Funda ngokuthunyelwe okulandelayo okwengeziwe mayelana nempilo eyimpumelelo neyimpikiswano yomculi wasePoland Tamara Lempicka, obhekwa njengomunye wabadwebi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wobuciko bendawo yonke.
Tamara Lempicka
Ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakumelela amasiko amaningi ushintsho oluthakazelisayo olugcwele imizwelo kanye nezinguquko eziningi, ikakhulukazi kusukela kusici sezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe. Amazwe afana ne-United States noma ngisho nezwekazi laseYurophu abone lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iminyaka engamashumi amabili", lapho ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane emphakathini kwathola umoya omusha.
Kwakungesona isikhathi sokukhula komnotho kanye nomfutho wesiko labathengi kuphela, kodwa futhi abesifazane bakwazi ukuzwa izinga elisha lenkululeko. Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke babevunyelwa ilungelo lokuvota, kuyilapho inani elikhulu labesifazane langena emsebenzini, ngaleyo ndlela bathola inkululeko ethile yezezimali.
Inkululeko yezezimali abesifazane abaningi ababeqala ukuyithola ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nayo yaba nomthelela kwezinye izici zempilo yomphakathi. Yashintsha imfashini nendlela abesifazane abenza ngayo. Enye yezimpawu ezimele kakhulu zangaleso sikhathi futhi abesifazane abaningi abazi ukuthi namuhla "i-flapper".
Imayelana nani? Owesifazane owayegqoke izingubo ezingafanele, enezinwele ezimfishane ezimagagasi, futhi waphila ukuphila kokuzithokozisa. Kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zabesifazane yizo ezazisebenza njengomthombo wogqozi nomthelela emsebenzini womculi odumile wasePoland uTamara de Lempicka, esizofunda kabanzi ngaye kokuthunyelwe okulandelayo.
Wayengomunye wabaculi basePoland abamele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Abaningi bamazi ngaphansi kwesidlaliso esithi "i-baroness nge-brush", futhi akungabazeki ukuthi uLempicka waba ngumuntu ohlakaniphile wobuciko. Udumo lwakhe lwaluvela ezithombeni zakhe kanye nemidwebo yabesifazane ngesitayela sakhe esihle sobuciko be-deco.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, ikwazile ukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko ehlaba umxhwele, eyayibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokubonisa amandla amaningi esifazane kanye nenkanuko. Ngemidwebo yakhe, uTamara Lempicka uzame ukugubha inkululeko kanye nenkululeko yabesifazane ngawo-1920.
Omunye wemisho yakhe eyizifanekiselo kakhulu wawuthi: "Ngiphila impilo emaphethelweni omphakathi, futhi imithetho evamile yomphakathi ayisebenzi kulabo abahlala emaphethelweni"
Tamara de Lempicka uyaba ubani?
Mhlawumbe iningi lomphakathi liyambona njengoTamara de Lempicka, nokho bekungelona igama lakhe langempela lelo. Lapho ezalwa, abazali bakhe bamqamba ngokuthi uMaria Gorska, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abaningi baqala ukumbiza ngokuthi uTamara, igama lakhe lesiteji.
Lo mculi wasePoland wazalwa ngoMeyi 16, 1898. Wazalelwa edolobheni lasePoland elibizwa ngokuthi iWarsaw. Wayeyindodakazi yommeli ovelele womsuka wamaJuda ogama lakhe lingu-Boris Gurwik-Gorski, kuyilapho unina eyisakhamuzi sasePoland okuthiwa uMalvina Decler.
Intshisekelo yakhe emhlabeni wobuciko yaqala lapho esemncane. Kuthiwa waqala ukuxhumana nezobuciko esemncane kakhulu, ngisho eseneminyaka eyishumi kuphela ubudala, wapenda imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yobuciko. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kwakuwumfanekiso awenza kadadewabo omncane.
Isikhathi esifushane evalelwe esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso eLausanne, eSwitzerland, nokho wathi esuka lapho wanquma ukuyohlala nogogo wakhe e-Italy, izwe elalimele kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wezobuciko, ngoba yilapho ayekwazi khona ukuyohlala nogogo wakhe e-Italy. ukuthola umsebenzi wabadwebi abavelele kakhulu benkathi yeRenaissance.
Impilo yalo mculi wasePoland yayihlale iphawulwa ngamahlazo nezingxabano. Lapho engakahlanganisi neminyaka engu-16 ubudala, wathandana ngokujulile nommeli wasePoland uTadeusz de Lempicka, naye amshada. Ngemva nje komshado wabo wobukhazikhazi eSt. Petersburg, umyeni kaTamara waboshwa izikhulu zikahulumeni omusha wamaBolshevik.
Ukuboshwa kommeli uTadeusz de Lempicka akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside ngenxa yomculi uTamara owaqinisekisa abathumbi bakhe ukuthi bamkhulule. Umbhangqwana osanda kushada kwadingeka ubalekele i-Russian Revolution futhi wathuthela edolobheni laseParis, lapho umdwebi wasePoland waqala ukuqeqesha kwezobuciko noMaurice Denis no-André Lhote.
Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi u-Tamara Lempicka abe esinye sezithenjwa zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu edolobheni. Ikhono lakhe elikhulu limenze wanqoba izigaba eziningi nabanye abaculi abadumile abafana noPablo Picasso, uJean Cocteau no-André Gide.
Umdwebi wasePoland wenqaba abadwebi be-impressionist bangaleso sikhathi, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi bapende ngemibala "engcolile". Wanquma kanjalo u-Tamara Lempicka ukuthi isitayela sakhe sokudweba sizobonakala ngokuthi yini entsha, ephilayo, ehlanzekile nenhle.
“Inhloso yami ukuthi ngingalinge ngikope kodwa wukwakha isitayela esisha, esinemibala ekhanyayo negqamile, ngizwe nobuhle bamamodela,” kusho lo mculi.
Iqiniso liwukuthi uTamara Lempicka wayengeyena njalo umculi odumile futhi ohlonishwayo. Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yobusha kanye nengxenye yokuvuthwa kwakhe, imidwebo yakhe yakwazi ukuqashelwa umphakathi okuphawulekayo, eqinisweni, waba ngomunye wabesifazane abambalwa abakwazi ukuziphilisa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudweba.
Ngeshwa, phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokugcina yokuphila, umsebenzi kaLempicka kancane kancane walahlekelwa isithakazelo sabagxeki, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuvela kwemisinga emisha yobuciko, kuhlanganise ne-North American expressionism abstract, engaziwa kunoma iyiphi indlela yomfanekiso.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuncipha, emashumini eminyaka kamuva umsebenzi kaLempicka uye waqinisekiswa futhi walulama, futhi namuhla ungomunye wabaculi abafunwa kakhulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Impilo yakhe kanye nobuntu bakhe akwaziwa ngokwengxenye: i-mythomania etholakala kumlingiswa wakhe yamphoqa ukuthi azenzele eyakhe indaba, lapho iqiniso lihlangana khona nokusungulwa.
anyukele udumo
Umdwebi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka wabamba omunye wemibukiso yokuqala ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe edolobheni laseMilan eminyakeni eyishumi ye-1925. Kulowo mbukiso kwadingeka apende imidwebo engu-28 ngezinyanga eziyisithupha nje, into eyayimelela inselele yangempela kuye.
Wonke umzamo nokuzinikela okwenziwe nguLempicka kube nezithelo. Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi lo mculi aqale ukwethula imisebenzi yakhe kweminye yamagalari ahlonishwayo e-Europe. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuxhumana kwakhe kokuqala okukhulu nokuthandwa kwenzeka lapho ebonisa umsebenzi wakhe e-Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Industries.
Kwakuphakathi nalo mbukiso lapho izintatheli zemfashini zikaHarper's Bazaar zithole umsebenzi okhaliphile owenziwa ngumdwebi uTamara Lempicka. Ngaso leso sikhathi wanikezwa umsebenzi ngumagazini wemfashini waseJalimane, i-Die Dame, lapho apenda khona isithombe sakhe somfanekiso, uTamara kuGreen Bugatti (1929).
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lesi sithombe somuntu siqu simelela omunye odume kakhulu futhi obalulekile emsebenzini kaTamara Lempicka, uye wabhekwa njengenye yezibonelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zomdwebo we-art deco portrait. Kulo msebenzi, u-Lempicka wazipenda ngemuva kwesondo lemoto yomjaho i-Bugatti eluhlaza, egqoke isigqoko sesikhumba, amagilavu amade amhlophe, futhi esongwe ngesikhafu sikasilika.
Iqiniso liwukuthi uLempicka wayengenayo i-Bugatti, kodwa i-Ranault encane ephuzi, noma kunjalo, umdwebo uthatha ubuhle bakhe, ukuzimela kwakhe okunamandla kanye nengcebo yakhe. Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi lesi bekungesinye sezithombe zakhe ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, lo mculi ukwazile ukugqama ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi ebalulekile esaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela esizukulwaneni esisha.
amahlazo omuntu siqu
Udumo lukaTamara Lempicka alubangelwa nje kuphela umsebenzi wakhe omuhle owenziwa emhlabeni wokudweba, kodwa futhi wayehileleke emahlazweni amaningi nezingxabano empilweni yakhe yonke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ehlala edolobheni laseParis, ikakhulukazi e-Paris. Ngawo-1920, lapho iduma ngamaphathi ayo angalawuleki kanye nesifiso sayo sobulili esinganeliseki kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane.
Lapho esebenza, wapenda izithombe zabantu abacebile nabadumile bangaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise neNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth yaseGreece, iNkosi u-Alfonso XIII yaseSpain, kanye nembongi yase-Italy uGabriele d'Annunzio. Indlela aphila ngayo yamdalela izinkinga eziningi ngisho nasemshadweni kangangoba umyeni wakhe wanquma ukumehlukanisa ngenxa yalawo mahlazo abegubuzele impilo yakhe.
UTamara Lempicka wasePoland wayenendodakazi okuwukuphela kwayo, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, wayengakaze ayibone noma abe nobuhlobo obuhle nayo. Owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela le ntombazanyana ugogo wayo. Ngaphandle kwesibopho esincane esasikhona phakathi kukamama nendodakazi, akunakuphikwa ukuthi intombazane yayingafi emidwebeni yayo eminingi.
Phakathi kweminye yemidwebo lapho ungabona khona indodakazi kaTamara Lempicka kukhona:
- I-Kizette in Pink (1926)
- I-Sleeping Kizette (1934)
- I-Baroness Kizette (1954)
Ukwehla kwe-Lempicca phakathi kwe-abstract expressionism
Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuhlukanisa nomyeni wakhe wokuqala, umdwebi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka unquma ukuzinika ithuba elisha othandweni. Kulesi senzakalo, washada noBaron Kuffner, owaba ngumyeni wesibili womdwebi. Umshado phakathi kwalaba ababili waba ngo-1933.
Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa beshadile, ikakhulukazi ngo-1939, ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II, lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuthuthela e-United States. Lapho impumelelo yobungcweti yamaPolish yayingeke iphele. Waqhubeka engumculi ohlakaniphile futhi waziphilisa ngokudweba izithombe zezinkanyezi eziningi zaseHollywood.
Kodwa-ke, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izintandokazi zobuciko zomphakathi zaqala ukushintsha kancane, futhi isidingo sezithombe ze-art deco zikaLempicka saqala ukwehla kakhulu sivuna i-abstract expressionism, ngokungangabazeki eyayizodala ukukhathazeka okukhulu empilweni ye-art deco. Umculi wasePoland.
Phakathi nokuphelelwa ithemba okujulile, uTamara Lempicka uthatha inselele yokungena emsebenzini ongaqondakali, ecabangela ukuthi kwakuwumkhuba owawuthandwa umphakathi ngaleso sikhathi. Ubephethe ukukhangisa isitayela esisha nge-spatula, nokho, umsebenzi wakhe omusha awuzange uthole impumelelo elindelekile, kangangokuthi wayeka ukuwubonisa esidlangalaleni ngemva nje kwalokho.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umculi unquma ukuhlala isikhashana nendodakazi yakhe e-Houston, nakuba iminyaka yakhe yokugcina yokuphila ayizange ichithe e-United States kodwa eMexico, ikakhulukazi eCuernavaca. I-Mexico yaba ikhaya lokugcina lomdwebi wasePoland, izwe ahlala elithwele enhliziyweni yakhe.
Ukushona kukaTamara Lempicka kube ngesinye sezindaba ezidabukisayo nezinebhadi kubalandeli balo mculi. Washona ngo-1980; futhi ngesifiso sakhe siqu, umzimba wakhe washiswa futhi umlotha wasakazeka emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo yasePopocatepetl, ngaleyo ndlela waqeda umsebenzi omuhle nophumelelayo.
Imvuselelo kanye nefa
Naphezu kwempilo ehlazisayo umdwebi uTamara Lempicka ayenayo, umsebenzi omkhulu awenza emhlabeni wokudweba awunakuphikwa, kangangokuthi namuhla umsebenzi wakhe usanconywa izinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Isithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe saqala ukuvuselela ngawo-1970, ngemva nje kombukiso ovela emuva othi "Tamara de Lempicka kusukela ngo-1925-1935" owawuseLuxembourg Palace eParis ngo-1972.
Lo mculi owazalelwa ePoland washona ngawo-1980, futhi namuhla, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 ngemva kwalezo zindaba ezimbi, umsebenzi wakhe usephakathi kweyodwa efiswa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kosaziwayo. Izinkanyezi eziningi zizinikele ekuqoqeni imidwebo yakhe, ngaleyo ndlela zibonise ukuthakasela okukhulu ezikuzwayo ngomsebenzi kaLempicka.
Abanye osaziwayo abaqoqa imisebenzi kaTamara Lempicka nguJack Nicholson, uBarbara Streisand noMadonna. Imidwebo yowesifazane wasePoland ize ivele kwamanye amavidiyo omculo kaMadonna, njengeVogue, Open Your Heart nethi Express Yourself.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: