Icatshangelwe abadali bayo nabalandeli njengendlela ebanzi kwezobuciko ebonisa ukuseshwa kwezincazelo ezintsha ngamaciko anamuhla, ubuciko be-postmodern yimpendulo kulokhu kuseshwa enkingeni yesiko lasendulo.
ubuciko be-postmodern
Kukholelwa ukuthi ekhulwini lama-XNUMX kwenzeka lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukufa kwezisekelo eziphakeme kakhulu”: uNkulunkulu, umuntu nomlobi. Ngamanye amazwi, isisekelo senkolo sanyakaziswa, kwavela inhlekelele yemibono yabantu, futhi abadali basuka ekudaleni okusha bacabange kabusha endala.
I-postmodernism kwezobuciko iyingxenye yenkambiso yomhlaba wonke eye yamukelwa isiko nefilosofi yomhlaba. I-Postmodernism ayisona isitayela esisodwa, kodwa inkimbinkimbi yezikhombisi-ndlela, ezihlanganiswe nesisekelo semibono evamile. Abaningi babo baze balwe bodwa.
I-Postmodernism yigama elisuselwa olimini lwesiFulentshi (i-postmodernisme). Leli gama libonisa incazelo yesiqondiso esathatha indawo yobuciko benkathi yesimanjemanje (akumele kudidaniswe nesimanjemanje). Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukunyakaza kwesimanjemanje (noma i-avant-garde) kwabhekana negalelo elinzima kubuciko bakudala. Kodwa kancane kancane abadali bayeka ukwaneliseka ngezindlela zesimanje.
Ngokuhambisana nenqwaba yentuthuko entsha yezobuchwepheshe, i-postmodernism iholele ekuhlolweni kwezobuciko ngemidiya emisha kanye nezindlela ezintsha zobuciko cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, okuhlanganisa ubuciko bomqondo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenza nokufakwa kobuciko, kanye nemisinga yekhompyutha efana ne-deconstructivism nobuchwepheshe. .
Izimpawu ze-postmodernism
UJean-François Lyotard kanye nabanye osolwazi bachaza izisekelo zomoya zesimanjemanje njengenkolelo enganyakazi ekuqhubekeleni phambili okuqinile kokucindezelwa okunemininingwane okwengeziwe komhlaba kanye nendlela efinyelela olwazini oluphelele kancane kancane. Izimiso zobushiqela zekhulu lama-XNUMX zawulahla unomphela uhlamvu oluphelele lwamamodeli anjalo.
Nazi izizathu zesidingo sokuchaza i-postmodernism njengekhefu eliqaphelayo nesimanje. I-Postmodernism ayinqabi kuphela inkolelo yesimanje eqhubekayo, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kweqiniso eliqondakalayo lenhloso. Ithiyori ye-postmodern kanye ne-aesthetics icabanga ukuthi lonke ulwazi, konke ukubona, nayo yonke indawo yokwazi nokuba khona kungaphansi kokuhlobana. Umqondo obalulekile we-postmodernism ubuningi.
Isifiso sesimanje sokudala into entsha njalo, kanye nezindlela zobuciko ezisetshenziselwa ukuyifeza, zibonwa njengokuzenzakalelayo, okusungulwe, futhi okuphelelwe yisikhathi ku-postmodernism. Isimiso sokuthi akukho okusha okungadalwa kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwezingcaphuno kube isici esibalulekile sesitayela sobuciko besikhathi samanje.
Isidingo sokuvuleleka emqondweni wobuciko kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko ngamunye sivula cishe amathuba angenamkhawulo ngakolunye uhlangothi: i-postmodernism ivula izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhuluma ngokweqa imingcele yezinhlobo.
Indlela esetshenziswa kaningi yenkathi yangemva kwesimanje i-collage. Leli gama, eliqanjwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX lezitikha ze-Dada, libanzi kakhulu enkathini yangemva kwesimanje. Kubandakanya, isibonelo, ukufakwa kwezinga elikhulu, amasu efilimu noma izinqubo zokuqamba umculo.
Ababhali abanjengo-Umberto Eco (Igama Le-Rose), abaklami bezakhiwo abafana noFriedensreich Hundertwasser (Hundertwasserhaus, Vienna) kanye nabaculi abafana noKeith Haring bazama ukuvala igebe phakathi kokuqonda kwe-elitist kwezobuciko namasiko amaningi; lokhu, nakho, kuyisici esibalulekile se-postmodern aesthetics.
Imisebenzi eminingi yangemva kwesimanje, ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko obudlalwayo, ayifuni ukuqondwa njengomphumela ophelele, kodwa njengelungiselelo lokuhlola. Isethulo sizoba yizicucu (izincwadi: Roland Barthes, Izingcezu zolimi lothando) noma umsebenzi oqhubekayo (ithiyetha yomdanso: uWilliam Forsythe, umdlalo kaScott) ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthuka kwawo.
Abagxeki bezobuciko banikeza izimpendulo ezihlukene embuzweni wokuthi iyini i-postmodernism ekudwebeni, njengoba isiko le-postmodern liyizinto eziningi futhi alinayo isiteji semibono ecacile. Ama-Postmodernists awazange adale i-canon yendawo yonke, ngaphezu kwalokho, benqaba ukudala eyodwa ngokuyisisekelo. Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwenzuzo eyisisekelo eshiwo abasekeli balo mkhuba inkululeko engapheli yokukhuluma.
I-Postmodernism akuyona ukunyakaza, kodwa indlela evamile yokucabanga. Ngakho-ke, alukho uhlu olulodwa lwezimpawu ezichaza "ubuciko be-postmodern." Kodwa-ke, kunenombolo yezimpawu eziyisici sobuciko be-postmodern:
- Inkululeko engenamkhawulo futhi ephelele yomculi ekukhetheni izindlela zokuzibonakalisa.
- Cabanga kabusha ngezithombe zomdabu, okuhlanganisa nazo esimweni esisha (yingakho kusatshalaliswa kabanzi ukwenziwa kabusha, ukutolika, izingcaphuno zobuciko, imali mboleko, izinkomba).
- I-Syncretism, okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezihlukene zibe yimbumba eyodwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho eziphikisanayo (isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezitayela ezahlukene ngumdwebi emdwebeni, noma ngisho nenhlanganisela yomdwebo nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko).
- Inkhulumomphendvulwano, okungukuthi, ukubheka isihloko engele ezahlukene, kusukela isikhundla «amazwi» ezahlukene, okuyinto ekugcineni adale polyphonic «symphony».
- Ifomu lokwethulwa komsebenzi, isimemo sombukeli sokujoyina umsebenzi nezincazelo.
- Ubunjalo obushaqisayo bokusungula.
- Ukubhuqa kanye nokuzihlekisa kombhali. Abaculi manje sebenokungabaza kakhulu "imibono emikhulu" (isb ukuthi yonke inqubekelaphambili yinhle).
- I-Postmodernism iwukubonakaliswa kokunganeliseki okusabalele ngempilo namandla ezinhlelo zenani elikhona kanye/noma nobuchwepheshe bokuletha uguquko oluhle. Ngenxa yalokho, igunya, isipiliyoni, ulwazi, nesisusa kuye kwaba nedumela elibi.
- Ubuciko besimanje abubonwanga njenge-elitist kuphela, kodwa futhi bumhlophe (ngomqondo wombala wesikhumba), bubuswa besilisa, futhi bengenandaba nabancane. Yingakho ubuciko be-postmodern bukhuthaza ubuciko ngabaculi bomhlaba wesithathu, abantu besifazane, kanye nabambalwa.
I-postmodern, yesimanje kanye nobuciko besimanje bamuva
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ubuciko be-postmodern kanye nobuciko besimanje busetshenziswa kakhulu noma kancane ngendlela efanayo. Nokho, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ubuciko bangemva kwesimanje busho “emva kwesimanjemanje” futhi bubhekisela enkathini emisiwe eqala cishe ngo-1970, kuyilapho ubuciko besimanje bubhekisela ikakhulukazi esikhathini esishintshayo seminyaka engaba ngamashumi amahlanu ngaphambi nje kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX. Okwamanje.
Njengamanje lezi zikhathi ezimbili ziyahambisana. Kodwa ngonyaka we-2050 ubuciko be-postmodern (isb kusuka ku-1970-2020) kungenzeka ukuthi buthathelwe indawo ngenye inkathi, nokho ubuciko besimanje buhlanganisa isikhathi kuze kufike kulowo nyaka.
Kubuciko bokubukwayo, igama elithi late modern lisho ukunyakaza noma amathrendi enqaba isici esisodwa sobuciko besimanje kodwa asale esesikolweni sesimanjemanje. Izitayela ezifana ne-Abstract Expressionism (1948-65) zenziwa idlanzana lamaciko esimanjemanje, okuhlanganisa uJackson Pollock noWillem De Kooning, abaphikisana nezivumelwano eziningi ezisemthethweni zokudweba uwoyela.
Kodwa nokho, akekho u-Pollock noma u-de Kooning owayengakwazi ukukhiqiza noma yini efana ne-Erased De Kooning Drawing ka-Rauschenberg, njengoba bobabili babengamakholwa aqinile emicabangweni yobuqiniso nencazelo.
Umlando wobuciko be-postmodern
Isitayela sokuqala esibalulekile sobuciko ngemva kweRenaissance kwakuwubuciko bezemfundo, obufundiswa oprofesa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme. Kubuciko bezemfundo, izitayela eziningi nemisinga ziyahlangana, njenge-classicism kanye ne-romanticism. Kusukela ngo-1870, lapho kufika i-impressionism, ubuciko besimanje bavela. Izimpawu zokuqala zavela cishe ngo-1970, manje osekufingqiwe njengobuciko be-postmodern.
Ubuciko besimanje buhlotshaniswa kakhulu nekhulu le-1870-1970, kusukela ku-Impressionism kuya ku-Pop Art, isibonelo. Naphezu kwezinhlekelele ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke (iMpi Yezwe I, umkhuhlane, i-Wall Street Crash, kanye Nokuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho) ezalulaza iziqinisekiso eziningi zokuziphatha zangaleso sikhathi, amaciko anamuhla ngokuvamile alondoloza inkolelo emithethweni eyisisekelo yesayensi yemvelo. isizathu nokunengqondo umcabango.
Ngokuvamile, njengeningi labantu baseNtshonalanga yangaleso sikhathi, babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kunenjongo. Leyontuthuko engokwesayensi yaba yinhle ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuthi iNtshonalanga yobuKristu yayiphakeme kunawo wonke umhlaba, ukuthi amadoda ayephakeme kunabesifazane. I-Modernism nayo yayikholelwa encazelweni, ukubaluleka, kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuciko, ikakhulukazi ubuciko obuhle kanye nezakhiwo.
Belandela ezinyathelweni zikaLeonardo noMichelangelo, babekholelwa kwezobuciko obuphakeme, ubuciko obuphakamisa futhi bukhuthaze umbukeli ofundile, hhayi “ubuciko obuphansi” obujabulisa abantu abaningi kuphela. Bathatha indlela eqhubekayo futhi babona ubuciko njengento okufanele ihlale ivela, iqondiswa iqembu elihamba phambili labaculi be-avant-garde.
IMpi Yezwe II kanye nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwaguqula yonke into yabheka phansi. Ngokungazelelwe, iParis yathathelwa indawo iNew York njengenhloko-dolobha yomhlaba wezobuciko. Ngemva kobudlova bempi, konke ubuciko obungokomfanekiso ngokungazelelwe kwabonakala kungenamsebenzi, ngakho abadwebi banamuhla baphendukela ebucikweni obungatholakali kalula ukuze baveze imizwa yabo.
Ngokumangalisayo, iSikole saseNew York, esinemidwebo kaJackson Pollock kanye nomdwebo wenkundla yombala opholile kaMark Rothko, sakhuthaza imvuselelo yesikhashana kwezobuciko ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlantic ngawo-1950. Abadwebi be-Avant-garde baphumelele ukuchaza kabusha imingcele ye-abstract. ukudweba, kodwa wahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesimanje. Babekholelwa ekudaleni imisebenzi yobuciko eyiqiniso, eqediwe enokuqukethwe okubalulekile.
Kodwa isimanje nakanjani kwase kuzophela. Izambulo ezikhulayo ze-Shoah, ukuhlolwa kwebhomu le-athomu, Inhlekelele Yemicibisholo YaseCuba, kanye neMpi YaseVietnam kwashiya abantu beya ngokuya bedumazeka ngempilo nangobuciko.
U-Jasper Johns no-Robert Rauschenberg base bevele bakhiqize imisebenzi yokuqala yangemva kwesimanje ye-Neo-Dada kanye ne-Pop Art maphakathi nawo-1950. Ngokushesha i-Pop Art evamile yayizongenisa ubuciko bangemva kwesimanje, njengoba amanethiwekhi kamabonakude aseMelika egxile ku-Tet Offensive ka-1968 kanye nesiphithiphithi. I-Democratic National Convention yango-1968.
Kusukela kulokhu kuhamba kwesikhathi emlandweni wezobuciko, isimo sengqondo mayelana nobuciko ngasohlangothini lweciko nomphakathi singasungulwa. Amaciko kanye nezibukeli zamanje azinqunywa imibono emidala yezikhungo zokufundisa kanye nabanikelayo mayelana nokuthi buyini ubuciko nokuthi ubuciko bungaba yini. Amathuba kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuciko sekuhluke kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthi uziphoqelele ku-corset ethile.
Izakhiwo zesimanje zathonywa isifiso sokudala isitayela esisha ngokuphelele somuntu wanamuhla. Abadwebi bezakhiwo babefuna ukususa zonke izinkomba zomlando futhi bakhe into entsha ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwaholela kuSitayela Samazwe Ngamazwe (cishe ngo-1920-1970), umklamo omncane wokujwayelekile.
Ngenhlanhla, cishe ngo-1970, abaklami bezakhiwo bangemva kwesimanje baqala ukuvuselela izakhiwo zekhulu lama-XNUMX ngokuklama izakhiwo ezinezici ezithakazelisayo ezithathwe kusiko elidumile kanye nezitayela zendabuko ezengeziwe. Izakhiwo ezibonakala zeqa amandla adonsela phansi nazo zenziwe zaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yamathuba amasha alawulwa yikhompyutha ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-deconstructivism.
Inhlangano ye-postmodernist yaqala ukumila ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970, kodwa imibandela yokuvela kwayo ihlotshaniswa nenkinga yokubuka umhlaba eyavela kudala. Phakathi kwazo: Ithesis kaSpengler yokwehla kweYurophu; ukuwa kokwazi komphakathi ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe I; ukuvela kwesayensi yemibono mayelana nokungahambisani kanye nokungaqondakali kokuhlelwa komhlaba (kusuka ku-non-Euclidean geometry kuya ku-quantum physics).
Igama elithi postmodern lalivele lisetshenziswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1950 futhi ngokuya ngokuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1970, kodwa kuphela ngeminyaka yawo-1979 ngomqondo wencazelo yalo yamanje. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ababhali ababili ikakhulukazi baba nesandla ekusungulweni kwaleli gama njengesisekelo esihlala unomphela: uJean-François Lyotard nomsebenzi wakhe othi La Condition postmoderne (Postmodern Knowledge, XNUMX) kanye noCharles Jencks ngendatshana ethi The Rise of Postmodern Architecture. .
Ngokwethulwa kwegama elithi postmodern, imodernism ichazwa okokuqala njengenkathi yomlando evaliwe (njengemandulo noma iNkathi Ephakathi ngaphambi kwayo). I-Postmodern isisungulwe njengegama lesitayela, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.
Ama-postmodernists aphethe ngokuthi umhlaba wesimanje awukwazi ukuchazwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezindlela zakudala zefilosofi, isayensi, namasiko. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zobuciko zakudala azanele ukuzichaza.
ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe
Inkathi yobuciko be-postmodern yaqondana nokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha obusha obuthile (njengomabonakude, amavidiyo, i-inthanethi, phakathi kokunye) nokuzuza kakhulu kubo. Uhlu olusha lwamafomethi wevidiyo nezithombe lunciphise ukubaluleka kobuciko bokudweba, futhi ukukhohliswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kuye kwavumela abaculi ukuba bafinyeze izinqubo zendabuko zokudala ubuciko, kodwa baphinde badale into entsha.
Ukunyakaza kobuciko be-postmodern nezitayela
Kuze kube manje akukaze kube khona ukunyakaza okukhulu kobuciko bamazwe ngamazwe kwezobuciko be-postmodern. Esikhundleni salokho, inkathi yabona ukwanda kwenani lemifudlana emincane, eyasendaweni, kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zobuciko ezintsha, ezifana nevidiyo nemidwebo yamagama.
Ukwengeza, kube nenqwaba yezinhlangano zobuciko, kanye nesikhungo esiphikisana nesimanje noma amabili amalungu azo azamile ukukhiqiza uhlobo lobuciko uMichelangelo noma u-Picasso abezoziqhenya ngalo.
Kusukela ku-neo-dadaism, ama-postmodernists athande ukuxuba izinto, noma ukuletha izakhi ezintsha kumafomu wendabuko, ukudala izinhlanganisela ezintsha. UFernando Botero upenda izithombe zakudala zabantu abakhuluphele, uGeorg Baselitz upenda izibalo zibheke phansi.
U-Gerhard Richter uhlanganise ubuciko bekhamera nomdwebo emidwebeni yakhe yezithombe yango-1970, kuyilapho u-Jeff Koons ehlanganisa izithombe ezigxile kubathengi nezindlela zokubaza eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze enze izithombe zakhe zensimbi engagqwali.
U-Andreas Gursky uhlanganisa izithombe nezithombe ezikhiqizwe ngekhompuyutha ukuze enze imisebenzi efana ne-Rhein II, kuyilapho u-Jeff Wall esebenzisa ama-montage acutshungulwe ngokwedijithali ekudalweni kwakhe kwesithombe sangemva kwesimanje.
Akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwabahlaziyi bezobuciko ngokuthi yiziphi izitayela zobuciko ezingahlukaniswa njengobuciko besikhathi samanje: isibonelo, ezinye izitayela zihlukaniswa ngesikhathi esisodwa njenge-avant-garde ne-postmodern. Noma kunjalo, uhlu olulandelayo lokunyakaza nezitayela ze-postmodernism zingahlukaniswa:
I-Dadaism
Ama-Dadaists ayekholelwa ukuthi unya lweMpi Yezwe I eyanyakazisa iYurophu, yaletha ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka ezigidini zabantu, yayiwumphumela wokucabangela nokucabangela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, bakhuthaza ngobuhlakani babo ukubhujiswa kwama-canon yobuhle, ukugxeka, ukuhleleka, ukungabi nangqondo.
I-Collage yaba indlela eyinhloko yokudala yabaculi baseDadaist. Ikhanvasi noma iphepha lisebenze njengengemuva lapho umdwebi adala ikholaji esebenzisa izinsalela zendwangu, iziqephu zephepha, nezinye izinto.
I-Dada yayikhona isikhathi esifushane: kusukela ngo-1916 kuya ku-1923. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isiteji sayo semibono yayiyi-pacifist pathos ephikisana neqiniso leMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngawo-1920, i-Dada yahlanganiswa ne-Expressionism eJalimane kanye ne-Surrealism eFrance.
Ubuciko be-Pop
Ubuciko be-Pop (ubuciko be-pop) yisitayela esadlulisela isiko lomthengi emkhakheni wezobuciko futhi safundisa isintu ukubona ubuhle kumakani angamashumi amathathu nantathu esobho. Ubuciko be-Pop akufanele budideke nesiko elidumile. Ababhali babheka isiko elikhulu njengento, njengoba nje umdwebi wezithombe ebuka imodeli noma umdwebi wezwe: esifubeni semvelo.
Itimu yesiko elikhulu, lapho umdwebi agqolozele khona, yaguqulwa yaba into yokuqala: into yobuciko ephikisiwe ngokuchazwa komdwebi. Ngokombono wobuciko, lesi sitayela sithandeka ezintweni ezibonakalayo, izinto ezibonakalayo, ngokungafani nomunye umkhuba odumile, i-abstractionism. Ubuciko be-Pop bazalelwa emzabalazweni omelene nobuciko bama-abstractionists futhi bamemezela ukubuya ekubonisweni kwezinto ezithile kukhanvasi.
Ngokwalo, ukukhanga kwezinto zansuku zonke akuyona into entsha emlandweni wokudweba. Namanje impilo iwumbono womdwebi wezinto ezizungezile. Eqinisweni, awukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwevase yeCaravaggio namabhodlela aluhlaza e-Warhol e-Coca-Cola. Kodwa ubuciko be-pop babunombono wabo we-quirk: abaculi bathatha izinto ezibonakalayo nezithombe ezivela kumasiko amaningi, manje ababezowabiza ngokuthi "ama-memes."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazange banake izinto kuphela, kodwa futhi nezithombe; isibonelo esijwayelekile nguMarilyn Diptych kaWarhol. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ubuciko be-pop busize ukuqinisekisa i-American Dream, ukwenza kube semthethweni umphakathi wabathengi kanye nendlela yokuphila ehambisanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yabeka izisekelo zokugxeka ifilosofi yokusetshenziswa, okwakuyothola amandla kamuva.
I-Word Art
Itemu elithi I-Word Art ichaza isigaba sobuciko obusekelwe kumbhalo wangemva kwesimanje ngamaciko ahlukahlukene akhona kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s. Incazelo elula yobuciko obusekelwe embhalweni ingase ibe "ubuciko obuhlanganisa amagama noma imishwana njengengxenye yobuciko eyinhloko".
Izithombe ezisuselwe embhalweni eziqukethe amagama nemishwana zishicilelwe emithonjeni yezindaba ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa imidwebo nezithombe, i-lithography nokuphrinta isikrini, kanye nobuciko obusetshenziswayo (izikibha, izinkomishi). Iphinde ivela ezinhlotsheni zakamuva zobuciko besimanje, njenge-projection mapping.
Ubuciko be-Conceptual
I-Conceptualism (kusuka kumqondo wesiLatini: umcabango, ukumelwa) iyindlela yamanje yesimanje kwezobuciko, ememezela ukuphakama komqondo womsebenzi ngaphezu kohlobo lokuvezwa kwawo kobuciko. Abalandeli be-Conceptualism bayaqiniseka ukuthi imidwebo yabo, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, ukufakwa, kanye nokwenziwayo kufanele kushukumise isibukeli hhayi imizwelo, kodwa isifiso sokucabanga kabusha ngobuhlakani lokho abakubonile.
I-Conceptualism akuwona ubuciko bezentengiselwano, kuyo izinto zokudala zingaba noma yiziphi izinto zasendlini, izinto zemvelo ngisho nezingxenye zemvelo yomuntu. Umdwebi womqondo akafuni ukudala umsebenzi oqediwe, kodwa uzama ukudlulisela imibono yakhe kumbukeli, ukuzibandakanya ohlotsheni lomdlalo wobuhlakani.
Imisebenzi yobuciko bomqondo inezici ezihlukile. Le misebenzi ingabonakala ngezici ezilandelayo: ithonya hhayi imizwelo, kodwa umbono wobuhlakani wombukeli; ukusetshenziswa njalo kombhalo ochazayo emsebenzini; ukwenqaba komdwebi incazelo yefomu ukuze avune ukubaluleka kwencazelo (umbono) womsebenzi; dala izinto zobuciko kunoma iyiphi into etholakala kumbhali.
Ubuciko Bokusebenza Nezehlakalo
I-Happenings iwuhlobo lobuciko be-avant-garde, uhlobo lwenkulumo yokudala, ehlobene eduze nobuciko bokwenza, enesisekelo sayo emibonweni yobuciko bomqondo wekhulu lama-1896, esuselwe kakhulu emibonisweni yabamele u-Dada. , kanye no-Tristan Tzara (1963-XNUMX). Empeleni, akulula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-Performance Art and Happenings.
Zombili ziyizinhlobo zokuzijabulisa ezihlelwe ngokucophelela (nakuba zinezici zokuzenzekela) lapho iciko lenza (noma liphathe) umcimbi wetiyetha wobuciko. Okuthile okulula ukukubona kunokuchaza ngamagama.
Kunoma yikuphi, i-Happenings iwucezu oluzenzakalelayo lobuciko bokusebenza oluwela endaweni ethile phakathi kwedrama nobuciko obubonakalayo futhi ngokuvamile limema futhi licuphe impendulo enamandla evela ezithamelini.
Ngenxa yesitayela sayo se-Dada sokudlula, ekuqaleni yacatshangwa njengendlela ehlukile yezimiso zendabuko futhi "njengento yobuciko yaphakade". Incazelo egcwele yalolu hlobo lobuciko olusha lwangemva kwesimanje ingafundwa encwadini kaMichael Kirby ethi 'Happenings' (1965).
Lolu hlobo lomcimbi wobuciko lwahlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi nesigcawu sobuciko saseNew York cishe ngo-1960 futhi lusabonakala kumagalari wezobuciko wesimanje angcono kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Abstract Art
I-Abstractionism iyisitayela sokudweba kanye nobuciko ngokujwayelekile, okwenqaba ukukhiqizwa okungokoqobo komhlaba ozungezile. Abalandeli bakhe bamele izimo ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi, badlale ngombala, basebenzise imigqa, izindiza nezinye izinto, bazihlanganise ukuze benze imizwelo ethile kumbukeli. Yile ndlela indlela yakhe ehluke ngayo kuleyo esetshenziswa ongcweti abanamathela ku-classicism nezinye izitayela eziningi.
Uma uthi nhlá, umdwebo we-abstractionist ungase ubonakale uyingxubevange yemigqa, izimo namabala. Lapho kubhekisiswa kahle, kuyacaca ukuthi iciko lidale yonke ingoma eklanyelwe ukuvusa imicabango ethile noma imizwa ethile kumbukeli.
I-Abstractionism, njengoba ithuthuka, yahlukaniswa yaba izinkomba eziningana, ngayinye eyayinabamele bayo. Kwakukhona izinhlobo zesitayela ezifana nalezi:
- Ijometri. Emisebenzini yabadwebi eyenziwa ngalesi sitayela, amafomu acacile nemigqa inqoba, abaningi babo benza inkohliso yokujula.
- OMasters abanamathela kulesi siqondiso basebenza ngenkuthalo ngemibala nezinhlanganisela zabo; kungenxa yabo lapho bedlulisa imizwa abafuna ukuyidala kubabukeli.
- Ingqikithi yalesi siqondiso somdwebo iwukungabikho ngokuphelele kwezinkomba zezinto zangempela kanye nokusetshenziswa okukhawulelwe kakhulu kwemibala, ubujamo kanye nemigqa.
- Abaculi abasebenza kule ndlela balwela ukuletha amandla, ukunyakaza emisebenzini yabo, lapho bedlulisela khona imizwa nemizwelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithunzi, imigqa kanye nokubunjwa kuyafiphala ngemuva.
Ukuhlanganisa
I-Assemblage iyindlela yobuciko yokuhlobisa nesetshenziswa lapho umdwebi enza khona isithombe sokuphumula ngokunamathisela izingcezu ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu noma izinto esisekelweni esiyisicaba. Kuhlelo lokuhlanganisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamapende okwengezwa kwesithombe ekubunjweni kobuciko nakho kuvunyelwe.
I-Assemblage, ngokungafani nekholaji yayo ehlobene, iwuhlobo lwesu lokunamathisela izingxenye ezintathu-ntathu, esikhundleni sama-elementi anezinhlangothi ezimbili (eziyisicaba) endaweni engaphambili yesithombe. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemininingwane ye-volumetric, isithombe singokoqobo futhi sibonakala sisebenza kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.
Abaculi abangochwepheshe bavame ukusebenzisa izinsalela zasendlini kanye nodoti ukuze benze eyabo imisebenzi yobuciko yasekuqaleni. Ezandleni zenkosi, inani elikhulu lezinto zansuku zonke ezihlakazekile liba ukwakheka kobuciko okugcwele okuqukethwe okujulile kobuhle.
Namuhla, imisebenzi edalwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlanganisa ihlale idonsa ukunaka kochwepheshe bobuciko besimanje. Bavame ukubangela ukuphikisana okuqinile phakathi kwabagxeki, kodwa abashiyi muntu ongenandaba, ngakho-ke benza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomhlaba.
Fluxus
I-Fluxus bekuyiqembu elihlelekile labaculi ebeligcwele umhlaba wonke, kodwa belikhona eliqinile eDolobheni laseNew York. UGeorge Maciunas ngokomlando uthathwa njengomsunguli nomgqugquzeli oyinhloko wale nhlangano, owachaza iFluxus njengengxube yeSpike Jones, Vaudeville, Cage kanye neDuchamp.
NjengamaFuturists namaDadaists angaphambi kwawo, amaciko akwaFluxus awazange avume igunya lamamnyuziyamu wobuciko ukuze anqume ukubaluleka kobuciko. Baphinde baphakamisa ukuthi akudingekile ukuba nemfundo ekhethekile ukuze ubone futhi uqonde umsebenzi wobuciko.
I-Fluxus ibingafuni nje ukuthi ubuciko butholakale kubantu abaningi, ibifuna wonke umuntu enze ubuciko ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuvamise ukuba nzima ukuchaza i-Fluxus, njengoba abaningi babaculi bayo bethi sona kanye isenzo sokuchaza umnyakazo sesivele sinomkhawulo kakhulu futhi siyanciphisa.
Ngokungafani nokunyakaza kobuciko kwangaphambilini, i-Fluxus yazama ukushintsha umlando womhlaba, hhayi nje umlando wobuciko. Umgomo oqinile wamaciko amaningi bekuwukuqeda noma yimuphi umngcele phakathi kobuciko nomphakathi.
Umgomo oyinhloko we-Fluxus kwakuwukulahla nokuhleka usulu umhlaba ophakeme "wobuciko obuphezulu" futhi uthole yonke indlela yokuletha ubuciko kubantu abaningi, ngokuhambisana nesimo senhlalo sama-1960. Abaculi be-Fluxus basebenzisa amahlaya ukuveza inhloso yabo futhi , kanye noDada, iFluxus yayingenye yezinhlangano ezimbalwa zobuciko ezazikwazi ukuhamba entanjeni eqinile.
Naphezu kokuziphatha kwabo kokudlala, abaculi beFluxus babezimisele ngesifiso sabo sokushintsha ibhalansi yamandla emhlabeni wezobuciko. Ukungahloniphi kwakhe ubuciko obuphezulu kwaba nomthelela egunyeni elithathwa njengeligunyazwe ukuthi ubani futhi yini okufanele icabangele abaculi.
I-Fluxus ihehe isibukeli futhi yancika engxenyeni yethuba ukuze ilolonge umphumela wokugcina womsebenzi wobuciko. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuba kwakuphinde kwasetshenziswa uDada, uMarcel Duchamp nabanye abaculi bokudlala bangaleso sikhathi. Abaculi beFluxus bathonywe kakhulu imibono kaJohn Cage, owayekholelwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele asondele esiqeshini engazi lutho ngomphumela. Okwakubalulekile kwakuyinqubo yokudala, hhayi umkhiqizo wokugcina.
ubuciko bevidiyo
Ividiyo ingenye yemidiya enemisebenzi eminingi etholakalayo. Ifilimu yevidiyo ingaba umsebenzi wobuciko ngokwawo kanye/noma irekhodi lokuthi umsebenzi wobuciko wenziwa kanjani; kungase futhi kube isici ekufakweni kanye/noma ingxenye yokuhlelwa kwamavidiyo amaningi. Ividiyo yenza ubuciko bube namandla futhi buphile. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, kokubili ividiyo kanye nopopayi bethembele ekusetshenzisweni kwesofthiwe yekhompiyutha ukuze kusetshenziswe izithombe.
i-photorealism
I-Photorealism iwuhlobo lomdwebo owavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 ukuphendula ukuthandwa okukhulayo kokukhipha. Kusukela lapho, imidwebo ye-photorealistic ngokunaka kwayo okukhulu emininingwaneni inikeze ukukhohlisa okubonakalayo okungatholakala kuphela eduze njengezithombe ezipendiwe zesithombe sangempela.
Esikhundleni sokubheka nokumelela okwenzekayo empeleni, i-photorealism yaphefumulelwa ukuthwebula izithombe. Ulwazi olubonakalayo oluthwetshulwe ikhamera lusetshenziselwa ukudala imidwebo engelona iqiniso, imidwebo, neminye imisebenzi yobuciko. Amaciko avame ukuphrojusa izithombe kumakhanvasi ukuze izithombe zinikezwe ngokunemba nangemininingwane.
U-Arte Povera
I-Arte Povera (esuka enkulumweni yesiNtaliyane esho "ubuciko obumpofu" noma "ubuciko obumpofu") yayingomunye wemidlalo yobuciko ebaluleke kakhulu nevelele kakhulu eyavela eningizimu ye-Europe ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX.
Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa umsebenzi wabaculi base-Italy abayishumi nambili isici sabo esiyinhloko sokudala kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwezinto zansuku zonke ezisikhumbuza iminyaka yangaphambi kwezimboni. Ukungcola, amatshe, nezingubo zazidume kakhulu: "imfucuza" noma izinto ezishibhile ababezisebenzisela ubuciko babo. Le ndlela yobuciko yahlasela imibono ekhona yokubaluleka nokunemba futhi yagxeka ngobuqili ukwenziwa kwezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini kwaseningizimu yeYurophu ngaleso sikhathi.
Umsebenzi wakhe waphawula ukusabela emdwebeni ongabonakali wesimanjemanje owawulawule ubuciko baseYurophu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho azihlukanisa khona ngokugxila kakhulu emsebenzini wokuqopha kunokudweba.
Eminye yemisebenzi yeqembu ebaluleke kakhulu idalwe ngokuhluka phakathi kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nezinkomba zasikhathi sinye ekukhuleni kwesiko labathengi. Eqiniseka ngokuthi isimanjemanje sisongela ukuqeda amagugu ahlangene, u-Arte Povera wazama ukuqhathanisa okusha nokudala.
Ngaphezu kokwenqaba umncintiswano wezobuchwepheshe, abaculi abahlotshaniswa no-Arte Povera bakwenqaba lokho ababekubheka njengokungokoqobo kwesayensi. Ngokuphambene nendlela yenqubo yobudlelwano bendawo, bavusa inganekwane okungelula ukuyichaza izimfihlo zayo.
Amaciko athule ama-juxtapositions angenangqondo futhi adlalayo, ngokuvamile amasha noma amadala noma acutshungulwe kakhulu kanye nangaphambi kwezimboni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, baye babonisa eminye yemiphumela yentuthuko yesimanje ebangela ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo nezinkumbulo njengoba kuqhubeka esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuthakasela kuka-Arte Povera ezintweni ezingezinhle kungaxhunyaniswa neminye iminyakazo yobuciko embalwa yama-1950s kanye nawo-1960. Isibonelo, babelane ngamasu athile nokunyakaza okufana ne-Fluxus ne-Nouveau Réalisme ekuhlanganiseni kwabo izinto ezitholakala kalula ezine-undercut. umsebenzi.
I-postminimalism
Kubuciko be-post-minimalist, igama elisetshenziswa okokuqala umhlaziyi wezobuciko u-Robert Pincus Witten, ukugxila kuyasuka ekubeni msulwa komqondo kuye ekuxhumaneni kwawo. Njengesibonelo ungabona imisebenzi yomculi waseJalimane-waseMelika u-Eva Hesse.
ubuciko besifazane
Inhlangano yezobuciko ebhekene ngqo nezindaba zabesifazane ezifana nokuzalwa, udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane, izimo zokusebenza zabesifazane nokunye okuningi. Amaciko abambe iqhaza ahlanganisa u-Louise Bourgeois kanye nomculi wezokudlala ozelwe eJapan u-Yoko Ono.
i-deconstructivism
I-Deconstructivism ingenye yezindlela zobuciko ezibukeka kahle kakhulu ezake zaqanjwa. Isitayela sakhe esixakile kodwa esinamandla sobuciko bekhulu lama-80 savela ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi eLos Angeles kodwa naseYurophu.
Njengengxenye yobuciko be-postmodern eyenziwe yaba nokwenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe yokuklama imboni ye-aerospace, i-deconstructivist architecture iphikisana nokuhlakanipha okuhlelekile kwejometri futhi ithanda indlela engaziwa yokuklama evamise ukuhlanekezela ingaphandle lesakhiwo kuyilapho ibukela phansi izakhi. amanani esimanjemanje. .
Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi ye-deconstructivist nayo iphikisana nobuciko be-postmodern, nakuba imiphumela engokoqobo yalokhu ingacacile. Phela umakhi wezakhiwo kumele alandele imithetho yesayensi yesimanje neyesimanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyathanda noma cha.
Ummeleli odume kakhulu we-deconstructivist architecture umnqobi we-Canadian-American Pritzker Prize u-Frank O. Gehry. Abanye ababhali be-deconstructivists abaziwayo bahlanganisa uDaniel Libeskind, uZaha Hadid, uBernard Tschumi, noPeter Eisenman. Izakhiwo ezingajwayelekile ze-deconstructivist zihlanganisa: Dancing House (Prague), Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao) kanye ne-Vitra Design Museum ese-Weil am Rhein.
I-deconstructivist architecture ibonakala ngokukhohlisa komhlaba, ukuhlukana, kanye namafomu angenawo umugqa ahlanekezela futhi adlule izivumelwano zezakhiwo zesakhiwo nesomhlaba. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izakhi ezibonakala zingqubuzana ziqhathaniswa ngamabomu ukuze kuphonselwe inselelo imibono yendabuko yokuvumelana nokuqhubeka.
iqiniso lokugxeka
Inhlangano yezobuciko yaseShayina yesimanje eyavela ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweTiananmen Square (1989). AmaCynical Realists asebenzise isitayela somdwebo esingokomfanekiso esinendaba ebhuqayo. I-motifs ephindaphindiwe yizibalo, amadoda anempandla kanye nezithombe zezithombe. Lesi sitayela sasigcona isimo seChina sezombangazwe nesenhlalo, futhi njengoba lokhu kwakuwukusa kubaculi baseShayina, samukelwa kahle abaqoqi bezobuciko baseNtshonalanga.
Izincwadi ze-postmodern kanye ne-cinema
Izimpawu zemibhalo yangemva kwesimanje zihlanganisa ukuphatha okucatshangelwayo kwalokho okutholakala ngendlela yezingcaphuno nezikhombe kanye nokudlala ngezinhlobo zemibhalo. Futhi isici ukwakhiwa kwamazinga amaningi esenzo nobudlelwano, ngokuvamile obuphukile.
Mhlawumbe inoveli eyaziwa kakhulu yangemva kwesimanje ithi, Igama LikaRose ka-Umberto Eco. Ngohlaka lwemibhalo oluyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yenoveli yobugebengu, i-Eco yakwazi ukuvala igebe phakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isiko eliphezulu nesiko labantu abaningi. Izingcaphuno zomlando, ezombhalo, nezobuciko zomlando nezinkomba zenza incwadi ibe inoveli yokufundisa noma umncintiswano wokubhala. Kodwa ngisho nalabo abangenasithakazelo kuyo bangawujabulela umsebenzi we-Eco njengomdlalo ojabulisayo.
Ngokufanayo, u-Peter Greenaway uhlanganise uhlobo lwefilimu lomlando nomuntu othokozisayo efilimini yakhe yango-1982 ethi The Cartoonist's Contract, kodwa ngokungafani ne-Echo, ayixazululi imfumbe. Nakuba itulo linikeza izinkomba eziningi zakudala, aziholeli ndawo.
ubuciko bokubukwa
Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi postmodern kwenqatshwa osolwazi abaningi kanye namaciko, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezobuciko obubonakalayo, uma kubhekwa izinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokukhuluma. Ukwenqatshwa kwenkolelo yesimanje emisha nakho kungenye yezisekelo ze-postmodern aesthetics kwezobuciko obuhle. I-postmodernism ixhunyaniswe nezigaba zomlando zobuciko ezenqatshwa yisimanjemanje, njengezakhiwo zokulandisa kanye nezinganekwane.
Lokhu vele kuqala ngezithombe zika-Andy Warhol zezithonjana zekhulu lama-1950, kusukela ku-Elvis kuya ku-Jackie Onassis. I-Pop art iphinde yaphawula ikhefu nesimanje ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMXs ngokuvalelisa ekuzikhipheni. Ngawo-XNUMX, ubuciko obubonakalayo, njengesakhiwo sangaleso sikhathi, bagcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimo ezithinta inkanuko, imizwa, kanye nendabuko phezu kwethiyori nomqondo.
Ngawo-XNUMXs, iqoqo le-New Wild (Neue Wilden) laphula ukubusa kwe-avant-garde encane futhi ekhuthele ngokomqondo ngomdwebo wayo ocacile futhi omele. Kwakukhona izitayela ezifanayo e-United States nase-Italy.
Ngemuva kokuthi isivunguvungu sizungeze ama-New Savages, izitayela zabamba ezazigxile ekucabangeni kwendlela yokudweba kanye nokuhlola inkanuko ngemidiya yezithombe (Sigmar Polke, Anselm Kiefer, Gerhard Richter), ukudweba okufanekisela ukugqama kwe-avant yomsebenzi omncane kanye nomqondo- igadi. Kwakukhona izitayela ezifanayo e-United States nase-Italy.
Izimpawu zaleso sikhathi amaciko amabili umsebenzi wawo ohlanganisa ubuhle be-subculture nesiko elikhulu: u-Keith Haring no-Jeff Koons. U-Haring ukwazile ukuhlanganisa izici zobuciko be-graffiti, izincwadi zamahlaya, ulimi lwezandla lwekhompuyutha, umdwebo wezingane, kanye nomdwebo womlando wangaphambi kwesikhathi awufake olimini lwezandla olusankondlo oluqondakala kuwo wonke amasiko amaningi. U-Jeff Koons wazakhela igama ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngokuvinjelwa okuvusa inkanuko kwabafundi bakhe.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile zisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa idizayini yayo engaphezulu ivusa umhlaba we-knick-knacks kanye ne-kitsch, njengesithombe sobumba sika-Michael Jackson esinegolide kancane, esilingana nobukhulu bokuphila nemfene yakhe ethi Bubbles.
Isidingo se-postmodern aesthetics' sobuningi, ukuzithoba, ukuqhela ekuthini, ukufakwa kwemithombo yezindaba, ukufiphala kwemingcele yobulili, nokwamukelwa kwengcaphuno njengendawo yobuciko kulethe umbala nokunyakaza endaweni. ezobuciko kanye nomnyuziyamu.
Ukuqashelwa ekugcineni kokuthatha izithombe nefilimu njengendawo yobuciko kungase kubonakale njengomphumela ohlala njalo wamathrendi angemva kwesimanje. Okugqamile kwesikhashana: Ehlobo lika-2002, iMuseum Ludwig e-Cologne izokhombisa wonke amafilimu amahlanu aphuma ku-"Cremaster Cycle" ka-Matthew Barney esanda kuqedwa njengengxenye yombukiso omkhulu.
Izakhiwo
Maphakathi nawo-1970, uCharles Jencks wethula igama elithi postmodernism enkulumweni yezakhiwo. Ngale ndlela, inkulumo yangemva kwesimanje yafinyelela umphakathi uwonke ngokokuqala ngqá. Izimiso zesitayela sezakhiwo ze-postmodern zase zivele ngokucacile kuleli phuzu.
Ulimi lwezakhiwo lwentando yeningi nolwezokuxhumana lwaludingeka, ubuhle balo akufanele busekelwe emsebenzini kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuqukethwe okubalulekile. Kwacelwa nokufakwa kwezinto eziqanjiwe, njengeGoth, eyabona isithombe seJerusalema lasezulwini esontweni lombhishobhi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umkhuba wokulondoloza nokuklama kabusha izakhiwo zomlando wanda. Isibonelo esivelele kwakuyiGare d'Orsay eParis, eyavulwa njengeMusée d'Orsay ngo-1986. Izakhiwo ezinjalo ezingokomlando zaba nomthelela olimini lwezokwakha lwangemva kwesimanje, olwanqunywa ngokuqinile kusukela ekuqaleni ngezingcaphuno.
Ukuze ugweme umlando omusha, isiqubulo sasiwukuthi i-eclecticism, eyavezwa, isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kwamakholomu, amafasitela kanye ne-latticework, kufanele iphulwe ngokumangalisayo. I-spectrum yezakhiwo zangemuva kwesimanje zathuthukiswa ikakhulukazi esakhiweni semnyuziyamu ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX kanye nawo-XNUMX.
Ngokungeziwe kuMnyuziyamu ka-Hans Hollein we-Abteiberg (Mönchengladbach), Igalari Yesifunda Ka-James Stirling (i-Stuttgart) ithathwa njengomkhiqizo ophumelelayo nesici we-postmodernism. Esakhiweni sika-Stirling, izinkomba eziningi ezakhiweni zomlando, kusukela e-Egypt kuya ku-modernism yakudala, kuhlanganiswe nemibala yesiko le-pop kanye nezinto ezijwayelekile zesifunda ze-sandstone ne-travertine ukuze kwakhiwe ifomu elihlangene, lesimanje.
Ezikhathini zamuva nje, uma kuziwa ekwakhiweni kwemnyuziyamu, umlingiswa wesipiliyoni uye wabonakala kakhulu ngaphezu kwemfuneko yemfundo.
Esikhundleni sokucabanga ngobuciko bokuzindla, isiteji siyadingeka, futhi izakhiwo ngokwazo zidlalwa ngemibono emangalisayo kanye nemiphumela yaseshashalazini. Ukuvakasha komphakathi kokuqala kuya ngokuya kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kuphanyekwe imidwebo ukuze kubonakale ukwakheka kwayo.
Ukugxila kwe-postmodern esikweni elidumile
Abahlaziyi bezobuciko bavame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "isiko eliphezulu" lapho bezama ukuhlukanisa ubuciko bokudweba nokuqopha (nobunye ubuciko obubonakalayo) kusukela kusiko elidumile lomagazini, ithelevishini, neminye imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngobuningi. I-Modernism kanye nabalandeli bayo abanethonya njengoGreenberg (1909-94) babheka lezi zinhlobo zesiko njengeziphansi. Ngokuphambene, ama-postmodernists, akhetha umbono wentando yeningi wobuciko, abone "isiko eliphezulu" njenge-elitist eyengeziwe.
I-Pop art, umnyakazo wokuqala wangemva kwesimanje, yaguqula izimpahla ezijwayelekile zabathengi zaba ubuciko. Abaculi be-Pop nabanye baye baqhubekela phambili emizamweni yabo yokwenza ubuciko bentando yeningi ngokuphrinta "ubuciko" babo ezinkomishini, izikhwama zephepha, nezikibha: indlela, ngenhlanhla, ebonisa isifiso sangemva kwesimanje, okwangempela, kanye nobuqiniso.ilulaza ubuciko.
Abaculi bangemva kwesimanje bawushiyile umbono wokuthi umsebenzi wobuciko unencazelo eyodwa kuphela engokwemvelo. Kunalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi isibukeli siwumthombo wencazelo obaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukuthwebula kwezithombe okungaphezulu kukaCindy Sherman, isibonelo, kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi umsebenzi wobuciko ungahunyushwa ngezindlela eziningi.
Eqinisweni, abanye abaculi, njengomculi wokudlala uMarina Abramovic, baze bavumele ababukeli ukuthi babambe iqhaza kwezobuciko babo, noma bafune ngisho nokufaka izethameli ukuze baqedele umsebenzi wabo.
Gxila embukisweni
Uma ingekho injongo yangempela yokuphila, ikakhulukazi lapho sibhekene nezikhangisi zomsakazo nethelevishini ubusuku nemini, amaciko angemva kwesimanje aye ancamela ukuzikhawulela ngesitayela nokubukwa, ngokuvamile esebenzisa amathuluzi namasu okukhangisa ukuze azuze umphumela omkhulu. Le ndlela iboniswa enqubweni yokuphrinta yezentengiso esebenzisa izithombe ezifana nephosta ngabaculi be-pop abafana no-Roy Lichtenstein no-James Rosenquist.
Ukugxila okungaphezulu kuyisici esivamile sobuciko bangemva kwesimanje futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuza obala ngetiyetha, izithombe ezigqamile, ezinomthelela omkhulu. Kusukela ngo-1980, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompiyutha nobunye ubuchwepheshe kuye kwaguqula ubuciko be-multimedia (isb upopayi) futhi kwadala amathuba athile ezindaweni ezifana nezakhiwo.
Ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukudonsa ukunaka kwezethameli ku-postmodernism kuboniswa amaqhinga ashaqisayo eqembu labafundi baseGoldsmiths College, elaziwa ngokuthi Abaculi Abancane BaseBrithani, eLondon ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX nawo-XNUMX. Enze aduma ngemidlalo emithathu, ama-YBA agxekwa ngokunganambitheki kwawo kahle, nokho amaningana awo abe abawine imiklomelo ye-Turner, kanti amanye azuza udumo nenhlanhla enkulu.
Hlangana nezidingo zabathengi
Ukunyuka kokuziphatha kwabathengi kanye nesiko elisheshayo lokuzijabulisa emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu lama-XNUMX nakho kube nethonya elinamandla kwezobuciko obubonakalayo. Abathengi manje bafuna ukuqanjwa kabusha. Bafuna nokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa. Amaciko amaningi angemva kwesimanje, ama-curators, nabanye ochwepheshe babambe ithuba lokuguqula ubuciko bube umkhiqizo wokuzijabulisa.
Ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko ezifana nokusebenza, imicimbi, nokufakwa, kanye nezindikimba ezintsha, okuhlanganisa oshaka abafile, izithombe ezibaziwe zeqhwa ezinkulu, imizimba eminingi enqunu, izakhiwo ezibonakala zinyakaza, iqoqo lezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu. izibalo ze-terracotta , imizimba ependiwe, ukuqagela kwe-spooky ezakhiweni zomphakathi (nokunye okuningi) - kunikeze ababukeli inqwaba yezinto ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ezishaqisayo.
Ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko empeleni "ziwubuciko" kusengumbuzo obangela izingxoxo eziningi. Ama-postmodern conceptualists agcina ukuthi kunjalo, kuyilapho abaholi bendabuko benqaba ukukubheka kanjalo.
izimiso zobuciko be-postmodern
Kochwepheshe, ubuciko bangemva kwesimanje buqukethe izimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezizobulawula ngendlela evamile ngaphandle kokukhawulela ngokuphelele:
incazelo esheshayo
Ayisekho imidwebo kawoyela efiphele ebonisa izehlakalo zokukhulisa izinwele ezivela kuzinganekwane zamaGreki ukuze zithole ukumamatheka kokwazi okuvela kuzibukeli zamasiko. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo enkambweni Yobuciko Be-Pop, umdwebo wangemva kwesimanje kanye nokubaza kube nesibindi, kwagqama, futhi kwabonakala ngokushesha.
Amatimu nezithombe zithathwe emikhiqizweni esezingeni eliphezulu yabathengi, omagazini, ezentengiso, umabonakude, amamuvi, opopayi, namahlaya. Ngokokuqala ngqa, wonke umuntu waqonda ubuciko obuboniswa. Nakuba i-postmodernism iye yavela kubuciko be-pop, umgomo owodwa oyinhloko wencazelo usabonakala ngokushesha.
Ubuciko bungenziwa nganoma yini
Ukwakhela emasikweni kaMarcel Duchamp, umchamo wakhe onesihloko esithi Fountain (1917) waba isibonelo sokuqala esidumile sento evamile eyaguqulwa yaba umsebenzi wobuciko (esinye isibonelo: Indaba Yezinto Ezilungile ezenziwe), abaculi bezobuciko bamaPostmodernists bakwenza. ibhizinisi labo ukudala ubuciko obuvela ezintweni ezingavamile kakhulu kanye nemfucumfucu. Umqondo ongemuva kwawo uwukwenza intando yeningi ubuciko nokwenza bufinyeleleke kalula.
Umbono ubaluleke kakhulu kunomsebenzi wobuciko ngokwawo
Kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1960, abaculi ngokuvamile babekholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle komkhiqizo ophelile ngeke kube khona lutho. Ukunakwa okukhulu kwakhokhelwa izinga lomsebenzi wobuciko ophelile kanye nobuciko obudingekayo kuwo. Namuhla izinto zihlukile.
Ama-postmodernists athambekele ekukholelweni kakhulu emqondweni ongemuva komkhiqizo wokugcina kunasemkhiqizweni ngokwawo, yingakho "ubuciko besimanje" bubizwa ngokuthi "ubuciko bomqondo" noma "i-conceptualism." Ezinye izinhlobo ze-conceptualism zibandakanya ukufakwa, ubuciko obudlalwayo, okwenzekayo, ubuciko bokuqagela, nezinye ezimbalwa.
Abaculi besikhathi samanje abaphawulekayo
Njengoba siphila ngesikhathi sobuciko bangemva kwesimanje, kunzima ukuhlukanisa amagama ayizithonjana angaleso sikhathi. Kuphela ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi lapho kuzokwazi ukusho ukuthi yibaphi abaculi abashiye uphawu olucacile emlandweni wokudweba, futhi udumo lwabo lwaluwukuhlonipha imfashini kuphela. Kodwa, njengoba i-postmodernism isithuthuke isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, singasho amanye amagama asevele ebhaliwe emlandweni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo:
- I-Dadaist, i-surrealist kanye nomsunguli we-conceptualism u-Marcel Duchamp
- U-Andy Warhol umholi wezobuciko be-pop
- Iphayona lomhlangano uCésar Baldaccini
- Umcabango owaziwayo uBruce Nauman
- Robert Rauschenberg, Remedios Varo Uranga, Francis Bacon, Damien Hirst, Jeff Koons.
UMarcel Duchamp
UMarcel Duchamp (owazalwa ngoJulayi 28, 1887 - washona ngo-Okthoba 2, 1968) wayeyingcweti kwezobuciko be-avant-garde, aziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe yobuciko ebabazekayo. Umsebenzi ka-Marcel Duchamp wephula amasiko amisiwe futhi kwaxoxwa ngawo kaningi kumlando oyihlazo nhlangothi zombili zolwandle.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, wapenda izithombe ngesitayela se-Post-Impressionist, ehlonipha i-Cubism ne-Fauvism, kodwa wabe eseyeka ukudweba futhi waba nesithakazelo ekudaleni ukufakwa lapho axuba khona amasu futhi esebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezihlukahlukene. Imibono yenguquko yomdwebi yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bomqondo ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Andy Warhol
U-Andy Warhol (owazalwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1928 - ushone ngoFebhuwari 22, 1987) wayengumculi waseMelika owayefunwa ngekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi engumnikazi wegalari. Waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko be-pop kwezohwebo. U-Andy Warhol uthathwa ngokufanelekile njengomholi wenkambiso efana ne-uomo universale.
URobert Rauschenberg
URobert Rauschenberg (owazalwa ngo-Okthoba 22, 1925 - ushone ngoMeyi 12, 2008) umlingisi wobuciko waseMelika wekhulu lama-XNUMX ngokusho kwephephandaba iThe New York Times, wayengumculi nomqambi ovelele, omele umbono ongabonakali, umqondo, owenziwe ngomumo nomsunguli. yobuciko be-pop.
Imidwebo kaRobert Rauschenberg ihlanganisa amakholaji nokufakwa, ama-obelisks, izinto zasendlini, nezinye izinto okunzima ukuzihlukanisa. Umsebenzi wenkosi, njengomlando wayo, uyashaqisa, uyamangaza, uyanengeka futhi uyathandeka, kodwa akashiyi muntu ongenandaba. Usokhemisi ovuthayo, okhungathekile, ophikisana nakho konke okujwayelekile nokujwayelekile, wayehlala eziphonsela inselelo yena nomhlaba omzungezile.
Izixazululo ze-Varo Uranga
URemedios Varo Uranga (owazalwa ngoDisemba 16, 1908 - ushone ngo-Okthoba 8, 1963) ungumdwebi waseSpain nowaseMexico wekhulu lama-XNUMX, ummeleli wokuqala we-surrealism. Umsebenzi kaRemedios Varo udlula uhlaka lomdwebo wasendulo: amaphupho, ukubonakaliswa kwefilosofi, umlingo, oomakhenikha, umlando kanye nemimoya kuhlanganiswe emisebenzini ye-surrealist.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imidwebo ka-Remedios Varo inezingoma ezigcizelelayo futhi isifazane, igcwele umoya wenkathi ephakathi futhi iqondise umbukeli emsuka wendawo yonke. Imidwebo kaRemedios Varo igcwele abalingiswa bezinganekwane, ukwakhiwa kwemishini kanye nemvelo. Ngokungafani ne-classical surrealism, emsebenzini ngamunye womdwebi kulandelwa itulo eliholela umbukeli eziphethweni ezithile.
uFrancis Bacon wathi
UFrancis Bacon (owazalwa ngo-Okthoba 28, 1909 - ushone ngo-Ephreli 28, 1992) uyingcweti ye-British expressionism, omunye wabaculi abangacacile nabanonya ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Umsebenzi kaFrancis Bacon waziwa ngokuba muhle: indalo esabekayo yenganekwane yomuntu iyaphila emidwebeni yakhe.
UFrancis Bacon akazange athole imfundo yezemfundo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ifunwa ngendlela emangalisayo futhi iyathandwa. Imidwebo yenkosi iyiphupho lokugcina lakho kokubili amagalari angasese kanye namamnyuziyamu adume kakhulu emhlabeni, angahambisani nhlobo nokufaka umsebenzi wakhe eqoqweni. Eminye yemisebenzi yobuciko yomdwebi ibiza amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi futhi ifakwe ohlwini lwemisebenzi yobuciko ebiza kakhulu.