Ngokusebenzisa okulandelayo uzokwazi ukwazi konke okuhlobene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko obuncane, eyaziwa nangokuthi ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe, okuyilabo abanokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo, ngaphezu kobuciko nje. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu kukhona ubuciko bokuhlobisa kanye negolide.
Ubuciko obuncane
Esihlokweni sethu sanamuhla sizobe sifunda okwengeziwe mayelana nobuciko obuncane, owaziwa abaningi ngokuthi ubuciko obusetshenziswayo. Ingenye yezinkulumo zobuciko ezithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni futhi ibandakanya bonke lobo buciko obusebenzisekayo, ngaphezu kobuciko kuphela, kukho konke ukunwetshwa kwayo.
Ngaphakathi kweqembu lobuciko obuncane singagqamisa obuthile obukhethekile njengobuciko bokuhlobisa, ngaphezu kwegolide, nokho-ke kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngobuciko obuncane sibhekisela kukho konke okuxuba izakhi zobuciko nezinto ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa.
Kuningi osekushiwo mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko obuncane kanye Nobuciko Obubuhle obaziwa kabanzi: umehluko ovela eGreece. Nakuba bekhona abazama ukubukela phansi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko obuncane, iqiniso liwukuthi le nkulumo ibisebenza emlandweni njengezobuciko obukhulu.
Kuningi okube nomthelela wobuciko obuncane kangangokuthi izakhiwo eziningi zangaphambi komlando ezingavakashelwa okwamanje zifakwe ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lobuciko olwaziwa ngokuthi ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu yinoma iyiphi i-amphora yamaRoma, noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kahle namathuluzi ashiywe amalungu empucuko yangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, okokuqala ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni futhi nangemva kwesigaba sesimanjemanje, lo mqondo ubulokhu unweba imisebenzi yawo eminingi. Kunezazi ezithile ezithi ubuciko obubonakalayo, isibonelo, ukuthwebula izithombe nesinema, bekufanele kubhekwe njengohlobo lobuciko obuncane, kuyilapho ezinye izifundiswa zehluka kulokhu kuhlola.
Iqiniso liwukuthi okwamanje kunamagatsha ahlukene phakathi kwezobuciko obuncane, nakuba cishe ngayinye yazo igqama ngokungenawo umsuka wobuciko kuphela. Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu zobuciko obusetshenziswayo ukuthi ukusebenza kwazo kubonakala kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lobuciko, zonke izinhlobo zokuklama ziyagqama, noma ngisho nalezo ezihlobene nezakhiwo.
Umlando wobuciko obusetshenzisiwe noma obuncane
Kule ngxenye yendatshana yethu sizohamba kancane ngomlando walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko obusetshenziswayo noma owaziwa kakhulu ngabaningi ngokuthi yi-Minor arts. Ukuze uqonde kangcono indaba, sizohlukanisa ukuvakasha kube yizikhathi ezithile:
Umsuka womqondo
Ngokwencazelo yayo, kungathiwa ubuciko obuncane base buvele busebenza ngisho naku-Prehistory; nokho, kwakungamaGreki ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza umehluko ngokwemibono. AmaGreki ayechaza uBuciko Oluhle njengalezo ezingabongwa ngokubona nangokuzwa, ngaphandle kokuthintana ngokomzimba.
Nakuba ubuciko obuncane, ngokusho kwamaGreki, budinga ukungenelela kwazo zonke ezinye izinzwa ukuze zikwazi ukuqondana ngokunembile, okungukuthi, hhayi nje ukubona nokuzwa njengasendabeni yoBuciko Oluhle. Kuleli qembu, amanye ama-currents angagqanyiswa, njenge-perfumery kanye ne-gastronomy.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umqondo wobuciko obuncane wawuthola izici ezintsha futhi uthathe ushintsho oluncane, ugcizelela ngokukhethekile ukuthi lokho okudaliwe kunokusetshenziswa okuwusizo noma uma kumane kuwubuciko.
Iminyaka ephakathi
Kukholakala ukuthi kwakungeNkathi Ephakathi lapho ubuciko obuncane bufakazela umfutho wabo wokuqala omkhulu. Lo mfutho wawungenxa yezici ezimbalwa, kodwa okunye okwakugqama kakhulu kwakuwukuvela kwezinhlangano zezandla, ezaziphethe ukwakha imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi nokuqeqesha abasebenzi bazo.
Esinye isici esaholela ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko obuncane ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwakuwukuvela konxiwankulu, okwakhuthaza kakhulu ukwanda kwamakhasimende amasha, ngale kwamakhosi noma iBandla. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi neRomanesque cishe yonke imisebenzi igcinwe motif yenkolo.
Ubuciko obuncane obakhuthazwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi cishe njalo babuqondiswe kumakhasimende ayenemali eningi, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile ezibalulekile njengegolide namatshe ayigugu ukuze kucaciswe lolu hlobo lomsebenzi kwakuyisici.
Idizayini ye-textile nayo ithola umfutho othokozisayo ngalesi sigaba. Hhayi kuphela okokugqoka, kodwa futhi nama-tapestries amahle ezindlini noma ezinqabeni zabanamandla. Uvolo kanye ne-hemp kugqama njengezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, kulandelwa ezinye izinto ezifana nosilika nelineni lasempumalanga.
KumaGothic, okugqama kakhulu ngaphandle kokungabaza ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamathempeli namathempeli ahlaba umxhwele. Kodwa-ke, kwakungeyona nje isakhiwo esinjalo esenza umbono, kodwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke izakhi zokuhlobisa ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa lolu hlobo lokwakha: kusukela kumafasitela engilazi angcolile kuya ezithombeni eziqoshiwe.
Ukwakhiwa kwefenisha kuhlomula ngokuthuthuka komnotho, njengoba kunjalo nangezindawo ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile.
i-neoclassicism
I-Neoclassicism yayingesinye isigaba emlandweni lapho ubuciko obuncane bukwazi khona ukuzwa umzuzu omkhulu. Kusukela ngo-1750 ubuciko bokuhlobisa bubonisa umfutho othakazelisayo, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neNgilandi neFrance.
Indlela yokusebenza ubuciko obuncane ngalesi sikhathi yayibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokuba nesizotha, nokubanda. Amafomu alula, ayisicaba ayesetshenziswa kakhulu, mhlawumbe ekuphenduleni isitayela sangaphambili se-Rococo, esasigcwele ihaba lesitayela.
Ukuvuselelwa Kwezimboni
I-Industrial Revolution yaba ngesinye sezigaba ezinethonya nesibalulekile kwezobuciko obuncane ngokujwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi yayisho inguquko esuka ekukhiqizweni kwezandla kwezandla kuya ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni. Kwakungemva kweNguquko Yezimboni lapho lolu hlobo lwezinto lwaqala ukukhiqizwa ngendlela enkulu, ehloselwe umphakathi jikelele.
Kwaba njalo umthelela owabangelwa iNguquko Yezimboni kwezobuciko obuncane, okwathi phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokukhiqiza, isithakazelo sokuhlobisa, ekuqaleni esasibonisa ubuciko obuncane, sasishiywe eceleni. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi izinto ziba usizo kuphela.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba somlando, kwakungabantu abacebile kuphela ababekwazi ukufinyelela ukukhiqizwa okwenziwe ngezandla, baze bavule inkambiso esaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla: ukwazisa okukhulu kwemisebenzi yezandla ekhiqizwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezimboni.
Ubuciko & Izandla
Kwakuyinhlangano eyathatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala phakathi neminyaka yawo-60 kanye nawo-70. Kuphela uma sihlaziya incazelo yegama layo singaqonda kancane mayelana nomqondo walolu hlobo lwezinjongo: Ubuciko Nemisebenzi Yezandla.
Ngale ndlela, futhi kucatshangelwa inani elincane labo ababephila ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni abalinikeza ubuciko obuncane, abadali balokhu kwamanje balwela ukubanikeza umfutho omusha. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukubuyela emsebenzini wobuciko, bezama ukubuyela emsebenzini wendabuko. Kubo, ubuciko kufanele bube bubuhle njengoba buwusizo, ngaphandle kokuthi into eyodwa iphikisana nenye.
Ikhulu lamashumi amabili
Ngeke kwenzeke ukuphika umthelela ikhulunyaka lama-XNUMX elibe nawo emlandweni wezobuciko ngokujwayelekile, futhi akuhlukile nakumaciko amancane. Lesi sikhathi bekumele inguquko kwezobuchwepheshe nezinto ezibonakalayo ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Idizayini, kuzo zonke izinkulumo zayo, ihlanganiswe njengesisekelo sobuciko obusetshenzisiwe.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi kwaqhubeka kwanda kakhulu, kodwa manje ngenjongo ecacile: Ukuzama ukukhiqiza ukukhanga okukhulu kumthengi.
Ngenxa yokunyakaza okufana ne-Bauhaus futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-Art Deco, ubuciko bokuhlobisa bukwazi ukuzinza ngokuqinisekile emphakathini. I-Art Deco yayibaluleke kakhulu kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II futhi yayibonakala ngemigqa egobile kubuciko bezithombe nobujamo bejometri efenisha.
Ikhulu lama-XXI
Ubuciko obuncane buyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela futhi buthakasela ikhulu lama-XNUMX. Empeleni lolu hlobo lwenkulumo yobuciko luqhubeka lunezici nokubaluleka okufanayo.
Njengoba kuye kwaba njalo iminyaka ethile, izinto ezidalwe ezingeni lezimboni, nakuba zihle kakhulu futhi zikhangayo, zihluke kulezo ezenziwe ngesandla, ezinikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu. Izitayela ezimbalwa kuphela zezakhiwo, ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye ne-deconstructivism, eziphule ifa lekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngokugqama kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko be-post-modern.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezimele ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe
Kule ngxenye ye-athikili yethu sizokwazi eminye yemikhakha evelele kakhulu ekhona kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko obuncane:
Izakhiwo
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ibheka ukuthi izakhiwo akufanele zichazwe njengobuciko obuncane, umsebenzi wayo ophindwe kabili ngokungangabazeki awunakuphikiswa: ubuhle nokusetshenziswa.
Umklamo wemfashini
Ukuklama kwemfashini sekuyiminyaka eminingana manje enye yezinhlobo ezithakazelisayo nezibalulekile zobuciko obuncane emlandweni, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, lapho iqala ukuba nethonya elikhulu. Kumelwe sihlukanise phakathi kwezingubo ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi kanye namamodeli alungiselelwe ama-catwalks, eduze kakhulu nomqondo wobuciko obusetshenzisiwe.
Umdwebo wezithombe
Idizayini yezithombe ingabhekwa njengenye yezengezo zakamuva esigabeni sobuciko obuncane. Ingenye yalezo ezisebenzise kakhulu ubuchwepheshe obusha.
Idizayini yezimboni
Ingenye yezinhlobo ezimele kakhulu zobuciko obuncane. Kuwumklamo wokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, oqhubeka nokuthola izindlela zokuheha kakhulu ukuze kudonswe ukunaka kwabathengi.
Ukuqopha nemisebenzi yezandla
Ihlelwe phakathi kobuciko bepulasitiki, akusekho ukuvumelana mayelana nokuthi kufanele kucatshangelwe yini phakathi kobuciko obuncane, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi babangelwa izici zabo.
I-Publicidad
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ihambisana nobunye ubuciko obuncane bakamuva, umthelela wayo usathakasela. Ichazwa njengohlobo lobuciko obuncane ngenxa yokuthi izakhi ezisetshenziswe kulolu hlobo lwenkulumo zigcwele izici zobuciko ezikhangayo ngendlela edonsa ngamandla ukunaka kwabemukeli futhi yenze umlayezo udluliselwe ngokuphumelelayo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isithombe
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ingxenye enhle yabathwebuli bezithombe abanobuciko noma abanobuciko abavumelani nokuthi ukuthwebula kufakwe njengohlobo lobuciko obuncane, nokho bayanda osolwazi abanesibindi sokuhlanganisa le nkulumo ngaphakathi kobuciko obusetshenzisiwe. . Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuthwebula izithombe kunomsebenzi ocacile njengethuluzi lokurekhoda izimo nezimo ezihlukene.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: