U-Apollo noDaphne nguBernini: umsebenzi womqophi

Le ndaba yayingeyona entsha emlandweni wezobuciko, kodwa abaqophi bezithombe babengakaze babhekane nayo. Nge U-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini, umdwebi waba nesibindi sokwenza lokho okwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka kuze kube yileso sikhathi: ukumelela ngemabula umzimba womuntu oguqulwa ube isitshalo.

U-APOLLO KANYE NODAPNE BY BERNINI

U-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini

U-Apollo ujahe uDaphne ngoba ethandana naye. I-nymph, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayihambisani nesifiso sikankulunkulu. Ngakho ubalekela emfuleni futhi uyise uPeneus uyamguqula abe isitshalo se-laurel. U-Apollo usefikile kuDaphne futhi usezobamba inyozi. Unkulunkulu unqunu futhi umbozwe ngendwangu eqinile ehlombe lakhe langakwesokudla nasesinqeni. Izinwele zakhe zinde futhi zinyakaza kamnandi emoyeni.

U-Apollo ubamba uDaphne ngesandla sakhe sokudla. Ngesandla sakhe sobunxele, esikhundleni salokho, unkulunkulu ugcina ibhalansi yakhe ngenkathi egijima. U-Apollo ugqoka izicathulo ezinyaweni zakhe. Unkulunkulu umi ngomlenze wakhe wesokudla kuyilapho kwesokunxele sincike emuva. Izindebe zabo zihlukene futhi zihefuzela ngenxa yokujaha nenkanuko. Imizimba yomibili iyaxubha kodwa ayithinti.

U-Daphne ugijima ukuze abaleke u-Apollo. I-nymph igoqa umzimba wayo ukuze ithole inzuzo ngaphezu kukankulunkulu. UDafne unqunu futhi umzimba wakhe uyashintsha. Eqinisweni, izinyawo zakhe ziba yizimpande. Injumbane izama ukuphakamisa unyawo lwakhe lwesokudla oselunamathele phansi. Amagxolo azungeza umzimba wakhe futhi izandla zakhe zikhuphukela esibhakabhakeni ziphenduka amahlamvu. Ubuso benyoni bubonakala buthukile futhi umlomo uvulekile ngenxa yokwesaba nokugijima. Ingubo yakhe, ewayo, ivunguza umoya. Udidekile uyahefuzela.

Ngomzuzwana nje ukuguqulwa kuzoqedwa, amagxolo aqinile azomboza ngokuphelele umzimba wakhe wesifazane omuhle, izingalo nezinwele, osekuvele kushintshiwe ngokwengxenye, kuzoba ama-fronds. Abadwebi nabaqophi abaningi bekhulu le-XNUMX bazama ukumangaza umbukeli, kodwa akekho owaphumelela njengoBernini, eqinisweni owaba umpetha ongenakuphikiswa, inkomba eyisibopho ezizukulwaneni zamaciko.

Umsebenzi, ozibalo zawo zifika esikalini sangempela, uklanyelwe ukunikeza imibono eminingi ehlukene. UBernini wayefuna ukuyibeka endaweni ukuze kuthi lapho engena ekamelweni umuntu aqale abone u-Apollo ngemuva bese eqagela ku-crescendo ye-metamorphosis kaDaphne. Eqinisweni, kuleyo ndawo wawubona amagxolo asevele emboze umzimba wenyoni kodwa nesandla sikankulunkulu okwathi ngokwamavesi ka-Ovid, wayelokhu ezwa inhliziyo yakhe ishaya ngaphansi kwezinkuni. Kuphela ngokuhambahamba komfanekiso oqoshiwe kwakuyotholakala imininingwane yoshintsho.

U-APOLLO NODAPNE WASEBENINI

Ukuhunyushwa kuka-Apollo noDaphne nguBernini

I-cartouche, ebekwe esisekelweni, ibonisa ibinzana ngesiLatini nguMaffeo Barberini, uPapa wesikhathi esizayo uPaul V: "Noma ubani othanda ukuphishekela injabulo ngendlela yombaleki, uphendulela isandla sakhe emagatsheni ukuze avune izithelo, esikhundleni salokho uvuna umunyu". Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubhala kubonisa indlela indaba yenganekwane esetshenziselwa ngayo ukuveza umqondo wokuziphatha: UDaphne, oguqulwe waba isihlahla ukuze abaleke ukushushiswa kuka-Apollo, uba uphawu lobuhle; ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu lezithombe lifuna ukuxwayisa ukuthi lingayeki kuphela ebuhleni basemhlabeni.

Siyafunda kwethi Metamorphoses: “Usathandazela ukuthi ukuba ndikindiki okujulile kungene ezithweni zakhe, isifuba sakhe esithambile sisongwe ngemicu emihle, izinwele zakhe zendlaleke ngamahlamvu, izingalo zakhe zibe ngamagatsha; izinyawo, lapho zishesha kangaka, zibhajwa ezimpandeni ezivilaphayo, ubuso buyanyamalala ezinweleni: bulondoloza ubukhazikhazi bazo kuphela”.

Isitayela sesifanekiso

U-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini ungomunye wemiphumela emele kakhulu yazo zonke izithombe eziqoshiwe zeBaroque: izimo zengqondo eziguquguqukayo; ukuhlukunyezwa kwemizimba; ukubonakaliswa kwe-gestural kanye ne-physiognomic; isicwebezelisi semabula ebusweni; umbono oyindilinga nobuningi bomsebenzi; umzwelo kanye nendawo yomsebenzi.

Izithombe eziqoshwe u-Gian Lorenzo Bernini ziveza umnyakazo ngenxa yokuma kwazo okuguquguqukayo. U-Apollo noDaphne bagijimela phambili futhi inkulumo yabo ishubile. Imisipha ka-Apollo igqamile ukuze imele ukuzikhandla kokugijima. Kunalokho, umzimba kaDaphne ubushelelezi futhi unomusa. Ubuso bemabula buqoshwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Tosco ukumela amagxolo. Ibushelelezi ngokuphelele ukwenza isikhumba sabalingiswa ababili.

Nge-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini (kanye nezinye izithombe eziqoshiwe zika-Scipione Borghese) wafinyelela inkulumo ephakeme kakhulu nephelele kakhulu yokumelela ukunyakaza. Ukwazile ukulungisa umzuzu owodwa wesenzo, obalulekile. Eqinisweni, izibalo zakhe azisameli iqiniso kodwa ukwenzeka kwalelo qiniso, akuseyona into engokoqobo kodwa ukuguqulwa kwalelo qiniso. U-Apollo noDaphne babanjwa emjahweni, ngesikhathi esiqondile lapho intokazi iguquka ibe yisihlahla: isikhashana ngaphambi kokuba isengowesifazane, umzuzwana kamuva yayingeke isaba.

U-APOLLO NODAPHNE WASEBERNINI

Lezi zinsizwa ezimbili zisesimweni esibucayi, zibonakala zingalingani, kubonakala sengathi kufanele ziwe noma yinini. U-Apollo unomlenze wakhe wesobunxele welulele emuva (okuwukuphela kwephuzu lokusekela phansi kusewumlenze wakhe wesokudla). UDafne yena uphakanyiswa ngokoqobo yizimpande ezimila ezinyaweni zakhe. Eqinisweni, ukumelwa kokunyakaza kutholakala kuma-arcs amabili achazwe ngezibalo ezihlanganiswe ne-spiral ekahle eyakhiwe yi-trunk, i-mantle kanye nezingalo.

U-Bernini uqhudelana no-Ovid, futhi bobabili bangabanqobi, ngoba uma kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkondlo ziyinhloko yesikhathi kuyilapho ubuciko bomfanekiso buyinkosi yendawo, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi umqophi we-Neapolitan uchitha lesi simo, esebenzisa amandla. ukunyakaza.

Ku-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini, ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwemabula, kusukela ekuboniseni okuningiliziwe kwamahlamvu nezingqimba eziphakanyiswe umoya kuye emagxolweni esiqu, kusukela ezinweleni ezixekethile zama-protagonist kuye ekubukekeni okudidekile nokumangele kukaDaphne, kuyasiza. ukubamba ngokuphelele isenzo esembulekayo phambi kweso eliqaphile lesibukeli.

Sekukonke, u-Apollo no-Daphne ka-Bernini ngokuqinisekile bamele esinye sezikhathi eziyimpumelelo emfanekisweni we-Baroque ngenxa yomsebenzi wawo kanye nobunzima obuphathekayo obungokwengqondo. Ubuciko bukaBernini, empeleni, bunikeza isithombe esibaziwe esingenalo iphuzu lokubuka elikhethekile, kodwa sinikeza umbukeli ithuba lokuthwebula yonke imininingwane yobuhle bakudala, obujwayelekile bobuciko bamaGreki, futhi ngasikhathi sinye inkanuko nokunotha kwe imininingwane, ejwayelekile yezinkondlo ze-baroque.

isakhiwo sokuhlanganisa

Isithombe sika-Bernini sika-Apollo noDaphne silinganisela kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ezinye izingxenye zanda emkhathini kuyilapho ezinye zifinyela. Futhi, imigqa yamandla idala amajika amabili. Omunye ugijima ubude bomzimba ka-Apollo. Eyesibili iqondana ne-arc edwetshwe umzimba kaDaphne. U-Bernini udale isethi yezindlela lapho isikhala sidala khona izikhala ezenza isithombe esibaziweyo sikhanye. Lezi zibalo ezimbili zivezwa phezulu sengathi ziyantanta.

U-APOLLO KANYE NODAPNE BY BERNINI

U-Bernini wayazi indlela yokuxazulula inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwano phakathi kokuphonseka kanye nokuphikisa ngomdlalo wokulinganisa ocwengisiswe kakhulu: imizimba, imilenze nezingalo zalezi zibalo ezimbili ziphumela emkhathini, ziphikisana nemithetho yamandla adonsela phansi, kodwa njalo ngandlela thize ezinye izingxenye ezidlulela kolunye uhlangothi.

U-Bernini futhi wayazi indlela yokuthatha umbuzo we-marble emathubeni awo amakhulu kakhulu wokukhuluma. Umdwebi bekuwukubheja okuqhubekayo okunemikhawulo emile yezinto ezibonakalayo, inselelo ebonakala ingakunaki ubuthakathaka bemabula futhi okwamqhubezela ekufuneni izikhundla ngokuya ngesibindi futhi waphendukela emkhawulweni wemfanelo yawo, yemibono, imishini, ukufihla. , kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukumelana namandla adonsela phansi.

Umphumela onjalo ungatholakala kuphela ngenxa yokulawula okungavamile kobuchwepheshe. Futhi akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi uBernini wayenguchwepheshe omuhle kakhulu, ogujwa ngamakhono akhe amangalisayo. U-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini, ikakhulukazi, kubonakala kuyisimangaliso sangempela sobuchwepheshe.

Izibalo ezimbili zitholakala kubhulokhi eyodwa enkulu futhi amashidi afinyelela ubukhulu obuncane, kangangokuthi angakwazi ukuphuka ngokucindezela okulula kweminwe. Lo mdwebi ubenekhono futhi ekuboniseni ubusilika besikhumba esingenalutho sika-Daphne esiqhathaniswa nokuba lukhuni kwegxolo lakhe elisha. Konke lokhu kudala ukumangala nokuthakasela.

UFranco Borsi, omunye wezazi ezibaluleke kakhulu zeBaroque yase-Italy, wabhala:

“Izisekelo ze-aesthetics ezimangalisayo aziqondile emhlabeni ka-Bernini nganoma yimuphi umqondo osokiwe […] kodwa ngokuqinisekile zisabalele emhlabeni wamasiko lapho u-Bernini enyakaza khona, elalela futhi ezimisele ngokomzwelo ukuthwebula amazwi azoculwa kuwo. sesha ukuvumelana”

U-APOLLO KANYE NODAPNE BY BERNINI

Inganekwane ka-Apollo noDaphne kuma-metamorphoses

Inganekwane ka-Apollo kanye nenymph Daphne itshela ukuthi unkulunkulu u-Apollo, indodana kaZeus, eqhosha ngokuthi uyakwazi ukusebenzisa umnsalo nemicibisholo ngokungafani nezinye, udala ulaka lukaCupid. Lesi sakamuva, ukujezisa ukuziqhenya kukankulunkulu osemusha, simshaya ngomcibisholo othandana ne-nymph enhle uDaphne (ogama lakhe lisho ukuthi "laurel" ngesiGreki), indodakazi yomfula uPeneus noGaia, Umhlaba.

Nokho, uDaphne wangcwelisa ukuphila kwakhe kudadewabo ka-Apollo, unkulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi, ozinikele ebumsulwa nasekugcinweni kobuntombi, izindinganiso azisekela kangangokuthi uphoqelela ama-nymphs ohamba naye ukuba alandele isibonelo sakhe, ngaphansi kwesijeziso. isijeziso esiyisibonelo.

U-Apollo, othandweni, uzama ngamandla ukufinyelela uDaphne wakhe othandekayo, ocela usizo kuyise ukuze avikele ubumsulwa bakhe. Ngakho-ke, uPeneus, ukuze avimbele lezi zinsizwa ezimbili ukuba zingahlangani, uqinisekisa ukuthi isimo somuntu sendodakazi siyancibilika lapho ethintwa unkulunkulu. U-Apollo, eqinisweni, uphishekela uDaphne kuze kube yilapho, efinyelela futhi emthinta, umbona eshintsha ibe i-laurel (umqhele we-laurel ungenye yezimpawu zikankulunkulu u-Apollo).

Ezinye izici

Isithombe sika-Bernini sika-Apollo noDaphne sanikezwa uCardinal Scipione Caffarelli Borghese sisuka eBernini. Bekuyisicelo sokugcina umqoqi odumile asenza kumdwebi. Umqophi waqala umsebenzi esemncane kakhulu, engakahlanganisi neminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili ubudala, ngo-1622. Wabe esephoqeleka ukuba aphazamise umsebenzi ehlobo lika-1623.

Okokuqala kwadingeka aqedele u-El David ethunywe uCardinal Alessandro Pedretti. Ngakho uBernini waqala kabusha ukubulawa kuka-Apollo noDaphne ngo-1624 ngosizo lomdwebi uGiuliano Finelli, owayenakekela izimpande namaqabunga. Ngo-1625 isithombe esiqoshiwe saqedwa futhi ngokushesha saba nempumelelo enkulu.

Umculi

Ngenxa yobuhlakani obudlule bukaGian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680, uthathwa emhlabeni wonke njengomdwebi obaluleke kakhulu wekhulu le-XNUMX laseYurophu: umqophi, umdwebi wezakhiwo, umdwebi, umklami wesethi, umhleli wedolobha, wayehlala efinyelela, futhi kuzo zonke izinkambu, amazinga. ngobuhle obuphelele.

Ngo-1615, lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa kuphela ubudala, wayesevele eyingcweti ekhaliphile esebenza, kanye noyise uPietro, umqophi ofana naye, enkonzweni kaPapa owayebusa, uPaul V, kaKhadinali Maffeo Barberini, uPapa Urban wakusasa. VIII, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke Scipione Borghese (1576-1633). UScipione, umshana kapapa, wayengomunye wamadoda anamandla kakhulu eRoma. Umlandeli omkhulu kanye nomsekeli wangaphambili weCaravaggio, wazihlukanisa ngesiko lakhe elimangalisayo nothando olungenakuvinjelwa lokuqoqa.

UKhadinali Borghese ngokwakhe unikeze uBernini osemusha ithuba lokuqala elikhulu lomsebenzi wakhe: amaqembu amane aqoshiwe ayezomenza adume njengomculi. Le misebenzi, eyagunyazwa uScipione ngo-1618 nge-Villa Borghese yakhe, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Borghese Gallery, yacebisa iqoqo lobuciko likaKhadinali eselivele lidumile (elaliziqhayisa nge-Caravaggio enhle) futhi iseseRoma namuhla e-Borghese Gallery. Bango-Aeneas, u-Anchises no-Ascanius, ukuthunjwa kukaProserpina, u-Apollo noDaphne noDavid.

UGian Lorenzo Bernini wazalelwa eNaples ngo-1598, unina wayenguNeapolitan, uyise uPietro Bernini ungumqophi wezithombe, usebenza eNaples, Florence naseRome. UPietro wathuthela eRoma nomkhaya wakhe ngo-1605, futhi uGian Lorenzo wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe eRoma, ngaphandle nokuhlala isikhathi eside eParis ngo-1665, okwakubizwa iNkosi uLouis XIV. ERoma, umsebenzi wakhe waba impumelelo ochungechungeni olude. , futhi uBernini wayephethe izinkampani ezibaluleke kakhulu njengomdwebi wezithombe, umklami wesethi nomakhi wezakhiwo, ikakhulukazi opapa abaye balandelana eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu yomsebenzi wakhe.

Isimo sobuciko bamaRoma kule nkathi sibuswa nguGian Lorenzo, ngaphambi kwakhe uMichelangelo kuphela owayehlonishwa kakhulu ngopapa, ongqondongqondo nabadwebi. Kukhona ukufana okuningi noMichelangelo: ngisho noBernini ubheka ukudweba intshiseko yakhe enkulu, kusukela esemncane usemkhayeni lapho kusetshenzwa khona imabula futhi iba impahla yakhe ayithandayo. NjengoMichelangelo, ungumculi ophelele: ungumdwebi, umdwebi, umdwebi wezakhiwo, imbongi, umklami wesiteji futhi phambi komsebenzi ngamunye uyazi ukuzinikela ngokugxila okukhulu nokuhlanganyela okujulile emsebenzini.

Ukudweba kumelela yena indlela eyisisekelo yawo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wokudala, lapho ebhala khona yonke imibono, imibono kanye nesixazululo kusuka ezidwetshweni ezimfushane kuya kumaphrojekthi anembayo kanye nemidwebo ehlekisayo. Ithalente elimangalisayo nokudala abhekana nakho noma yimuphi umsebenzi nakho akunakuphikwa. Umehluko noMichelangelo uthinta indawo yomuntu nenhlalo yabantu: UBernini uyindoda enobudlelwane kakhulu, ehlakaniphile futhi ekhaliphile, ezinikele emndenini kanye nomhleli onekhono.

Ngo-1611 uGian Lorenzo wazithola engumsizi kayise u-Pietro Bernini, owayesebenza ezithombeni ze-Chapel kaPaul V eSanta Maria Maggiore eRoma. Lesi senzakalo siphawula ukuqala komsebenzi wakhe kanye nengcebo yakhe, njengoba ngesikhathi somsebenzi waxwayiswa uPapa kanye noCardinal Scipione Borghese, abamnike umsebenzi wokuhlobisa indlu yakhe. UBernini oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye udala uchungechunge lwamaqembu ezinganekwane nezifanekiso ezabulawa phakathi kuka-1619 no-1624, eziseVilla Borghese eRoma. Wahlala enkonzweni kakhadinali kwaze kwaba ngu-1624.

Ngokukhethwa kukaPapa Urban VIII Barberini, uBernini, esemncane kakhulu, waba umholi empilweni yobuciko yaseRoma futhi wabamba lesi sikhundla ukuphila kwakhe konke, ezinikele ngaphezu kwakho konke emisebenzini yezenkolo. Ngemva kokufa kukaCarlo Maderno, ngo-1629 uGian Lorenzo waqokwa "umakhi weSan Pietro".

Ebusheni bakhe, ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, umsebenzi wakhe wawudingeka kakhulu njengomdwebi wezithombe, kodwa ngokwanda kwamakhomishana amakhulu, uBernini wayengasenaso isikhathi sokuzinikela ekuthwebuleni izithombe. Kakade ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amabili nayishumi elandelayo ukuze afeze zonke izibopho ayenazo zokuqasha abasizi kanye nezithombe ezenziwa ebudaleni obuvuthiwe zimbalwa kunemisebenzi yokuzibophezela okukhulu njengemifanekiso eqoshiwe, amathuna, izindlu zesonto, imithombo, izikwele. , amasonto, akhiwe ngesikhathi se-pontificates ye-Urban VIII, u-Innocent X no-Alexander VII.

Ngisho nokudweba kugxile kakhulu eminyakeni yamashumi amabili, kamuva wakhetha ukuzinikela ekuqopheni, kuyilapho iningi lemisebenzi yezakhiwo ingaphezu kwakho konke ukuya esigabeni sokugcina somsebenzi wakhe, esihambisana nesikhathi sika-Alexander VII. UBernini wafela eRoma ngo-1680.

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