhe endaweni yonke. Nokho, naphezu komsebenzi onzima eziwenzayo ukuze zifihle amaqanda azo amancane, ukucasha akuwufezi ngaso sonke isikhathi umgomo wako, ngoba izinkalankala noma ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zazikwazi ukumba ziwathole futhi kanjalo ziwadle, kuyilapho unina eseManzini.
Ufudu oluyinsikazi lwalukwazi ukuzalela i-clutch ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili phakathi naso sonke isigaba sokuzala.Ngenkathi eyodwa yokuzala, izimfudu zazikwazi ukwakha izidleke eziphakathi kwezintathu neziyisishiyagalombili ukuze zizalele amaqanda angaba yinkulungwane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kungase kube nenani elihlukile kangaka kuma-broods kusukela ngonyaka owodwa kuya komunye.
Cishe isizathu esiyinhloko esenza izimfudu zasolwandle zizalele leli nani eliphezulu lamaqanda ukuthi zimbalwa kakhulu izimfudu ezincane ezivame ukuphila ngemva kokuchanyuselwa futhi zibe abantu abadala. Uma isidleke esimbiwa omama sikude kakhulu phansi ogwini, imvula enamandla noma amagagasi amakhulu angasibhubhisa ngokuphelele. Uma isidleke sidlula izinga elithile, iningi noma wonke amaphuphu azoba yizinsikazi, nokho, uma singaphansi kwaleli zinga, wonke amaphuphu azoba yiduna.
Uma kwenzeka amaqanda esinda kubo bonke ubunzima bemvelo angase abe nabo, njengezilwane ezidla ezinye noma isimo sezulu, lawa maqanda azochanyuselwa cishe ezinyangeni ezimbili; ngokuvamile, iqanda ngalinye lichanyuselwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lapho amaphuphu eqala ukuphuma emaqandeni, aqala ukulwa nomunye nomunye futhi anwaya isihlabathi esingaphezulu kwesidleke sawo, ngenxa yalokho isihlabathi sizoqala ukuwa kanye namagobolondo amaqanda ahlukene; Ngale ndlela efanayo, iphansi lesidleke likhuphuka kancane kancane lize lifinyelele phezulu ngokuphelele.
Uma amaphuphu esechanyuselwe kakade ongqimbeni olungaphezulu lwesihlabathi, ayohlala elinda kuze kuphole ngaphandle ukuze akwazi ukuphuma ngaphandle kwezinkinga, lesi sici sisitshela ukuthi lezi zimfudu ezincane, ezivame ukukala cishe amasentimitha amahlanu, zilinda kuze kuhlwe. zisilahle ngokuphelele isidleke sazo futhi ziqale indlela eya olwandle.
Uma seziphumile ezidlekeni zazo, izimfudu ezincane zizobhekana nesinye sezigaba ezinzima kakhulu zokuphila kwazo. Esebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kwawo okungokwemvelo, la maphuphu amancane azoya ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni ekhanya kakhulu kuwo wonke umkhathizwe, okuwulwandle, nokho, angase adideke uma ezinye izibani zikhanya phakathi nezwe; uma lokhu kwenzeka, izimfudu ezincane zizoqonda kuleyo ndlela futhi ngeshwa zife, futhi ngokufanayo uma ziqhubeka nendlela yazo eya olwandle, zisesengozini yokudliwa izinyoni eziseduze, ama-raccoon, izinkalankala noma ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kungase kubonakale sengathi uma befika olwandle bazophepha ngokuphelele, nokho akunjalo, ngoba banezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye ezibaqamekele emanzini, izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinjengoshaka, izinyoni zasolwandle nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. . Emasontweni okuqala okuphila kwalawa maphuphu amancane, awakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kolwandle isikhathi eside, futhi awanawo amandla noma amandla okubhukuda ngokushesha futhi abaleke ngokuphumelelayo kuzo zonke izilwane ezizidlayo.
Alukho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nempilo yezimfudu ezingakabi abantu abadala, lesi sikhathi sokuphila kwezimfudu saziwa nangokuthi isikhathi esilahlekile. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izimfudu ezikwaziyo ukusinda ezimweni ezinzima ezibhekana nazo phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala zokuphila, zichitha izinyanga ezilandelayo emabhange e-sargassum antanta ngokungenanjongo eduze kakhulu nogu lolwandle. Ngaphakathi kwala mabhange, izimfudu zingaphephela ngokuphelele ezilwaneni ezizidlayo, futhi zidla ngaphandle kwenkinga ezilwaneni ezincane kunazo ezihlala ngaphakathi.
Lezi zimfudu ezincane zisesimweni esikahle sayo yonke imisinga yasolwandle zize zibe nonyaka owodwa ubudala. Isibonelo esihle salokhu senzeka ngezimfudu ze-olive ridley ezinezinyanga ezimbalwa nje ubudala, lezi zimfudu ezincane zingathwalwa kalula yi-Gulf Stream futhi zize zifinyelele kude enyakatho cishe endaweni ephakeme yesifunda saseMassachusetts, ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga. wase-United States.
Ngenxa yolwazi oluncane olutholakalayo, akwaziwa kahle ukuthi kukuphi lapho izimfudu zasolwandle zivame ukufinyelela khona esigabeni sokuvuthwa, nokho, ngokwezilinganiso ezihlukene, izimfudu zifinyelela kulokhu kukhula phakathi kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu ubudala. Lesi sikhathi eside kakhulu sokufinyelela kulokhu kukhula simelela izinkinga ezithile ezihlobene nokongiwa kwezimfudu zasolwandle ezinhle.
Ngeshwa, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zibhekana nenani elikhulu lezingozi ezimpilweni zazo zonke, njengezilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo, ezizingela abantu, zibamba amanetha lapho zifa khona ziphelelwe umoya; Zonke lezi zici zinciphisa kakhulu ikhono lezimfudu zasolwandle ukuze ziphile ngokugcwele futhi zizalane.
Izinsongo
Singaphetha ngokuthi inkathi yokuzalanisa cishe iyisigaba esiyingozi kunazo zonke ekuphileni kwezimfudu zasolwandle, ngalesi sikhathi izimfudu zibekela amaqanda amaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, inani eliphawulekayo lamaphuphu adliwa yizilwane eziwadlayo, noma abhujiswe yizimo zezulu, ngenxa yalezi zinsongo ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwazi ukuba ngabantu abadala futhi zizalane. Kunoma yikuphi uhlobo oluthile lokuphazamiseka emzamweni omkhulu owenziwa yilezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, kungase kubeke engozini kakhulu ikhono lezimfudu ukugcina ngokunembile izinombolo zabo zabantu.
Ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni wonke, imisebenzi eyahlukene yabantu isize yaphazamisa ukuzalaniswa okufanele kwezimfudu zasolwandle. Njengoba inani labantu likhula kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zezinto zokunethezeka ezivela ezimfuduni zasolwandle, kuye kwabangela ukuba zizingelwe ngonya kuwo wonke amabhishi ale planethi ukuze kukhishwe izingxenye ezihlukene zazo, njengoba ungaba igobolondo layo elihle.
Ngale ndlela efanayo, ukuzingela okuqhubekayo kwezimfudu ezincane kuye kwabangela ukuba inani lezimfudu ezingase zizalane lehle kakhulu, ngomzuzu wokuqala lezi zinguquko ngeke ziphawuleke kakhulu, nokho, ngokuhamba kweminyaka lokhu kuncipha olwandle. inani lezimfudu ngeke likwazi ukuziba. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi uma izimfudu zasolwandle eziningi ziqhubeka zibulawa, eminyakeni yakamuva ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda namaphuphu asinda inani elikhulu lezinsongo ezibhekene nazo kuzoba phansi kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi enhle. amaqembu ezimfudu
Mhlawumbe, izinhlobo zezimfudu ezisongelwa kakhulu zingaba izimfudu ezincane kunazo zonke ze-hawksbill, ngoba lezi zimfudu zizingelwa, emva kwalokho ziyahlakazwa, zenziwe nge-varnish futhi ekugcineni zithengiswa njengezinto ezilula zokuhlobisa. Ngoba, ngokwezilinganiso eziningi, ama-hawksbill ahlala ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi kuvame ukusebenziseka kakhulu ukubabamba bonke ngokuzingela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezifundeni ezihlukene zomhlaba amaqanda ofudu abanjwa ukuze adliwe abantu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezithile wonke amaqanda ayaqoqwa, ngaleyo ndlela kushiyelwa izilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo zalolu hlobo inani elibi, okuletha ngenxa yalokho ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi izimfudu ezincane ziphile, noma ngisho nokuthi zingachanyuselwa emaqandeni azo. Endabeni yezimfudu zasolwandle ze-olive ridley, ukwehla okulimazayo kwenani labantu bawo kuye kwabonakala ngenxa yaleli qoqo lamaqanda okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla, futhi nalokhu futhi kuyisizathu sokuncipha kwenani lezimfudu zasolwandle ze-leatherback.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kogu, izivakashi, emadolobheni nasezimbonini kwenze indawo yemvelo yezimfudu zasolwandle yahlaselwa kakhulu izidalwa, okuyinto futhi elimaza kakhulu lezi zilwane. Ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini, amahhotela, izindlu kanye nezindawo ezihlukene zasolwandle seziqalile ukwakhiwa kaningi ngaphandle kokucabangela zonke izinguquko zemvelo lapho amabhishi abhekene khona neziphepho kanye nemisinga yolwandle ehlukene.
Linjalo inani lezakhiwo, ukuthi emabhishi lapho izimfudu ngokuvamile zizalela khona amaqanda, sezicishe zanyamalala ngokuphelele; Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba izimfudu zasolwandle zingafudukela kwamanye amabhishi ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi, ukwanda kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ezindaweni ezisogwini kuye kwasho ukuthi inani nobukhulu bamabhishi afaneleka ukubekela amaqanda azo cishe abukho, okulithinta ngokuqondile ikhono lalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuba zizalane.
Esinye sezinsongo ezinkulu izimfudu zasolwandle okumelwe zibhekane nazo ukubanjwa kwazo ngephutha amanetha ezikebhe zokudoba. Ukuqina kwalolu songo kuthanda ukuhluka kancane kuye ngokuthi unyaka, ngoba kukhona iminyaka lapho inani lezimfudu eziminyaniswe amanetha ezikebhe zokudoba liphezulu kakhulu, kanti ezinye lapho inani liphansi kakhulu; Nokho, ngendlela efanayo, iminyaka lapho amanani ehla ngokufanayo imelela igalelo elibhubhisayo kulezi zilwane, futhi inciphisa kakhulu ikhono lazo lokuzala nokubuyisela inani lazo eliphakeme phakathi neminyaka edlule.
Isibonelo esihle somonakalo izikebhe zokudoba ezingase ziwubangele ezimfuduni indaba yezimfudu ze-olive ridley, ngoba uma lezi zikebhe ziqhubeka ziminyanisa lezi zilwane isikhathi eside, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lolu hlobo lugcine lushabalala ngokuphelele. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yezimfudu zasolwandle iye yahlaselwa futhi yawohloka phakathi neminyaka ngenxa yabantu, lokhu kuletha njengemiphumela izikhathi zengozi yezimfudu, izikhathi zobungozi ezivame ukuba zinde kakhulu.
Ukucekelwa phansi okuphelele kwezixhobo zamakhorali ngenxa yokungcoliswa okuphezulu, ukuphatha budedengu noma ukumbiwa kwamahange kunciphisa kakhulu imithombo yokudla yezimfudu zasolwandle kanye nokuvikelwa kwazo, konke okuthinta kakhulu izinhlobo zama-hawksbill kanye nezimfudu ze-loggerhead.
Inqwaba yodaka olugugulekile kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezehlukene ezihudulwa ezindaweni zezolimo nasemadolobheni nazo zinomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni futhi ngenxa yalokho ekucekeleni phansi kwezixhobo zamakhorali nezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zasolwandle, phakathi kwezizathu ezehlukene ingoba zinciphisa izinga lokukhanya. Okudingwa kakhulu izilwane nezitshalo izimfudu zasolwandle ezivame ukudla kuzo. Ngokujwayela okukhulu, izinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyinhloko emanzini zithathwa yizilwane zasolwandle eziphansi ezihlukene, nokho, zifinyelela emazingeni aphezulu okugxilisa ingqondo emazingeni aphezulu ochungechunge lokudla.
Ngale ndlela, kungaphethwa ngokuthi lapho ufudu ludla inkalankala, eyake yadla into ephilayo engcolile, ufudu luzothola umthamo omkhulu wokungcola emzimbeni walo.
Okokugcina, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi izimfudu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezifudukayo, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ziwumthombo ovamile emazweni amaningi. Amaqembu ezimfudu ezalela amazinyane azo ezweni elithile, adla njalo endaweni yelinye, ngenxa yalesi sizathu akusizi uma izwe elilodwa livikela izimfudu zasolwandle kuyilapho ezinye zingazivikele. Yilokhu okuvame ukwenzeka ezikhathini eziningi, futhi kusobala ukuthi uma amazwe enesithakazelo sangempela sokubuyisela inani lezimfudu zasolwandle, kufanele zonke zibambisane.
Izimfudu Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungabangela izinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu, phakathi kwalezi ikhono lokucisha ngokuphelele izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukile, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezifudukayo ezifana nezimfudu zasolwandle, okwamanje ezibhekene nezinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu zemvelo ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngokusobala, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sicabangele izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana neziphepho noma iziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo, ezikhulisa kakhulu izinga lokufa kwezimfudu zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi emanzini angashoni.
Lezi zinhlekelele zemvelo ngokuvamile zibangela imiphumela yesibili, njengokushintshwa kwamaphethini okufuduka kanye nezimvula ezinamandla ngokuvamile zikhukhula futhi ziqede ngokuphelele izidleke ezitholakala emabhishi. Isibonelo somthelela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okungaba nawo yindaba ye-“El Niño”, eyabangela ukuncipha kokutholakala kokudla, futhi, nokuncipha kokuzala nokuzala kwezimfudu zasolwandle.
Esinye isici sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esithinta kakhulu lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ikakhulukazi ngezimfudu zasolwandle eziyiduna, ngoba lolu hlobo lwama-turtles lunqunywa ngokuphelele izinga lokushisa lokufukamela. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi izindawo lapho izimfudu ezibeka khona izidleke zazo zinganyamalala ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuphakama okuphezulu kwezinga lolwandle.
Ngokwenani elikhulu locwaningo lwakamuva, kunobufakazi obusobala boshintsho olubi kakhulu emabhishi abalulekile lapho izimfudu zivame ukuhlala khona njalo, lezi zinguquko ziza ngenxa yeziphepho, ezathinta kakhulu isidleke sazo kanye nokuziphatha kwazo ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezibekela amaqanda azo kulezi ziqhingi ezimbili, ama-hawksbill, ama-turtles aluhlaza kanye nama-loggerhead.
Izinguquko ezivelele kakhulu zabonwa e-Playa Mal Tiempo, eCayo Campo nase-Playa El Guanal, lawa mabhishi amathathu atholakala e-Los Canarreos Archipelago, okuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yezimfudu eziluhlaza nama-loggerheads ahlala eCuba. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwamabhishi kungabonwa njengase-Cayo Anclitas, kucatshangwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuguguleka nokuthinteka kwazo zonke izimila ngenxa yokudlula kweziphepho njengase-Cayo Alcatraz, zombili lezi zindawo zitholakala endaweni. keys kanye neLabyrinth of the Twelve Leguas, okungenzeka ukuthi iyindawo eyinhloko yokuzalela izimfudu zama-hawksbill ngaphakathi kweCuba.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izimvula ezingapheli kanye nemimoya enamandla kakhulu ebangelwa iziphepho zithinta kakhulu zonke izindawo ezisogwini, okuholela ezikhukhuleni ezinkulu kanye nokugudluzwa kwenani elikhulu lesihlabathi, lokhu okulandelayo kuyisici esinqumayo empumelelweni izimfudu zasolwandle ezingase zibe nazo ekutholeni inombolo enhle yabasha. Uma izinga lolwandle likhuphuka ngenxa yamandla amakhulu emimoya, likhiqiza izikhukhula namagagasi anamandla afinyelela ngisho nasezitshalweni, lokhu kulimaza izinhlobo ezintathu zomfudu ngendlela efanayo, futhi emazingeni ahlukene, ngoba ngayinye yazo amaqanda emazingeni ahlukene olwandle.
Ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu, inani leziphepho emanzini liye landa kakhulu, futhi ngeshwa isikhathi sokuzala kwezimfudu zasolwandle sihambisana nalokhu; ngokusobala, lezi zishingishane zibangela ukucekelwa phansi ngokuphelele kwazo zonke izidleke, amaqanda kanye nezimfudu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa. Ngokuqondile, ngo-2002, umonakalo omkhulu owabangelwa iziphepho kulezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo wawubonakala ngokucacile, njengoba, ngesikhathi lapho iziphepho u-Lily no-Isidore zihlasela, isigaba sokuzala sama-hawksbill turtles saqala, okuyinto naphezu kokuthi abazange bathinte ngokuqondile amabhishi. , ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabonakala ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwezinsikazi ezizalelayo.
Ukulondolozwa Kofudu Lwasolwandle
Eminyakeni yamuva, ohulumeni abahlukene nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke baye babonisa isithakazelo esikhulu futhi basebenzela ukunciphisa ngangokunokwenzeka zonke izinsongo lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinhle ezibhekene nazo. Enye yezinsongo eziyinhloko ezibangelwa abantu ukuhweba ngezinto zikanokusho, ubucwebe noma imihlobiso evela ofudu lwasolwandle.Ukuzama ukulawula lesi simo esithathe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemiphefumulo yalezi zilwane, inqwaba yamazwe ibizihlanganisa nalezi zilwane. I-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, noma ngokusho kwesifinyezo sayo ngesiNgisi CITES.
Ngokwalo mhlangano ofanayo, ukuhwebelana kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo oluvela ezimfundeni akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwasezimweni eziqondile kakhulu; ngeshwa naphezu kwalesi sinyathelo, uhwebo olungekho emthethweni lukhula kakhulu unyaka nonyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inombolo ebaluleke kakhulu yamazwe yenze imithetho ehlukene yokulondoloza lolu hlobo lwezilwane, futhi yenqabela ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yama-turtle, noma ukuzingela kwalokhu. Isibonelo esihle salezi zinyathelo yisimo saseSuriname, lapho amaqanda ezimfudu eqoqwa khona ukuze awasindise futhi awavikele kubazingeli noma abaqoqi abangekho emthethweni, bese ethuthela ezidlekeni ezisongelwa amagagasi amakhulu kakhulu futhi andise ucwaningo ngalezi. izilwane.
Kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba bakhethe ukuvikela ngokuphelele izindawo lapho izimfudu zibekela khona amaqanda, futhi, zivikele ukudla kwazo. Isibonelo esihle salesi senzo esinye samabhishi amakhulu lapho izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza zizalela khona amaqanda e-Caribbean Basin, okuyi-Tortuguero, e-Costa Rica, ulwandle olusanda kumenyezelwa njengepaki kazwelonke. Ukuze kwandiswe ngokuqhubekayo inani lamaqanda akwazi ukuzala kanye nezimfudu ezithola indlela eya olwandle ngaphandle kobunzima, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nohulumeni bomhlaba baye bavikela kakhulu izidleke, noma bawafukamele la maphuphu ezindaweni ezingezona umphakathi ngokuphelele.
Enye yezindawo eziyinhloko zokuzalela izimfudu ze-olive ridley emhlabeni wonke kuye kwaba yiRancho Nuevo, eMexico; uhulumeni wakulesi sifunda uzivikele ngokugcwele izidleke zofudu lwasolwandle futhi usehambise amaqanda ezindaweni eziphephe kakhulu. Ngemva kokuba amaqanda esedlule kuso sonke isigaba sokufukamela futhi amaphuphu echanyuselwa azalwa ayiswa olwandle ngokushesha, ngisho nezimfudu eziningi ezisanda kuzalwa kulezi zindawo ziqala ukukhuliswa unyaka wonke ezikhungweni ezahlukene zikahulumeni wase-United States, ngemva kwalo nyaka ayiswe olwandle.
Ukuze kuncishiswe inani lezimfudu zasolwandle ezibulawa amanetha okudoba ngephutha, uhulumeni wase-United States uye wasungula umshini ovimbela izimfudu ukuba zingabanjwa emanetheni nganoma iyiphi indlela, futhi nalo mshini wenza kube nezimfanzi ezengeziwe ngaphakathi. amanetha, abazuzisa kakhulu abadobi. Nokho, ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, ukudoba bekuvinjelwe ngokuphelele ngezinkathi zonyaka lapho kukhona khona izimfudu kuleyo ndawo.
Ekugcineni, eminyakeni yamuva nje abantu baye baqala ukuqaphela ukuthuthela emadolobheni okungalawuleki futhi okungenangqondo kwezindawo ezisogwini, futhi ngokulandelayo, ngokungcoliswa okukhulu kolwandle lokhu okuza nakho, ukungcola okungathinti nje kuphela izimfudu zasolwandle, kodwa futhi okuthinta cishe zonke izinto. izilwane ezihlala olwandle, lezi zilwane zihlanganisa izinhlobo esithembele kakhulu kuzo thina bantu ukuze sithole ukudla okunomsoco okuphelele, ekusebenzeni kwezimboni zemithi namakhemikhali kanye nakuwo wonke umkhakha wezokuvakasha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobha kuphela okuqaphela ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezilwandle ezimweni zemvelo ezifanele kuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwazo okuqhubekayo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu osekwenziwe, kusathatha iminyaka, uma kungengamashumi eminyaka, yemizamo efana nalena ukuze kugwenywe ngempumelelo ukwehla kwenani labantu abahlaselwa yizimfudu zasolwandle. Ngaphandle kokuba bonke abantu babambisane ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila okunempilo, hhayi kwezimfudu zasolwandle kuphela, kodwa zonke izilwane ezihlala olwandle, umhlabathi nezitshalo zasolwandle, ukuphila kwethu kusengozini enkulu, ingasaphathwa eyezizukulwane ezizayo.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngawo wonke umhlaba wezilwane kuyo yonke iplanethi enguMhlaba, ungangabazi okwesikhashana ukuqhubeka ufunda lezi zihloko ezimangalisayo: