Hlangana Nemfene Yesquirrel, Iprimate Encane Kunazo Zonke

I-Squirrel Monkey iyinkawu encane yomndeni wakwaCebidae etholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zezwekazi laseMelika. Ngaphandle kwegama lazo azihlobene ngokofuzo nezingwejeje, kodwa ziqanjwe kahle ngoba zincane, ziyashesha futhi ziyakujabulela ukugxuma esihlahleni siye kwesinye. Uzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nenkawu squirrel ngokuqhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.

Inkawu yesquirrel

Inkawu Yesquirrel

I-squirrel monkey evamile inkawu ehlala endaweni eshisayo yezwekazi futhi iyingxenye yomndeni wakwaCebidae. Igama layo lesayensi yi-Saimiri sciureus futhi, njengazo zonke izinkawu zezingwejeje, inomsila obanzi, hhayi i-prehensile, enethiphu elimnyama. Ekukhuleni kwayo, umzimba wayo ufinyelela ku-62 kuya ku-82 amasentimitha ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, futhi isisindo sayo sisuka ku-0,55 kuya ku-1,25 kilogram.

Kuwuphawu lwemaski yobuso emhlophe ebusweni, lapho ikhala layo elimnyama (noma elinsundu) ligqama. Njengohlobo lwe-Saimiri oerstedii kanye ne-Saimiri ustus (futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo), imaski yaso yobuso yakha ikhothamo elithi “gothic” ngaphezu kwamehlo elimise okuka-V omhlophe.

Amagama Ajwayelekile kanye ne-Etymology

I-Saimiri ivela olimini lwesiTupi, ulimi lwesigodi lapho elithi "sai" libonisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkawu futhi elithi "mirim" lisho okuncane. I-Sciureus isho ukuthi "squirrel" ngesiLatini. Enkulumweni evamile yaziwa ngokuthi i-marmoset, i-squirrel monkey noma i-friar monkey. Ibuye ibizwe ngokuthi "Vizcaino", "mico soldier", "marmoset friar", "fraile", "little friar", "macaco de cheiro", "saimiri", "sai mirím" noma "chichico", naphezu kwe iqiniso lokuthi la mahlelo Asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emhlabathini waseColombia.

I-Taxonomy kanye ne-Phylogeny

I-squirrel monkey ingenye yezinhlobo ezi-5 eziqashelwa kuze kube ngu-2014 njengengxenye yohlobo lwe-Saimirí. Yaqale yabuyekezwa nguCarlos Linnaeus ngo-1758. Njengamanje izinhlobonhlobo ezi-4 ziyaziwa:

  • I-Saimiri sciureus albigena
  • I-Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis
  • I-Saimiri sciureus macrodon
  • I-Saimiri sciureus sciureus

Inkawu yesquirrel

Ngenxa yokufana phakathi kwawo wonke ama-primates ohlobo lwe-Saimiri, kwavunywa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela (i-S. oerstedii ne-S. sciureus), kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuhlolwa kwe-mitochondrial kanye ne-nuclear DNA kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukunquma izinhlobo ezi-5, nokho. inhlangano enjalo isengaphansi kwempikiswano. Enye i-taxonomy ephakanyiswe u-Thorington Jr. (1985) ingahlanganisa i-subspecies albigena, i-macrodon, ne-ustus njengengxenye ye-Saimiri sciureus, ne-subspecies eyengeziwe i-S. sciureus boliviensis, S. sciureus cassiquiarensis, ne-S. sciureusers oers.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ukuhlaziya okubili kwe-phylogenetic okwenziwa ngo-2009 kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-S. i-sciureus izobe ihlobene kakhulu ne-S. oerstedti kune-S. s. i-albigena kanye nazo zonke nezinye, kuze kube manje ezibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingaphansi, ze-S. sciureus, kuhlanganise no-S. collinsi wase-Marajó Island naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Amazonia. Baphakamisa futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-S. s. i-sciureus nenhlobonhlobo engaba yi-Saimiri cassiquiarensis enezinhlobo ezingaphansi i-S. cassiquiarensis albigena.

Okunye okuphakanyisiwe okuhlukile ukuhlukaniswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-Colombian ze-S. sciureus, ziziguqule zibe izinhlobo (S. albigena, S. cassiquiarensis kanye ne-S. macrodon). Ngokombono we-phylogeographic, abacwaningi banquma ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Saimiri aluzange lusabalale lusuka ku-Saimiri. enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi, kodwa kusukela entshonalanga, ukuze S. sciureus kanye S. oerstedii bahluke njengomphumela wokufudukela enyakatho (enyakatho-mpumalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ngokulandelana).

Ucwaningo lwe-phylogenetic olukhishwe ngo-2011 lwaqinisekisa ukuthi u-S. i-sciureus ehlukanisiwe muva nje ukusuka ku-S. oerstedti kunalapho ezinye izinhlobo ze-S. sciureus ziye zacatshangelwa khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphenyo lwe-2014 morphological and phylogenetic lunqume ukuthi i-Saimiri collinsi (Osgood 1916), eyayibanjwe njenge-subspecies S. sciureus collinsi, kufanele ihlukaniswe njengezinhlobo ezihlukile. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-S. collinsi zingahlukaniswa ngeso lenyama ngomqhele walo ophuzi, kanti lowo we-S. sciureus unombala ompunga.

Ukwengeza, ukuhlaziya kwe-biogeographic kanye ne-phylogenetic ka-2014 kuqinisekisile imibono yokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yangaphambilini, ngokusho ukuthi i-S. boliviensis kwakuyinhlobo eyaqala ukuhlukaniswa nalo lonke uhlobo futhi i-S. sciureus sciureus yakha i-monophyletic clade, izinhlobonhlobo zodadewabo ze-S. oerstedii . Ngakolunye uhlangothi S. s. i-macrodon yakhiwe ngezigaba ezintathu ze-paraphyletic, eyokuqala ingudadewabo ka-S. s. i-cassiquiarensis; owesibili waphambuka kusenesikhathi kulelo sethi futhi wasuka ku-S. s. i-albigenic; owokugcina ungumfowabo ka-S. c. -albigenous

Inkawu yesquirrel

I-Anatomy kanye nePhysiology

I-squirrel monkey ifana kakhulu nezinye izinhlobo ze-genus. Zonke zingama-arboreal apes, amancane futhi alula, anezinwele eziphansi futhi azacile ngokubukeka. Inobuso obumhlophe ebusweni, ikhala elimnyama, umqhele ompunga kanye nezindlebe nomphimbo nakho kumhlophe. Isisindo somzimba wayo (ikhanda, iqolo, izinhlangothi, izitho zangaphandle, kanye nomsila omningi) inompunga omnqumo nombala ophuzi. Ingemuva ivamise ukuba nombala ophuzi, bese isisu simhlophe noma siphuzi-mhlophe, kanti ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yomsila wayo imnyama.

Ingahlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlobo zohlobo (nakuba ingaveli kuzo zonke) ngokuba khona kwe-“gothic” arch (njenge-S. oersdesti kanye no-S. ustus) eyakhiwe kumaski, efinyelela ukuphakama okukhulu. ngaphezu kwamehlo, kwakheka u-V omnyama ebunzini (noma amabili amhlophe Λs ngaphezu kweso ngalinye), futhi ehlukaniswa ne-arch "Romanesque" yezinye izinhlobo, i-S. boliviensis kanye no-S. vanzolinii, okubangelwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu buthuntu ngaphezu kwamehlo, okwenza ama-semicircles amabili kwelinye ngalinye.

Lapho zizalwa, isisindo sazo siphakathi kwamagremu angu-80 no-140, futhi zingaba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-0,554 no-1,250 0,649 kilograms. kanye namakhilogremu angu-1,25 kuya ku-700 namagremu angu-1.100 kuya ku-0,649 kwabesifazane.

Ngokunjalo nasekuzalweni, ubude bomzimba nekhanda bungamasentimitha ayi-13 kuye kwayi-16, bufinyelela ku-26,5 kanye namasentimitha angama-37 lapho umuntu esemdala. Umsila ufinyelela ku-36 kuya ku-45,2 amasentimitha ubude, mude kunomzimba, naphezu kokungabi namahloni.

Ukusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlala

I-squirrel monkey ihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene. Itholakala, phakathi kokunye, emahlathini egalari, emahlathini anophahla oluphansi lwe-sclerophyllous, emahlathini asezintabeni, ezihlahleni zesundu (ikakhulukazi imiphakathi yaseMautitia flexuosa), amahlathi emvula, amahlathi agcwele izikhukhula ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka nasezindaweni eziphakeme, kanye nemihlume. ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinkawu ezindaweni ezonakele.

Inkawu yesquirrel

Ingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukahlukene, njengoba ingaphila ngisho nasemahlathini asele ezindaweni lapho umsebenzi womuntu uguqule indawo yayo yemvelo, inqobo nje uma kukhona izithelo nezinambuzane ezitholakala kalula. Ngenxa yekhono layo lokumelana nezindawo ezishintshwa abantu, ayithathwa njengohlobo olusengozini. Zingelwa kakhulu ukuze kutholakale imakethe yezilwane ezifuywayo, into ebalulekile esongela uhlobo lwezilwane. I-subspecies evela e-Colombia, i-Ss albigena, isongelwa amazinga aphezulu okugawulwa kwamahlathi.

I-Saimiri sciureus sciureus, okungenzeka ukuthi i-subspecies enobubanzi obukhulu kakhulu obusakazwayo, itholakala eGuyana, eSuriname, eFrench Guiana naseBrazilian Amazon, empumalanga nemifula iBranco neNegro enyakatho yomfula i-Amazon, kuze kufike e-Apá .​ Awekho amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi ukuhlala kwayo ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.

I-Saimiri sciureus albígena, i-subspecies edabuka e-Colombia, itholakala emahlathini asezintabeni zase-Colombian Eastern Plains futhi ngaphansi kweziqongo ezisempumalanga ye-Andean, eminyangweni yase-Casanare, e-Arauca, e-Meta nase-Huila. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kudlulela emikhawulweni enganqunyiwe enyakatho eduze nomfula iMagdalena nasempumalanga eminyangweni yase-Arauca naseCasanare. Aye aqoshwa kusukela kumamitha angu-150 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, atholakala e-Huila kuze kufike kumamitha angu-1.500 ngaphezu kolwandle.

I-Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis itholakala enyakatho ye-Amazon nasezifundeni zase-Orinoquia, e-Brazil, esifundeni sase-Amazonas, enyakatho yomfula i-Solimões nasentshonalanga yemifula i-Demini kanye ne-Negro, ukusuka lapho isakazekela ngasesigodini se-Orinoco- I-Casikiare, eVenezuela. Entshonalanga, ifinyelela empumalanga yeColombia, phakathi kwemifula i-Apaporis ne-Inírida, eminyangweni yaseVaupés, eGuaviare naseGuainía.

I-Saimiri sciureus macrodon itholakala enyakatho ye-Amazon, entshonalanga kune-Sscassiquiarensis. EBrazil, esifundeni sase-Amazonas phakathi kwemifula iJuruá neJapurá, eColombia, eningizimu yomfula i-Apaporis osakazekela empumalanga ye-Ecuador, kuyo yonke i-Ecuadorian Amazon kanye nasezintabeni zase-Andean, futhi ufinyelela eminyangweni esuka eSan Martín. kanye neLoreto, ePeru, ogwini olusenyakatho lwemifula iMarañón-Amazonas. E-Ecuador aqoshwe ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kumamitha ayi-1.200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

Inkawu yesquirrel

I-Saimiri collinsi ingatholakala endaweni eseningizimu yoMfula i-Amazon, kusukela eMfuleni iTapajós eMaranhão naseMarajó. Uma kubhekwa lokhu njengohlobo lwezilwane, kutholakala ukuthi i-S. sciureus ayikho eningizimu yoMfula i-Amazon. Ukwengeza, ukukhuluma ngobukhona be-S. sciureus ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ye-Bolivia kufanele kuxoxwe, njengoba ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kubonise ukuthi i-Saimiri boliviensis kuphela etholakala eBolivia. I-Saimiri ustus ingafinyelela ogwini lwaseBrazil lwemifula yasemngceleni weBolivia-Brazil, okungenakunqobeka kuyo lezi zinhlobo.

I-Squirrel Monkey Behaviour

Kuyimikhuba yansuku zonke (kanye nawo wonke amalungu omndeni wakwaCebidae ngaphandle kuka-Aotus), futhi ikakhulukazi i-arboreal, nokho, kuvamile ukubabona bephansi phansi futhi behamba amabanga amade kakhulu noma amancane. indawo ezitholakala kuyo, zingaba nezibonelo eziyi-10 noma ezifika ku-500, zonke zenziwe ngabesilisa abaningana nabesifazane abambalwa, lapho izingane ezincane nezinsana zengezwa khona.

Ayibonisi ukuziphatha kwendawo, futhi ngokuvamile igwema izingxabano ngokuhlangana namanye amaqembu. Ivame ukusebenzisa izingcezu zamahlathi futhi ingahlala kalula ezicucu ezicezile, okuwumphumela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Njengezinkawu eziningi ezincane, kubonisa umsebenzi omkhulu emazingeni aphansi naphakathi kwehlathi.

ukudla

Ucwaningo olwenziwa nge-Saimiri sciureus lubonisa ukuthi iwuhlobo oludla kakhulu izinambuzane. Badla izithelo, amajikijolo, amantongomane, izimbali, imiqumbe, imbewu, amaqabunga, izinsini, izinambuzane, ama-arachnid kanye nezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinesizotha, nokho, indlela yabo emfishane yokugaya isho ukuthi ijwayele ukusebenzisa izinambuzane kunezitshalo . Ngokuvamile, i-Saimiri ivame ukudla futhi idle izithelo kakhulu ekuseni, inciphisa ukudla kwayo nokukhetha izinambuzane njengoba usuku luqhubeka.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukudla kwe-Saimiri sciureus kufana kakhulu nalokho kwe-Saimiri boliviensis, ebonakala kangcono. Ocwaningweni oluseningizimu yePeru, i-S. boliviensis ichithe u-78% wesikhathi sayo sokudla idla izithelo ezifika kusentimitha elingu-1 ububanzi. Ukuphakama eyayikhuphukela kuwo ukuze ithole ukudla kwakuhlukahluka kusuka kumamitha angu-18 kuya kwangu-32, isilinganiso esingamamitha angu-27. Ngokusho kwalolu cwaningo, iS. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba:

  • I-Moraceae (izinhlobo ezingu-22)
  • I-Annonaceae (izinhlobo ezingu-8)
  • I-Leguminosae (izinhlobo ezingu-7)
  • I-Sapindaceae (izinhlobo ezi-5)
  • I-Flacourtiaceae ne-Myrtaceae (izinhlobo ezi-4)
  • I-Ebenaceae ne-Menispermaceae (izinhlobo ezi-3).

Inkawu yesquirrel

Ingxenye yezilwane ekudleni kwabo ngokuyinhloko yayakhiwe izilwane ezingenamgogodla (izikhathi eziningi izibungu neziphungumangathi), nakuba yayihlanganisa nezinyoni, izibankwa namaxoxo, futhi lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengesilwane esizingelayo esingavamile sezilwane ezingenamgogodla.

Isakhiwo somphakathi

Izinkawu zezingwejeje zakha amaqoqo amakhulu kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zenkawu endaweni eshisayo yezwekazi. Amaqembu aphakathi kuka-25 kuya ku-45 aqoshwe ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kuye ngendawo atholakala kuyo Lawa maqembu akhiwe ngabesilisa abambalwa nabesifazane abambalwa, futhi u-65% wezinsana noma izingane ezincane, u-29% wabesifazane abadala abikiwe. kanye no-6% wabesilisa abadala.

Ophenyweni olwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthunjwa eFlorida, kwakungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu abe ngamaqembu amancane abesilisa nabesifazane, ngokuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu abesifazane (okubonakala ngokusondelana okukhulu ngokomzimba). Ngokunjalo, ukuba khona kwezigaba eziqinile zomugqa kuyacashunwa, kokubili eqenjini elincane labesilisa nalelo labesifazane, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi izinga elinjalo lalibonakala kakhulu kwabesilisa.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi, endle, abesifazane yibo ubulili obuvame ukuhlala endaweni yabo, kanti abesilisa yibo abasabalele ukufuna amaqembu amasha. Kuthiwa, iSaimiri yaziwa ngendawo ephansi. Amacala amaningana aqoshiwe; eMonte Seco (emathafeni aseColombia), eBarquetá (Panama) nasesiqhingini saseSanta Sofía (eduze kwaseLeticia, eColombia); ukugqagqana kwezindawo zamaqembu amabili ngaphandle kokuba kube khona ukungqubuzana, kalula nje, amaqembu azogwema ukuthintana.

Ukuzala

Zonke izinkawu ze-Saimiri zibonisa uhlelo lokukhwelana kwesithembu, nokho, owesilisa oyedwa noma ababili bahlangana kaningi kunamanye amalungu eqembu. Endle nasezindlini zokucwaninga ezithile, iSaimiri ibonisa inkathi yokuzala esobala, ebonakala ihlobene kakhulu nokwanda nokuncipha kwemvula kunezinga lokushisa. Le nkathi izoba kusukela ngo-August kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, futhi ukuzalwa kuzovumelaniswa ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okufa ngokuzingela.

Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili eminyakeni engu-2,5 kuya kwengu-4 nabesifazane eminyakeni emine. Umsebenzi wokuzala wabesilisa ubungashukunyiswa, ngokwezinga elithile, ukuhogela nezinye izinhlobo zemikhondo ngasohlangothini lwabesifazane. Laba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bathambekele ekubeni nokubikezela okuthile kwabesilisa abathola isisindo esiningi ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambi kwenkathi yokukhwelana. Kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhwelana, ukunqwabelana kwamafutha kwabesilisa kuvame, ikakhulukazi emahlombe.

Inqubo yokumitha ithatha izinyanga ezinhlanu nengxenye, ngemva kwalokho ithole elilodwa liyazalwa. Ukuzalwa kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko phakathi kukaFebhuwari no-April, inkathi yokwanda kwama-arthropods. Ekubelethweni okubhaliswe e-Japan Monkey Centre, ukusikwa kwathatha cishe ihora eli-1 nemizuzu engama-29, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imizuzu engu-11 yokugcina umntwana wayesevele egibele emhlane kanina futhi wayelinde ukuthi kuphume i-placenta, eyayiwusebenzisa njenge-placenta. ukudla.

Emasontweni amabili okuqala amaphuphu alala futhi ondle ngokuyinhloko futhi ahlala ethintana ikakhulukazi nonina. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwayi-2 aqala ukuziqhelelanisa nomama futhi athwalwe ngamanye amalungu eqembu. Amazinyane ayalunyulwa enezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Ubudlelwano Nezinye Izilwane

I-squirrel monkey inkawu encane enezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Bakhiqiza iphimbo eliqaphile ngawo wonke amathuba abawabonayo, phakathi kokunye, izinyoni ezinkulu, izinyoka, ama-tayra noma ama-ulamas (Eira barbara), ama-felids noma ama-canids. I-falcon i-Harpagus bidentatus ivamise ukuhamba eduze kwamaqoqo ale primate, idla izinambuzane ezithuswa imisebenzi yokufuna ukudla kwezinkawu. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Saimiri sciureus ne-Cebus apella buvamile, kuze kwabonakala ukuthi umuntu oyedwa wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezimbili uzofuna futhi ahlale namaqembu enye.

Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zivame ukuqhubeka ndawonye ngemva kokuhlangana esihlahleni sezithelo, futhi abesifazane abakhulelwe abahamba kancane be-Saimiri sciureus bavame ukusala ngemuva kwe-Cebus ehamba kancane. Izixhumanisi ziphinde zabikwa phakathi kwe-Saimiri ne-Alouatta, naphakathi kwe-Saimiri ne-Cacajao calvus rubicundus. Kulesi simo sokugcina, kubikwe imidlalo ehambisanayo nokuzilungisa, nakuba kuphinde kube nokulwa.

I-Squirrel Monkey Conservation

Usongo olubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo ukuwohloka kwendawo ezihlala kuyo, ngenxa yesidingo saso esikhulu sendawo. Azivamise ukuzingelwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi (ikakhulukazi e-Colombia nase-Ecuador) asetshenziselwa ukucupha ukuze azithengise emakethe yezilwane ezifuywayo.

H.H. I-albigena, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isongelwa kakhulu ngezinga eliphezulu lokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Colombian Llanos, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni, ukuwohloka nokulahlekelwa kwemvelo yayo. I-athikili yango-2009 yathi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uhlu olubomvu lwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lwaluchaza ngokuthi "lusengozini".

Inkawu Yesquirrel, Isisulu Sesizungu

Asikho isijeziso esikhulu senkawu yengwejeje iSaimiri sciureus kunokuyiphoqa ukuba iphile ngaphandle kontanga yayo. Njengoba ijwayele ukuchitha isikhathi emihlambini emikhulu yama-specimens angamashumi amane kuya kwamashumi amahlanu, lolu hlobo lwenkawu alubekezeleli isizungu. Izinkawu ezinesizotha, ezikhuthele nezidlalayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama- marmoset naphezu kokuba zingekho, zikhishwa e-Amazon noma emagqumeni amathafa futhi zithengiswa njengezilwane ezifuywayo ezimakethe nasemigwaqweni yasemadolobheni.

Ngemva kokunqoba imizila eminingi, izinkawu ezingama-squirrel ezingu-39 ezahlukaniswa nendawo yazo, zakwazi ukwakha imindeni ekude lapho ubunye bugqama khona. Ngamunye wabo wafika endaweni ye-World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) evela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi wabhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuthunjwa. Abanye bahlengwe kubashushumbisi bezilwane kanti abanye banikezwa abanikazi bazo, abathenge ngemali efinyelela ku-30 ​​XNUMX pesos.

Kusukela ngo-October 1992, izinkawu ezingama-39, njengoba zaziwa kanjalo, sezifikile e-WPSA eBogotá. Abayisikhombisa bashona futhi abangu-19 bakhululwa ngamaqembu emagqumeni aseLlanos naseVillavicencio. Abanye abangu-13 bakha umndeni omkhulu futhi balindele ukukhululwa kwabo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, lapho bejabulela izimo ezingcono zomzimba, zengqondo nezengqondo; okokugcina njengomkhiqizo wokuhlukaniswa lapho bebekwe khona.

BanoMholi

Inkawu esikhulile inesibopho sokuhlola, ukuhogela, nokugunyaza izivakashi ezintsha. Eduze kwale nkawu ekhonyayo abanye bayabuthana. Esimeni esinjalo, okubonakalayo nje ukudideka kwezandla, amakhanda, nemisila egonane. Bonke sebejwayele umndeni wabo omusha, owesifazane oyedwa kuphela owayezungezwe abantu owayesaba kwazise wayengalazi uhlobo lwayo. Zinamandla kakhulu njengoba zigxuma futhi zigijima njalo phakathi neminyaka eyi-15 noma engu-20 eziyiphilayo.

Iphrojekthi ye-WSPA iwukubahlenga futhi baphinde bababuyisele emiphakathini yasendle, lapho bahlose ukwakha amaqembu aqinile emphakathini njengengxenye yohlelo lokuvuselelwa kwabo njengohlobo lwezilwane. Inqubo ezokwandisa amathuba okuziphilisa ngoba iyunithi yezinkawu zesquirrel ibalulekile emisebenzini yokuhlalisana, ukufunda nokufuna ukudla. ENingizimu Melika, le nkawu enezinwele ezimfushane, eziwugqinsi nezibushelelezi isakazwa isuka eColombia iye eParaguay.

Inkawu yezingwejeje, njengazo zonke izinhlobo zasendle, iyisisulu sokushushumbiswa kwezilwane. Isengcupheni yokushabalala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ayisisekelo namahlathi ehlala kuwo. Kunjalo eMelika Ephakathi, isifunda lapho uhlobo oluthile lwale nkawu lusengozini enkulu yokushabalala ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezihlala kuyo.

Izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika

Ama-Cebid nama-marmosets abhekwa njengezinkawu zaseMelika. Ukuze uwahlukanise kulawo aseZweni Elidala, kwanele ukubona ikhala lawo, njengoba amaMelika anamakhala ayindilinga futhi ahlukene kakhulu, kuyilapho lawo ase-Afrika nase-Asia ewahlukanisile ngandlela-thile futhi ekhomba phansi. E-Colombia kunezinhlobo ezingu-22 zezinkawu ezisatshalaliswa emindenini emibili emikhulu: ama-marmoset nama-cebid. Izinkawu ze-squirrel ziyingxenye ye-cebids.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wabo, izinkawu ze-squirrel azinawo umsila we-prehensile, okungukuthi, azinakho ukujwayela ukuze zizisekele ngawo. Zonke lezi zidalwa ziyizisulu zabacwaningi, abazisebenzisa ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri, noma zabashushumbisi, abazithengisa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. I-squirrel monkey yayingenye yezinhlobo ezazithengiswa kakhulu, njengoba eminyakeni emine kwathunyelwa izinkawu eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-173 e-United States. Njengamanje, ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezinhlobo zezilwane akuvunyelwe.

Izilwane zasendle akufanele zibe izilwane ezifuywayo

Kunezizathu ezihlukahlukene zokuthi kungani kunconywa ukuthi izinkawu ze-squirrel, futhi ngokuvamile, izilwane zasendle, zingasetshenziswa njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngenxa yenhlalakahle yazo kanye neyabanikazi bazo. Abanikazi ngokuvamile abazi ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okufanele izilwane zabo ezincane. Isikhathi esiningi babanikeza isinkwa nobisi, futhi uma bekwazi ukudla okunconyiwe, okuthi kwezinye izimo kukhethekile, akutholakali emadolobheni, njengembewu, amaqabunga, izithelo, iziqu, njll.

Esinye isizathu siwukuthi umuntu uzifaka engozini yokuthola uthando. Izilwane eziningi zisakaza izifo eziyingozi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuwumonakalo ongenakulungiseka wemvelo, njengoba izilwane zasendle ngokuvamile azizaleli lapho zithunjiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, labo abathenga izilwane zasendle balimaza abantu bazo, okwandisa amathuba okuthi zizoshabalala. Futhi, ekugcineni, izilwane azijabuli njengoba ziguqulwa ngokwengqondo nangokwengqondo.

Ukuhlolwa Okuyihlazo Ngezinkawu Zesquirrel

Njengoba sekunonyaka nje zikhona, izinkawu zezingwejeje zase zivele zaba umlutha we-nicotine. Njengoba zifakwe emishinini eyayivimbela ukunyakaza kwazo, lezi zilwane zazifundiswa ukuhambisa isivikelo esiletha imithamo ye-nicotine ngokuqondile egazini. Ngakho baphila iminyaka emithathu: bebodwa, behlushwa ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo nokuthuthumela ngenxa yokulutheka, lapho bengafanga ngokuqondile kule nqubo.

Ezinyangeni ezine ngemuva kokuthi kugxekwe isazi se-ethologist kanye nomlondolozi wezinkawu odumile, uJane Goodall, uhulumeni wase-United States uyalele ukuthi kuqedwe ucwaningo obelusenziwa yi-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kusukela ngo-2014. Inhloso yephrojekthi yezwe bekuwukuthola imiphumela yokuluthwa ugwayi entsheni isebenzisa abantu baseSaimiri sciurea njengemodeli.

"Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika lingashaqeka lapho lizwa ukuthi likhokhela ukuhlukumeza okunjalo ngezintela zabo," kusho uGoodall encwadini kaSeptemba eya kuKhomishana we-FDA uScott Gottlieb. Ngemva kophenyo ngenhlalakahle yezilwane, i-FDA yanquma ukuvala ucwaningo futhi yaqala ukusebenzisa izinguquko emithethweni yokuhlolwa kwezilwane e-United States.

Ukusuka Ekuluthweni nasekufeni kuya endaweni engcwele

Kusukela ngo-2014, ucwaningo olwenziwe yiNational Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) lwabala izinga lokuluthwa yi-nicotine ngokwemithamo enikeziwe. Ngokusho kukaGoodall, ukuhlaziya okwenziwa ngezinkawu zezingwejeje "kwakushaqisa" hhayi nje ngenxa yokulutha okugqugquzelwe, kodwa nangenxa yesimo sokuvalelwa lapho lezi zilwane "ezinomphakathi nezinekhono", esho.

Nokho, okwagcina kuvusa ukucasuka kwamaqembu okuvikela izilwane kwaba ukufa kwezinkawu ezine ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula. Ngokophenyo lwe-FDA, ezintathu zezinkawu zashona ngemuva kokukhishwa kwezinzwa ukuze kufakwe ama-catheter. Owesine ubulawe wukuvuvukala kwesisu "ngenxa yezizathu ezingacacile," bamemezele. Inkawu yesihlanu, eqanjwe ngoPatsie, icishe yafa ngoJulayi 20, 2017, nayo ngemuva kokunikezwa i-anesthesia.

Emlayezweni oshicilelwe ngoLwesihlanu, ngoJulayi 21, uGottlieb uthe baqaphela "izinkinga ezihlukahlukene" kulo msebenzi, kuhlanganise "nokungapheleli okuphindaphindiwe" okuhlobene nenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye "nokuntuleka okujwayelekile kokulandelelwa okwanele okungaholela ezinkingeni ezifanayo." kwamanye amaphrothokholi nezinqubo. Ngemuva kokuvalwa kophenyo, i-FDA inqume ukuthi izinkawu ezingama-26 zithunyelwe endaweni engcwele. Kodwa ihlazo aligcinanga lapho.

Izinguquko Ezizayo

Esitatimendeni esishiwo ngenhla, u-Gottlieb ucabange ukuthi ucwaningo lwezilwane kufanele "luqiniswe ezindaweni ezithile ezibalulekile." Kuze kube manje, imemezele "izenzo ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yiziphi izinkinga ezihlobene nezinqubo nezindlela zamanje ziyahlangatshezwa futhi inqume imisebenzi eyengeziwe okumele i-ejensi iyenze ukuze ivikele inhlalakahle yezilwane esiziphethe."

Ngaphezu kokwelulwa kophenyo olwenziwa ku-NCTR kwamanye izithunywa ze-FDA ezicwaninga ngezilwane, kwasungulwa uMkhandlu Wezenhlalakahle Yezilwane ukuze uqaphe leyo misebenzi nezinsiza, phakathi kwezinye izinhlinzeko. Izifundo ngezilwane ikakhulukazi nezinkawu wudaba oluyimpikiswano e-US nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ngokombono wesayensi, kuthathwa kalula ukuthi ngisho nezilwane azinakuthathelwa indawo yizinhlobo zekhompiyutha noma ze-in vitro uma kuziwa ekuphenyeni izindaba ezinjengokuthola izidakamizwa nokwelashwa kwezifo.

Izishoshovu, ngokuphambene, zilwela ukuthi imboni izuze esikhundleni noma inciphise ukusetshenziswa nokuhlupheka kwezilwane. Kusukela ngo-2011, iNational Institutes of Health (NIH) yase-United States, ngokwesibonelo, yakuyeka ukuxhaswa ngezimali kocwaningo olusha lwe-biomedical nezinkawu futhi ngo-2015 baqala ukuthumela ezindaweni ezingcwele lezo zibonelo ezazisasele ezindaweni zabo zokucwaninga. Umqondisi we-NIH, uFrancis Collins, usisekele lesi sinqumo, wathi izinkawu "ziyizihlobo zethu eziseduze kakhulu ezilwaneni" futhi zifanelwe "indawo ekhethekile nenhlonipho."

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