Sikumema ukuba wazi esihlokweni esilandelayo okwengeziwe mayelana ubuciko be-neolithic; umsuka wayo, umlando kanye nezici. Kwakungesinye sezikhathi zangaphambi komlando ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisukela onyakeni wama-7000 kuye kowezi-2000 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
ubuciko be-neolithic
Ucabangani uma uzwa ngobuciko? Cishe kuleyo misebenzi ehlaba umxhwele eyayiyingxenye yeRenaissance yase-Italy noma kweminye yemidwebo eyizifanekiselo nenamandla yekhulu lama-XNUMX, nokho, ubuciko bungaphezu kwalokho.
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukukhuluma ngobuciko be-Neolithic, kubalulekile ukuthi ume kancane ngencazelo yaleli gama. Ubuciko bumane nje buyindlela yokukhuluma ebilokhu ikhona kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, ngisho kusukela lapho yaba khona. Kungashiwo ukuthi kwakungaphambi komlando lapho lezi zinhlobo zokubonakaliswa zaqala ukutholakala.
Esihlokweni sethu namuhla sifuna ukukhuluma nawe kancane mayelana nomlando nezici zobuciko be-Neolithic kanye nomdwebo we-Neolithic, enye yezinkulumo ezigqama kakhulu phakathi kwesethi yobuciko bangaphambi komlando, ngenxa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthi yayimele inguquko yokuqala yobuciko ngokwayo.
Ngezansi sichaza ngendlela ecacile nefingqiwe ukuthi iyini i-Neolithic nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, sikubonisa ukuthi ubuciko obujwayelekile kanye nezakhiwo zalesi sikhathi zazinjani.
Iyini i-Neolithic?
Inkathi eyayisebenza phakathi nesigaba sokugcina seNkathi Yamatshe, eyaziwa nangokuthi isigaba sokugcina sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamasiko, yaziwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic. Lesi kwakuyinkathi yesikhathi eqoshwe ngemva kwenkathi ye-Mesolithic nangaphambi kweNkathi Ye-Bronze.
Isikhathi se-Neolithic sasisuka ku-6.000 BC kuya ku-3.000 BC futhi, kanye nenkathi ye-Paleolithic ne-Mesolithic, yakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Stone Age. Kuyaziwa ngabaningi ukuthi i-prehistory ihlukaniswe izikhathi ezimbili ezinkulu: ngakolunye uhlangothi i-Paleolithic kanye ne-Neolithic.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinkathi zombili ze-prehistory? Kungashiwo ukuthi omunye umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi komunye nomunye ukuthi, ngesikhathi se-Paleolithic, umuntu wayeyimizulane, okungukuthi, bathola ukudla kwabo ekuzingeleni nasekubutheni, kuyilapho esigabeni se-Neolithic, bahlala behlezi. .
Lokhu kwabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala zokuqala namadolobha okuqala, kanye nezolimo. Kukhona labo abaqinisekisa ukuthi i-Neolithic yavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule cishe, nakuba usuku lungahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi phakathi nalesi sikhathi se-prehistory, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic, enye yezinto ezazihamba phambili kakhulu kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amatshe amodeliwe futhi aphucuziwe. Kwaphinde kwaba yisikhathi lapho kwagqama khona ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo nemfuyo, izitsha zobumba, ezobuciko, ukufuywa kwezilwane ezithile kanye nokuqiniswa kwempilo yokungalali.
Izimpawu ze-Neolithic
Usuku lokuzalwa lwenkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic lusaqhubeka nokuba yindaba-mpikiswano namuhla. Iningi liyavuma ukuthi kwakucishe kube yi-10.000 BC lapho liqala ukusebenza, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuba abantu befunde ukwenza imisebenzi ehlobene nokulima, ukufuya imfuyo yasekhaya nokuqoqa izitshalo nezithelo.
Kwakungenxa yemisebenzi ethile yasemaphandleni, njengokutshalwa kukakolweni, irayisi nommbila, ukuthi abantu bathola ithuba lokuziphilisa ngokuzihlalela. Ngokobufakazi bemivubukulo, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kusuka emasikweni okuqoqa ukudla kuya kubakhiqizi kwenzeka kancane kancane.
Uguquko lwenzeka ezikhathini ezahlukene, isibonelo, eMpumalanga Ephakathi lwenzeka cishe ngo-9.000 BC, eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu cishe kwakungama-7.000 BC, kuyilapho eMpumalanga Asia cishe eminyakeni engu-6.000 BC.
Okucace kakhulu ukuthi uguquko lwalumele isigaba soguquko noguquko. Yile ndlela inkathi ye-Neolithic yethulwa ngayo, isikhathi esasibonakala kakhulu ngokushintsha kwamasiko; ushintsho olwenzeka kancane kancane hhayi ngokuzumayo. Uthe uguquko lwamasiko luhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, ngokwezinga lobuchwephesha obuzuzwe kwezolimo, ezokwakha kanye nezobumba:
- I-Neolithic yokuqala: Kulinganiselwa phakathi konyaka we-6.000 BC kuya ku-3.500 BC.
- I-Middle Neolithic: Ithela kakhulu futhi yathuthukiswa phakathi kuka-3.000 BC kanye no-2.800 BC.
- I-Neolithic yokugcina: Imfishane kakhulu, kusukela ku-2.800 BC kuya ku-2.300 BC ngokuqala kweNkathi Yensimbi.
Njengoba nje inkathi ye-Neolithic yayinezici zayo, kanjalo nobuciko be-Neolithic. Kuye ngesiko elithile elivela kulo, bathatha amafomu ahlukene, njengezitsha zobumba ezenziwe ngendlela yebhasikidi, ithanga, insimbi noma izikhwama zesikhumba.
Izikhumbuzo ezivelele kakhulu ze-Neolithic ama-dolmens, amathuna akhiwe ngamatshe amatshe abanzi akha igumbi lokungcwaba. Uma sikhuluma ngokudweba, singasho ukuthi izici eziningi zale nkulumo zaziyizinhlobo ze-schematic, futhi isimo esingokomfanekiso sezindikimba siyagqama.
ubuciko be-neolithic
Ubuciko be-Neolithic bubhekwa njengento ethakazelisa kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo lubonakala ngaphezu kwakho konke ngemidwebo, lapho izithombe zomzimba womuntu ngaphandle kwemininingwane ebusweni, ngemifanekiso yakudala kanye namathoni we-monochromatic, ziheha ukunaka.
Naphezu kweminyaka edlule, namuhla kungenzeka ukuthola ubufakazi obuthile balolu hlobo lwesithombe. Eziningi zazo zitholakala endaweni ebalulekile yokuvubukula etholakala endaweni yamanje yaseJordani.
Ubuciko be-Neolithic babuye babonakala ngokubusa kwe-ceramics futhi eminyakeni edlule kuye kwatholakala ubufakazi obuningi mayelana nalolu hlobo lwenkulumo yobuciko. Phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele, kugqame izinto eziningi nezibalo ezihlobene nokuzala, eTell-Halaf, enyakatho yeSiriya, naseTell-al-Ubaid, ogwini lwePersian Gulf.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi lalezi zinto kanye nezibalo zobuciko be-Neolithic zazihlotshiswe ngemiklamo yejometri eyenziwe ngopende onsundu noma omnyama, cishe njalo.
Origen
Kwaqala ukuxhunyaniswa nempilo ye-semi-nomadic yabelusi futhi yaphetha ngokutholakala kwethusi okwanikeza inkathi yegama elifanayo. Enye yezinkulumo ezinethonya elikhulu ezakha ingxenye yobuciko be-Neolithic kwakuyizitsha zobumba; Okunye okwabonakaliswa okuvelele kwakuyizithombe ababekhulekela kuzo njengonkulunkulukazi ongumama nezikhumbuzo zamatshe ezinkulu ezinikezelwe ekukhulekeleni okungokwenkolo.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, okutholakele okubalulekile okuhlobene nobuciko be-Neolithic kuye kwatholakala, isibonelo izinsalela zobumba. Okuningi kwalokhu okutholakele kwenziwe cishe kuzo zonke izifunda ezihlala abantu baseNeolithic, kusukela eMpumalanga Eseduze ukuya e-Afrika nokusuka eMedithera kuya eYurophu naseziqhingini zaseBritish.
Eziningi zalezi zinsalela zobumba zinezibalo eziyisicaba, ezinomhlobiso olula (onxantathu, ama-spirals, imigqa e-wavy, nezinye izinto zejiyomethrikhi) ezindaweni ezibushelelezi noma ezingaguquki.
Umdwebo we-Neolithic: ukuqhubeka ngokumelene nokuqhekeka
Sekuyisikhathi eside kukhulunywa ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baseNeolithic baxubene nemihambima yasendulo eyayihlala eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. Lolu hlobo lwe-hypothesis luvela ngokusekelwe, ikakhulukazi, eqinisweni lokuthi abasanda kufika baqhubeka nomsebenzi wobuciko wokuqala.
"Kwakungemva kokufika kwabantu be-Neolithic, lapho umdwebo womhume uba yinto engabonakali. Kodwa-ke, kwaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho sithola khona izibonelo zomdwebo we-Paleolithic futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlonipha imidwebo yasendulo».
Lokhu kusishiya neqiniso elibonakalayo futhi lokho kwakuwukuthi abantu abasha be-Neolithic babengenayo inhloso encane yokucekela phansi umsebenzi wobuciko oshiywe abantu bangaphambili abayimizulane. Lokho kukhuluma nathi ngokuqhubeka kwezobuciko kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwamasiko womabili.
Khona-ke kungase kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inqubo yokuhlanganisa phakathi kwamaqembu womabili abantu, okungukuthi, abantu baseNeolithic kanye nabantu abayimizulane, yenzeka ngokuthula futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, ngendlela yemvelo. Impela ukufika kwamadolobha amasha kuzomela isigaba sokuguquguquka nokuzamazama, ikakhulukazi mayelana nendlela yokukhuluma ngobuciko, kubonakala sengathi izisusa nezikhathi okuzokwenziwa ngazo zizoqhubeka zifana.
Ungatholakala kuphi umdwebo we-Neolithic?
Njengoba kuye kwachazwa kuso sonke lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, abantu baseNeolithic bafika eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia bevela empumalanga, bevela oLwandle iMedithera. Kuye kwaphawulwa ngokuba khona kwamadiphozithi angaphezu kuka-750 asatshalaliswa yiCatalonia, Valencia, Aragon, Castilla-La Mancha kanye ne-Andalusia.
Kuye ngecala, kungenzeka ukuthola izinkulumo zomdwebo ongokomfanekiso ojwayelekile we-Palaeolithic kanye nomdwebo ongabonakali wenkathi ye-Neolithic futhi, ezimweni eziningi, lawa amasayithi anobukhona bakho kokubili ukubonakaliswa endaweni efanayo.
izakhiwo ze-neolithic
Akukhona nje ukuthi ubuciko babuyingxenye yenkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic, kodwa izakhiwo nazo zadlala indima ebalulekile. Ngalesi sigaba kube nentuthuko ephawulekayo kwezokwakha. Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu esingazibala indaba yethempeli laseGobekli Tepe, eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkey.
Ithonya layo likhulu kangangokuthi namuhla lichazwa njengendawo endala nebaluleke kakhulu yokukhulekela eyakhiwa abantu. Wawubonakala ngezinsika zawo ezihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe zezilwane, njengezingulube zasendle, izinyoka namakati amakhulu, ezaziwabheka njengabavikeli bethempeli.
Omunye wemisebenzi emele kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ze-Neolithic yisakhiwo sezakhiwo ze-Dolmens of Antequera, ezakha izikhumbuzo ze-Menga, i-Viera ne-Romeral, ezisele ezigciniwe futhi zichazwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba. Zingamatshe amatshe ahlaba umxhwele akha amagumbi nezikhala ezifulelwe. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi kwakuyizindawo ezihloselwe ukwenza imicikilisho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwetshe eliphucuziwe
Itshe lingenye yalezo zinto ezihlale zikhona emlandweni wesintu, ngisho nangaphambi kwezikhathi ezandulela i-Neolithic. Ngalezo zikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwamatshe kwakubalulekile, ikakhulukazi njengengxenye yezikhali zempi. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nesigaba se-Neolithic, kwanezelwa amasu amasha ukuze kusetshenziswe itshe.
Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu nezibalulekile kwakuyisu lokulipholisha, esikhundleni sokuliqopha nje noma ukulihlukanisa ngamagalelo. Ubungcweti bomsebenzi wamatshe benza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa kakhulu amathuluzi nezikhali, njengekhanda lomcibisholo noma umkhonto wokuzingela.
Lokhu kuboniswe ngokutholwa kwakamuva kwezinsalela zemivubukulo lapho kutholwe khona amathambo abantu anemicibisholo egxilile. Amasu ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwetshe asebenza njengendlela yokuthonya, futhi, ekwenzeni izinto zobumba eziphelele (ukugcina ukudla), izitsha zobumba (zokuvuna izithelo) kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindwangu (ezinezinaliti ezenziwe ngethambo).
Ukuphela kwe-Neolithic
Cishe ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Neolithic lapho amasu amasha ahlobene nobuciko aqala ukuvela, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi kwezinye izinsimbi, kunjalo icala lethusi. Kungashiwo ukuthi yilokhu okwaphawula ukushintshela eNkathini Yethusi (ukuhlangana kwethusi nethini okuholela ebukhuni obukhulu kanye nezakhiwo ezingcono zokuphonsa).
Masikhumbule ukuthi kwaze kwasetshenziswa ithusi kwaze kwakhiwe izikhali, into eyayingenziwa ngethusi. Ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe kwezensimbi yilo olwadala ukuthi inkathi ye-Neolithic kanye ne-Stone Age iphelelwe yisikhathi.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: