Isiko lamaToltec lalingenye yezimpucuko zokuqala ezinkulu zaseMesoamerica ezazikhona, ngakho-ke, enye yalezo ezinikeze iminikelo eminingi esifundeni saseLatin America, kuhlanganise nenganekwane yayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla sifuna ukukhuluma ngokuthi yiziphi eziyinhloko Onkulunkulu bamaToltec kanye nezici zayo ezifanele. Hlala nathi, futhi sonke masifunde ngalo mphakathi onethonya ndawonye!
Ayengobani amaToltec?
Nakuba abaningi bengakwazi, amaToltec ayeyingxenye yemiphakathi ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwesiko eyathuthukiswa esifundeni sasendulo sezwekazi laseMelika, iMesoamerica. Lokhu kube nenani eliphakeme ku-Postclassic Period of humanity, ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka engu-950 AD. C. kanye no-1150 d. C (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX AD).
Indawo ababehlala kuyo, yazikhandla futhi isasebenza nanamuhla, ithonya elifanele kwezinye izindawo, elifana kakhulu nalelo elabangela ama-Aztec eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Ama-Toltec azinza e-Central Plateau yase-Mexico, indawo okwamanje ehlanganisa izifunda zase-Tlaxcala, e-Hidalgo, e-Mexico City, e-State of Mexico, e-Morelos nase-Puebla. Kodwa-ke, izikhungo zayo eziphambili zenqubekelaphambili bekungamadolobha aseHuapalcalco naseTollan-Xicocotitlan.
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi amaningi omlando, nakuba babengabantu abayimizulane, baqala uhambo lwabo olungcwele besuka enyakatho yesifunda ngo-511 AD. C. baze basungula inhloko-dolobha yaseTula, cishe ngo-800 AD. C. Ahlala lapho, cishe iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika ama-Aztec.
Umnotho wendawo wawugxile kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukutshalwa kommbila nobhontshisi. Isakhiwo senhlangano yomphakathi wabo sahlukaniswa saba amaqembu amabili: isigaba samalungelo, phakathi kwawo sithola amasosha, abaphathi, izikhulu zikahulumeni nabapristi; kanye nesigaba se-servile, ngokuyisisekelo esasihlanganisa izingcweti nezisebenzi.
Uhlelo lwakhe lokukholelwa lwaba nomthelela ophawulekayo ezindaweni zaseYucatan naseZacatecas. Ngaphezu kwezinganekwane, izakhiwo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko obuhle zengezwa efeni layo lamasiko. Onkulunkulu abazungeza lesi siko elithakazelisayo baba yingxenye yemvelo yabantu baseMesoamerica.
Njengengxenye enkulu yempucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian, babenombhalo wenganekwane onamandla, okusho ukuthi babenonkulunkulu abaningi ababephazamisa imicimbi yansuku zonke. Inkolo yayibhekwa njenge-shaman, okungukuthi, imikhuba yasekuqaleni eyayiqinisekisa ukuthi abanye abantu banekhono lokuxilonga nokwelapha ukuhlupheka kwabantu.
Ngokuvamile, babekhonza onkulunkulu ababeyizici zemvelo, njengalezi: isibhakabhaka, amanzi nomhlaba. Laba bakhulelwa ubunkulunkulu ngendlela engavamile, njengoba babukabili, onkulunkulu babo ababili abayinhloko kwakunguQuetzalcóatl (umdali wezwe) noTezcatlipoca (umdali wobumnyama nembubhiso).
Abapristi, ababebizwa nangokuthi ama-shaman, babehlanganyela nonkulunkulu babo emihlatshelweni yabantu. Iminikelo enjalo yayiyingxenye yemikhosi, ngoba kwakunenkolelo yokuthi onkulunkulu babefuna ukuba bakwazi ukubanikeza izibusiso.
Nakuba lesi sici somphakathi wabo sinempikiswano kwabaningi besimanje, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinto evamile kakhulu ukuhlela imidlalo yebhola lapho kwakunqunywa khona, kuye ngokuthi ubani ohluliwe, ubani owayezohlatshwa egameni lomdlali. Somandla .
Eminye imibhalo ehlehlela emuva kule nkathi isikisela ukuthi amaToltec akhetha onkulunkulu bawo ngaphandle kokucabanga okuningi, awazange anake ukuthi avelaphi noma ayeneqiniso langempela mayelana namandla awo. Laba bagomela ngokuthi limane liyidolobha elalimagange ukuthola iziqondiso ezingokomoya ezizobasiza ezidingweni nasezimfuneko zabo zansuku zonke.
Izinkolelo zenkolo ababenazo zazisekelwe, kanye namasiko abo, ekulweni nasekuxabaneni, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi zaziphakathi kwalezi ezimbili esizishilo ngaphambili. Kubo, indawo yonke yayingeke isebenze kahle ngaphandle kwezimpi noma ukulwa, ngakho-ke, unkulunkulu wabo ngamunye wayenezici ezimisiwe zamaqhawe kanye nabantu abanolaka nabayingozi.
Ingxenye enhle yamasiko abhekwa ngokuqondile kumaToltec, ngemva kokuhamba kwesikhathi yamukelwa abantu bomdabu abahlukahlukene kamuva, yingakho kuvamile ukuba izinkolelo zihlanganyele nezinye izimpucuko, njengamaMeya, isibonelo.
Onkulunkulu Abakhulu bamaToltec
Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi usubonile, amaToltec amukela bonke onkulunkulu abezwa ngabo, inani elikhulu labo lahlanganyela neminye imiphakathi. Ngokwayo, kungathiwa banonkulunkulu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amane, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sikhethe abavelele kakhulu. Phakathi kweziyinhloko sithola ezilandelayo eziyishumi:
I-Quetzalcoatl
Ungunkulunkulu oyinhloko wempucuko yamaToltec, owaziwa ngokuthi inyoka egcwele amanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi ucatshangwa njengomuntu ophakeme, ezimfanelweni zawo uhlanganisa ikhono lokukhiqiza zonke izinhlobo zezimfundiso kumuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, igcwele izimiso zomoya ezingapheli.
U-Quetzalcóatl uvela emiphakathini eminingi yamasiko aseMesoamerican, okumenza umuntu obalulekile ekugcineni ubudlelwano obuzinzile phakathi kwemicabango yenkolo ngayinye enamaqembu ahlukene ahlala endaweni. Utuswa ngekhono lokunikeza isipho solwazi, kanye nezinye izimfanelo ezifana nokuzala, ukusungula izinto, ukukhanya, nokuhlakanipha.
Ekuqaleni, wayebhekwa njengomvikeli wosuku nemimoya. Eqinisweni, enganekwaneni yasendulo yamalanga amahlanu, kuhlobene nokuthi uQuetzalcóatl nguye owanikeza iLanga lesihlanu ukuphila, esiphila nalo namuhla, futhi kanye noXólotl waqala ukudalwa kwesintu.
Igama elithi "inyoka enezimpaphe" kungenxa yokuthi livela olimini lwesiNahuatl, "i-quetzali» kusho* ipeni futhi «ijazi» inyoka. Ukwengeza, kubhekiselwa kuyo ngaleyo ndlela ngenxa yesici sayo esibonakalayo. Ungumuntu oyinhloko ophethe umjikelezo wokuphila, kanye nokuphela kwawo. Unezinhlamvu ezimbili, njengoba eyiwele likaTezcatlipoca eliphikisayo.
I-Tezcatlipoca
Imele olunye uhlangothi lokubili, okungukuthi, okulingana ne-Quetzalcoatl. I-Tezcatlipoca ihlobene ngokuqondile nezulu nomhlaba, kodwa futhi nobumnyama nobusuku. Ungunkulunkulu we-warrior temperament kanye nomphikisi, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi* "isibuko sokubhema esimnyama" noma "isibuko esinamabala". Itholakala yonke indawo, eyivumela ukuthi ibone yonke into futhi ibhubhise kalula isitha sayo ngasinye.
Njengomphumela womsebenzi wayo obhubhisayo, yayidume ngokuba unkulunkulu omnyama kunabo bonke abakha ibutho lesiko lamaToltec, isibalo sayo sasivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwesabisa izingane. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi wayebuye abe ngumthakathi kanye nombhuli we-prodigy mayelana nomlingo omnyama, wabamba iqhaza newele lakhe ekudalweni komuntu. Ngendlela efanayo, alikaze liyeke ukuphawulwa njengomthombo wokuphila nokuvikela isiphetho somuntu.
i-centeotl
Ungunkulunkulu ohlobene eduze nobuhle bokubili, njengoba unombhalo wowesilisa nowesifazane. Kuye ngokuthi kube lula kuye, uyashintsha ukubukeka kwakhe, ngoba ngale ndlela angakwazi ukuvikela kuwo wonke amasiko nemikhosi eyenziwa.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyinto evamile ukuba unkulunkulu wommbila abe khona ezinganekwaneni zaseMesoamerican, iToltec yayinjalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwakuyisitshalo esivelele esifundeni, ngakho-ke u-Centéotl wayengunkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, ngezinye izikhathi wayemiswa njengosanta ongumvikeli wenjabulo nokudakwa.
I-Tlaloc
Isihloko sikankulunkulu wemvula namanzi sihambisana ne-Tlaloc. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezihlonishwayo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezesabayo, kusukela umkhakha obalulekile womnotho waseToltec, ezolimo, uncike kuwo. Ngokuvamile, izifiki zenza imihlatshelo ku-Tlaloc njengomnikelo wokunisa imvula ezitshalweni zabo futhi zibanikeze isipho somhlaba ovundile. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lapho lo nkulunkulu ecasukile, wathumela ukuduma neziphepho emhlabeni.
Izinkokhelo ezazikhokhwa kuye zazenziwa ngenyanga yokuqala yonyaka emihumeni enemifudlana noma imifudlana yamanzi azolile, konke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhakaza okuphumelelayo kwaminyaka yonke. Igama layo livela olimini lwesiNahuatl, okungenzeka ukuthi livela ku- «hlala» okusho umhlaba kanye -oc okuyiyona ephumula noma ehlala ihlezi, okusho ukuthi iyincazelo yokugcina "lowo olele noma olele phansi" noma kancane kancane, "umpe lomhlaba".
I-Xochiquetzal
I-Xochiquétzal imelela ngokucacile unkulunkulukazi wothando, ubuhle, nezinjabulo. Ngokunjalo, kukholakala ukuthi ungunkulunkulu wobusha, izimbali nezobuciko, ubukhona bayo buhlobene ngokujulile nokuzala kanye nokuchichima okumangalisayo kwemvelo endaweni.
Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zaseToltec kukhona indaba eqinisekisa ukuthi lobu bunkulunkulu buyinkosikazi kaTlaloc, kanye nabanye onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nezimpawu ezibhekisela ezweni eliphakeme nelibanzi lokuyenga kanye nobufazi. Ukuze amdumise, ama-altare enziwa ngezimbali ze-cempasuchil futhi ngaleyo ndlela azuze umusa wakhe.
Mixcoatl
Unkulunkulu nomvikeli wabazingeli nguMixcóatl, owaziwa nangokuthi uCamaxtli. Ngaphambi kokuphuma nsuku zonke ukuyozingela, amaToltec azinikela kulo nkulunkulu ukuze abe nesibindi futhi akwazi ukubuya nempango enkulu yemindeni yawo. Kweminye imibhalo yomlando, uMxcóatl uvezwa njengonkulunkulu wempi waleli siko, nakuba isiqiniseko esinjalo sivame kakhulu, njengoba enkolelweni yakhe inqwaba yonkulunkulu inemfanelo yesibili yokuba iqhawe.
Ungunkulunkulu othakazelisa kakhulu kubalandeli bakhe, ngisho nasezindaweni ezithile zendawo inkolo yakhe yayiboshelwe kuleyo ye-Milky Way, lokhu kuwuhlobo oluthile lokumelela kwayo, ngakho-ke, iqinisekisa ulwazi olubanzi amaToltec ayenalo. .yendawo yonke.
itztlacoliuhqui
Izinhlekelele nosizi lwabantu kuthiwa lubangelwa i-Itztlacoliuhqui, lona ungomunye wonkulunkulu abamnyama beqembu laseToltec. Ungusanta ongumvikeli wamakhaza, iqhwa, ubusika, isijeziso nesono. Ngenxa yobuhlobo bakhe obumnyama nakho konke okungenhla, izinkokhelo ezikhokhelwa kuye zazihlanganisa imihlatshelo eminingi nemibese.
Ngenxa yengxabano yakhe neLanga, wayehlale ehlotshaniswa namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ungummeleli ofanelekayo wobulungisa kanye walawo mathuluzi enziwe nge-obsidian. Ezikhathini ezithile, kwakungomunye wonkulunkulu abakha ijaji lamacala, kanye nowayephethe izijeziso.
I-Xipe Totec
I-Xipe Tótec ingunkulunkulu wempilo, ukufa, nezolimo. Idume ngelensumansumane okulandwa kuyo ukuthi yazikhumula ukuze inikeze ukudla kwabayidingayo. Kwamanye ambalwa, kuthiwa ukufa kwakhe nokukhumula isikhumba sakhe yikho okwabangela isivuno sommbila sichume.
Elinye lamagama akhe eziteketiso ngelikankulunkulu ongumninimandla onke wezisebenzi zegolide, ochazwa emibhalweni njengomuntu ophakeme nonogazi owayefuna imihlatshelo eqhubekayo ukuze aqinisekise ukuphepha nokuchuma kwezwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ubhekwa njengonkulunkulu ononya nononya, njengoba ukube engenzi imihlatshelo, umuzi wawungeke ube nengcebo. Isimo sasibi kakhulu kangangokuthi abapristi babegqoka izikhumba ezidabukile futhi kwadingeka badansele ukuze bamjabulise.
I-Tonacatecuhtli
Ngolimi lwendabuko lwesiNahuatl, i-Tonacatecuhtli ingachazwa ngokuthi inkosi yezokudla ("i-tonacayotl", ukusekela; «tecutli", Mnumzane). Yilowo mthombo ohlinzeka abantu ngokudla, kubhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu abadali bezinto zonke kanye ne-exponent enkulu yemvelo nokuzala.
Kuyinto evamile ukubona ukuhlonishwa kwakhe kuso sonke isifunda saseMesoamerican, ngisho njengomunye wonkulunkulu abaphakathi kwe-pantheon, kuphela ngendlela ehlukile endaweni ngayinye. Ngokusho kwama-akhawunti amaningi, i-Tonacatecuhtli yayinesibopho sokuhlukanisa umhlaba nolwandle, okwakuhlangene ekuqaleni. Nakuba u-Omecihuatl no-Ometecuhtli bengabadali bokuphila, nguye owabanika ukuphila futhi wadala yonke iplanethi.
Amarekhodi omlando aqinisekisa ukuthi u-Tonacacihuatl wayengunkosikazi wakhe, ogama lakhe libuye libhekisele ku-"Lady of Our Meat or Sustenance". Zombili zithandwa kakhulu ngoba ziwuphawu lomusa nomoya wobuzalwane. Umlingani wakhe uvame ukudideka nabanye onkulunkulukazi abafana noCitlalicue noXochiquétzal.
Ehecatl
U-Ehécatl ungunkulunkulu wamaToltec ohlotshaniswa nomoya njengesibaluli sawo esiyinhloko, futhi ungomunye wabokuqala ukuvela kulelo siko. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izakhi ezine ezibalulekile ezakha impucuko yaseMesoamerica kwakuwumoya, umhlaba, umlilo namanzi, ngayinye iqinisekisa ukumboza izidingo eziyinhloko zendawo. Ukuba khona kwayo kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda izinguquko zesimo sezulu ezenzeka.
Wadlala indima engaphezu kwemvelo ekudalweni komhlaba ngokwezinganekwane zamaToltec. Eqinisweni, uyena owenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa umoya wakhe, ukuhamba kwelanga kanye nokufika kwemvula. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uhlale exhumene noTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula. Ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwezimo ezimbili zemvelo ngokuvamile bubangela ukuthi zenzeke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuze usiqonde kangcono lesi sihloko, ekuqaleni kweLanga Lesihlanu, okwamanje ngokwezinkolelo zakhe, u-Ehécatl wavuthela uNanahuatzin (unkulunkulu wokukhanya) kanye noTecciztécatl (unkulunkulu weNyanga) ngemva kokuba bephonswe emlilweni ukuze babe unkulunkulu. izinkanyezi ezizokhanyisa umhlaba kamuva. Ngenxa yemimoya eyanikezwa, bobabili baqala ukuhamba ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Inganekwane enjalo ingabonwa ehlelweni le-calendrical yenkathi, "i-Four Movements".
Ngakho-ke, u-Ehécatl wathola imihlatshelo efanayo eyayinikelwa kubo bonke abanye onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweColumbian. Ngokuphephetha, kwanikeza nokuphila kulokho okwakusanda kudalwa. Lapho ethandana nonkulunkulukazi omuhle wama-maguey, uMayahuel, wanika abantu isipho sokukwazi ukuthanda.
Ngokuvamile, wayengunkulunkulu ozolile futhi onokuthula, okwathi ngesikhathi esifanayo esebenza njengophawu olucacile lomfutho nesibindi. Lokhu kubeka njengezici ezifanele ezinhlangothini ezine, okungukuthi, imithombo emine yemimoya. Abantu baseToltec bammelela njengonkulunkulu omnyama ogqoke isifihla-buso esicijile, owathi entanyeni yakhe wayefake umgexo onegobolondo le-mollusk okuvela kulo ukukhala komoya. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, bebehlale bekhonjiswa ngoqhwaku olubomvu abasusa ngalo indlela yeTlaloc.
Izici ezijwayelekile zenkolo yamaToltec
Njengoba usubonile kakade, inkolo yamaToltec noma inganekwane inochungechunge lwezimpawu eziphawuleka kakhulu eziwusizo olukhulu lapho ufunda ngayo. Ngalesi sizathu, sihlanganise okuyisikhombisa okulandelayo phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu:
- Inkolo yabo ihlukaniswa njengenkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi, okusho ukuthi ngokwesiko bahlonipha futhi bakhulekele onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, hhayi oyedwa. Umqondo ophikisayo wale nkolelo uwukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa.
- Onkulunkulu abamemezela izimangaliso babehlobene kakhulu nemvelo yomama kanye nezakhi ezizenzayo, babeyimifanekiso ecacile yemvula, umoya, iLanga, iNyanga, njll.
- Izazi eziyinhloko zesimiso senkolo nezenhlalo kwakungalabo ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-shaman, izikhonzi ezifana nabapristi. Laba benza izibikezelo, bacele imimoya futhi baphulukise ngokusebenzisa amandla okulumba nemikhiqizo yemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi, babuye beluleke futhi baqondise abantu abeza ekubonisaneni kwabo.
- Njengakwezinye izimpucuko eziningi zaseMesoamerica, iningi lonkulunkulu lalinohlobo lwezinto ezimbili ezimangalisayo, ngokuvamile nezindima ezidlalwa phakathi kokuhle nokubi.
- Ukuze badumise onkulunkulu bawo ngendlela efanele, benza izakhiwo ezingavamile zobukhulu obusabekayo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, iThempeli leTlahuizcalpantecuhtli kanye neThempeli lamaQhawe aseChichén Itzá avelele.
- Kukho konke ukuphila kwawo, amaToltec ayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwabantu kuncike kakhulu konkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, kwakuvamile ukuba basebenzise imihlatshelo yomuntu ukuze bahloniphe futhi baxoxe nabo.
- Ukungcwatshwa okusemthethweni kwakubuswa ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yezenkolo. Kokubili ukufa nokuphila kwakubhekwa njengento eyasungulwa ekhalendeni ngezifiso zonkulunkulu.
Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphandle kokuyifunda kuqala: