Omunye wonkulunkulukazi abangamaGreki abafaneleka kakhulu ezinganekwaneni ngu-Athena, owaziwa nangokuthi Pallas Athena, indodakazi yenkosi yase-Olympus, uZeus, nonkulunkulu owaqamba idolobha lase-Athene, inhloko-dolobha yamanje yaseGrisi. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngaye, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.
Pallas Athena
Okokuqala, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi wayengunkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, impi nemisebenzi yezandla. EGreece, wathola amagama amaningi ngokwezimfanelo zakhe noma indawo, u-Athena noma uPallas Athena babengabanye babo, ngisho naseRoma wahlanganiswa njengoMinerva. Ungase ukwazi lokhu, kodwa wayebhekwa njengomvikeli wamadolobha ahlukene njenge-Athene, lapho lo nkulunkulu aqanjwa khona.
Wayevame ukuvezwa ephethe isigqoko sokuzivikela nomkhonto, izimpawu zakhe ziyisikhova, inyoka, isihlahla somnqumo kanye ne-Gorgoneion amulet. Ekuqaleni, wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi ofundisayo wesigodlo sase-Aegean, esihlobene eduze nedolobha. epithet yakhe I-Polias Isuka ku amaphoyisa, okusho ukuthi idolobha-dolobha, libeka amathempeli alo ezindaweni eziphakeme zezwe.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi izikhumbuzo eziningi zanikezelwa kunkulunkulukazi kulo lonke elaseGreece, edume kakhulu iParthenon etholakala e-Acropolis yase-Athene. Phakathi kwamagama awatholayo, njengomvikeli wezingcweti nokweluka, wayebizwa Athena Ergan, esikhundleni, ngokuba unkulunkulukazi iqhawe, phakathi kwezindima zakhe wahola amaqhawe ezimpini njengoba Athena Promachus.
Embusweni wamaGreki, u-Athena wayengomunye wonkulunkulu bawo ababaluleke kakhulu. Unkulunkulukazi oyintombi wokuhlakanipha, owayebhekwa njengomholi wempi, umvikeli wezobuciko nokweluka, umdali womtshingo necilongo, wafundisa abantu abafayo ikhono lokuhamba nokusetshenziswa kwendwangu yokweluka indwangu. Eqinisweni, phakathi kwayo yonke le mibono evamile esiyishilo, kwakunguye, kanye noHephaestus, owadala Pandora, owesifazane wokuqala. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngale ndaba, sikumema ukuthi ufunde: Ibhokisi likaPandora.
Wabuye wavikela futhi waqondisa amaqhawe amaGreki abaluleke kakhulu futhi waba nesandla kuma-Achaeans phakathi neMpi YeThrojani. Ngokubukeka kwakhe ngokomzimba, uPallas Athena uchazwa njengowesifazane omude futhi okhangayo. Ezithombeni wayebonakala enamahlombe abanzi, izingalo eziqinile, nezinqulu eziwumngcingo, okumenza abonakale njengowesilisa.
Abanye bachaza amehlo abo njengawesikhova, abanye njengamehlo ampunga. Ngokuvamile unenkulumo engathi sína futhi ecabangelayo, ubuso bakhe buyi-oval, izinwele zakhe ziningi futhi zihlale zikanywe phezu kwamathempeli akhe.
Unkulunkulu uZeus wabonisa ukukhetha kwakhe u-Athena, ehlanganyela izikhali zakhe naye kuphela. Ngezikhathi zezimpi wayekhetha amasu nokuziphatha kunodlame nokubulala, ngesikhathi sokuthula wayegqoka i-peplum yakhe kuphela, nakuba ayecishe ahlale egqoke isigqoko sakhe, ehloma kuphela lapho izimo zimphoqa. Wayebabekezelela abantu abafayo, wayezama ukubonisana nabo futhi abancenge, ngisho noma elimele noma ecasukile.
Umsuka ka-Athena
Uma ubheka ukwazi umsuka kaPallas Athena, kufanele wazi ukuthi kunezinguqulo ezahlukene zokuthi wazalwa kanjani. Eyokuqala yazo yanikezwa umlobi omkhulu uHomer, njengoba encwadini yakhe ethi Iliad encwadini V, uchaza ukuthi uAres (unkulunkulu wempi) ukhuluma noZeus emtshela ukuthi wamvikela kakhulu uPallas, ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa nje sokuzala. wakhe.
Enye inguqulo ithi uyindodakazi kaZeus noMetis, indodakazi ye-titan ye-Oceanus ne-Tethys, eyahlongozwa enkondlweni ethi Theogony.
Ekugcineni kunemininingwane yokuthi unkulunkulu, ngokulala naye futhi amkhulelwe, kamuva wathola ukuthi uGea no-Uranus baprofetha ukuthi i-titan izozala izingane ezihlakaniphile nezinamandla kunaye. Khona-ke wesaba ukuthi inzalo yakhe izomgumbuqela futhi, elandela lesi siprofetho, wamkhohlisa uMetis ukuba avume ukudliwa nguye "emvalela esibelethweni sakhe", okwakungeke kusebenze, ngoba wayesekhulelwe.
Enye indaba ephathelene naleli qiniso, eyabhalwa ngekhulu lesibili AD, ilandisa ukuthi uZeus wahlukumeza uMetis ngaphandle kokuba umkakhe. Wazama izikhathi eziningana ukuphunyuka kuye ngokuguqula, kodwa ekugcineni uZeus wambamba, wamdlwengula wabe esemgwinya. Wabe esenabanye abafazi abayisithupha, waze washada noHera, owayezoba ngowokugcina. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezinye izibalo zezinganekwane, sikumema ukuthi ufunde: abalingiswa bezinganekwane.
Kamuva, uZeus waqala ukuhlushwa ikhanda elibuhlungu kangangokuthi wakhungatheka futhi wayala othile (okuyinto ngokusho komthombo kungaba uPrometheus, uHermes, u-Ares noma uPalaemon) ukuba ahlukanise ikhanda lakhe livuleke nge-labrys, imbazo yaseMinoan emakhanda amabili, khona-ke u-Athena weqa ekhanda likankulunkulu esesimweni sowesifazane ovuthiwe, ohlome ngokuphelele.
Amalungu e-Olympus (umbuso wonkulunkulu) ashaqeka ngokuvela kukankulunkulukazi omusha, kangangokuthi unkulunkulu welanga, u-Helios, wamisa inqola yakhe phakathi nesibhakabhaka ekhala kakhulu, empeleni, isibhakabhaka (Uranus) futhi umama womhlaba (uGaia) wayethuthumele ngomzwelo. Nakuba u-Hera wayethukuthele kakhulu ngokuzalwa kuka-Athena, ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wakhulelwa futhi wazala uHephaestus abanye ababhali bathi.
Ezinye izinguqulo zithi u-Hera akazange athukuthele ngalo mcimbi, kunalokho, wayejabule futhi wamamukela njengokungathi uyindodakazi yakhe. Ungase futhi ucabangele enye inkolelo-mbono, echaza ukuthi unkulunkulukazi uPallas Athena ekuqaleni wayeyisithelo se-nymph eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tritonis ne-Poseidon, unkulunkulu wezilwandle.
Kwakuyisazi-mlando samaGreki uHerodotus, owathi lo nkulunkulukazi omusha wamthukuthelela uyise futhi wahamba nomalume wakhe, uZeus, owayezomamukela futhi amamukele njengendodakazi yakhe. Le ndaba ilandisa ukuthi u-Athena wathola imfundo yakhe nendodakazi kaTriton, omunye unkulunkulu, owayebizwa ngokuthi uPallas. Cabangela leli qiniso lokugcina kakhulu, ngoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sizokuhlolisisa lokhu.
Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, kunezindaba eziningi mayelana nokuzalwa kukankulunkulukazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJustin Martyr, umlweli wobuKristu wangekhulunyaka lama-XNUMX AD, wathi lapho uZeus ehlose ukwenza umhlaba nge-logos (igama), wacabanga ngo-Athena futhi ngaleyo ndlela unkulunkulukazi wazalwa ngaphandle kwe-coitus.
Okunye ukulandisa kwezenzakalo kubonisa ukuthi unkulunkulu wokuduma (Zeus) wagwinya uMetis, wayesekhulelwe uBrontes, iCyclops. Nakuba kuthiwa futhi i-Athene ingaba indodakazi kaPalante, umdondoshiya onamaphiko angambulala futhi asebenzise isikhumba sakhe njengesihlangu.
unkulunkulukazi etymology
Igama lakhe lalihlotshaniswa nedolobha lase-Athene kusukela ekuqaleni. NgesiGreki sasendulo leli dolobha libizwa ngokuthi i-Atenai (Ἀθῆναι), okubhekisela kubuzalwane obuzinikele enkolweni yase-Athene, ngokusho kwezinganekwane.
Cabangela ukuthi izazi zasendulo zaziphikisana ngokuthi i-Athene yaqanjwa ngalo nkulunkulukazi noma yethiwa leli dolobha, nokho manje kunokuvumelana ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi uPallas Athena uqanjwe ngalo muzi.
Ukwengeza, elinye lamagama amaningi awathola kuwo wonke umlando kwakungu-Athena Parthenos, okusho ukuthi "intombi-ntombi", ngoba akazange azibophezele kumuntu, ngisho njengesithandwa, futhi enqabe ngokuphelele umshado, njengalowo ongakaze athathwe umzwelo wothando.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulesi sihloko se-etymology (imvelaphi yegama), kufanele kushiwo ukuthi eGreece yasendulo kwakuyinto evamile ukuba amadolobha athathe amagama onkulunkulu abakhulekelwayo. Isibonelo iMycenae, lapho unkulunkulukazi kwakunguMycena, futhi eThebes, lo nkulunkulu wayaziwa ngokuthi uTheba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uchwepheshe waseJalimane uGünther Neumann waphakamisa ukuthi igama elithi Athena lasuka embusweni wasendulo wasentshonalanga ye-Anatolia, elakhiwa igama elithi "ati" elisho umama kanye negama likankulunkulukazi uHannahanna elifushanisiwe ngokuthi "Ana". Eqinisweni, igama elithi Athana potniya livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "Lady Athena" futhi incazelo yalo yangempela kucatshangwa ukuthi "iNkosazana yase-Athene" (potnia of At(h)ana).
Ngokunjalo, uPlato ongumGreki wefilosofi enkulumweni yakhe uCratylus waphakamisa ukuqagela kwe-etymological okusekelwe emibonweni yabantu basendulo, kuhlanganise nembongi uHomer eyabiza u-Athena ngokuthi “ingqondo” (noũs) kanye “nobuhlakani” (dianoia) futhi waze wambiza “ngobuhlakani baphezulu” ” (theoũ nóēsis), okusho ukuthi wayenengqondo kankulunkulu (a theonóa), emnika igama elithi Theonoe, noma mhlawumbe “umazi wezinto zaphezulu” (ta theia noousa).
Esinye isazi sefilosofi esinikeza imibono ethakazelisayo ngale ndaba nguPlato. Wayefuna ukukhomba unkulunkulukazi "ngokuhlakanipha kokuziphatha" (en éthei nóesin) futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu wambiza ngokuthi u-Etheonoe, kodwa ekugcineni, efuna igama elinobungane, wanquma u-Athena.
Ekugcineni, kungenzeka ukuthi igama layo alilona elesiGreki sasendulo, kodwa kunalokho liwunkulunkulu wase-Attic okhulekelwa ngaphambi kokufika kwamaHellenes, ama-Ionian namaDorians, ayehlonishwa ngendlela yesilwane saso se-totem: isikhova.
ama-epithets
U-Athena ungomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu base-Olympian, wayenemisebenzi eminingi kusukela kwezolimo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezingcweti, ngokuphathwa kwemithetho kanye nokwenziwa kobulungisa, ekuvikelweni kombuso ngempi. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi ine-epithets eminingi.
Athena Parthenos
Unkulunkulukazi wathola igama lesiGreki lasendulo elithi Athena Parthenos, ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi “unkulunkulukazi oyintombi nto” okususelwa kulo igama leParthenon yase-Acropolis yase-Athene, edume kakhulu lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona ubunkulunkulu futhi empeleni, isekhona. .
Cabangela ukuthi wacelwa ngothando onkulunkulu abaningi nama-titans, kodwa wabalahla bonke, wayengenaye umyeni noma isithandwa, nakuba kwakungekona nje ukulondoloza ubumsulwa bakhe kodwa nokuhambisana nezimiso zokuziphatha ayenazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa uMedusa wazama ukwenza uthando noPoseidon ngaphakathi kwethempeli elinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi futhi wajeziswa ngokuguqula izinwele zakhe zibe izinyoka futhi amehlo akhe azokwazi ukulimaza noma ubani ombukayo.
Esikhathini esithile kamuva uPerseus wayezofika, ngokuvikelwa kuka-Athena ngokwakhe, ukuze ahlukanise iMedusa futhi ahambise ikhanda lakhe kunkulunkulukazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, unkulunkulukazi wayethwala ikhanda lesidalwa esiqoshwe esihlangu sakhe.
Enye indaba ehlobene naleli gama noma i-epithet ilandisa ukuthi lapho uTiresias esemncane, wammangaza lapho egeza enqunu futhi wamshiya eyimpumputhe njengesijeziso, nakuba ngokunxeshezelwa wamnika ikhono lokukhuluma ulimi lwezinyoni ukuze aqonde kanye nesipho sezinyoni. bikezela ikusasa. Khumbula ukuthi kubhulogi yethu uzothola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane, ngaphezu kwalo nkulunkulukazi okuthiwa uPallas Athena, njengokuthi: unkulunkulu Jupiter.
Pallas Athena
Uyakhumbula ukuthi sakutshela ngaphambili ukuthi unkulunkulukazi wayenomngane ogama lakhe linguPallas nokuthi kwakuyoba ucezu olubalulekile lokwaziswa? Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngomsuka waleli hlelo elithakazelisayo mayelana noPallas Athena.
Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi elithi Pallas lisuselwa kwelithi “pallas” ngesiGreki sasendulo elingasho ukugqashuka (isikhali) noma lingasho futhi owesifazane osemusha. Isazi-mlando u-Walter Burkert sachaza ukuthi "unguPallas wase-Athens, uPallas Athenaie, njengoba nje uHera wase-Argos engu-Argeie lapha."
Lapho lemvelaphi isikhohliwe, kwasungulwa izinganekwane ezazingachaza izibongo njengaleyo exoxwa uPhilodemus waseGadara, owathi uPallas wayeyisitha sika-Athena, amnqoba empini futhi kamuva wathatha igama lakhe.
Nakuba enye indaba ichaza ukuthi uPallas wayengesona isitha, kodwa wayeyindodakazi kankulunkulu uTriton. Wayengumngane oseduze kakhulu nonkulunkulukazi u-Athena, njengoba bobabili bakhule ndawonye, kodwa ngolunye usuku phakathi nokuqeqeshwa ababekwenza njalo, u-Athena wabulala umngane wakhe. Ngenxa yaleli qiniso futhi njengophawu lwenhlonipho, wayezobizwa ngegama lakhe, okungukuthi, uPallas Athena.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, kwavela isithombe, okuthiwa sise-Acropolis yaseTroy okuthiwa iPalladium, ngokwenganekwane ukuthi sasiqoshwe unkulunkulukazi ofana nomngane wakhe owayefile. Izazi-mlando eziningana zasendulo zathi amandla e-talismanic abangelwa lo mfanekiso wobuciko futhi kwathiwa inqobo nje uma ise-Acropolis, iTroy yayingasoze yawa, nakuba njengoba wazi, yawa.
Phakathi nokuphangwa kweTroy ngamaGreki, iNkosazana uCassandra, indodakazi kaPriam, yamukela lesi sithombe esishiwo ngenhla ifuna isivikelo sikankulunkulukazi, nokho u-Ajax wamdonsela kude nethempeli ngobudlova. Nakuba enye inguqulo ithi wamdlwengula khona lapho, udaba ozoluthola kulokho esixoxe ngakho ngenhla, u-Athena wathukuthela futhi nakuba u-Agamemnon enikela imihlatshelo yokumthulisa, cishe yonke imikhumbi yamaGreki yabhujiswa.
Amanye amahlelo
Uthole iziteketiso eziningi, wayaziwa ngelika-Athena Atrytone, "ongakhathali", uPromachos "olwa phambili" ngoba wayebonwa njengomvikeli wedolobha, owayeteketiswa ngelikaPolias. Njengomvikeli wezingcweti, wayebizwa ngokuthi u-Ergane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu base-Athene ngokuvamile babembiza ngokuthi “unkulunkulukazi”, okungukuthi, ngokuthi hē theós ngolimi lwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, unkulunkulukazi wadala izinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene namahhashi, njengetomu nenqola. Ngenxa yalokhu, waqanjwa ngokuthi u-Hippia (ongamahhashi noma ezemidlalo zamahhashi). Elinye lamagama alo livela ethempelini elithi Chalinitis, elaliseduze kwethuna lamadodana amaMedeya eKorinte.
U-Athena wathola igama elithi Ageleia, ngesiGreki elithi Ἀγελεία, incazelo yalo engaqinisekile ngandlela thize, njengoba iqukethe igama lesiGreki elithi “wenza” (ἄγω), isenzo esithi “qondisa” nebizo elithi “loot” (λεία), elihlobene eduze nokuphanga imfuyo. Kwabanye i-epithet ingase ibhekisele esimweni sakhe njengomvikeli wezinkomo, abanye baqinisekisa ukuthi kufanele ithathwe njengoba injalo "njengomphangi wezinkomo" noma "cuatrera".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eMegara wayekhulekelwa njengo-Aethyta okusho ukuthi "umtshuzi" futhi ebhekisela ikakhulukazi ezinyonini ezitshuzayo, uhunyushwa ngokomfanekiso ngendima yakhe njengomdali womkhumbi kanye nobuciko bokuhamba. Ngokulandelayo, ngokusho kwendaba eyalandiswa uPlutarch, unkulunkulukazi u-Athena akazange nje ajabule, kodwa futhi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kweParthenon, eyikhuthaza ukuba ifinyelele ukuphelela.
Ngelinye ilanga kwenzeka ingozi lapho omunye wamaciko owayekhuthele futhi ekhuthele owayesebenza esakhiweni wakhubeka wawa esuka phezulu, elashwa kabi kangangokuthi odokotela ababemelapha babelindele ukuthi asheshe ashone.
UPericles, umdwebi, wathinteka kangangokuthi ngalobo busuku waphupha unkulunkulukazi futhi wabonisa umuthi osebenza kahle futhi osheshayo kangangokuthi walulama ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngenxa yalokhu wabeka isithombe sethusi esibizwa ngokuthi u-Athena Hygieia "ukwenziwa komuntu kwezempilo".
U-Homer emisebenzini yakhe yama-epic wayevame ukusebenzisa i-epithet glaucopis, ehunyushwa ngokuthi "amehlo akhanyayo" noma "elilodwa elinamehlo akhanyayo." Ivela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-glaukos (γλαύκος) enencazelo "ekhanyayo", "isiliva" kanye "nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", "grey" noma "grey"; ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuyihlanganisa ne-ôps (ὤψ), okwakusho iso futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubuso.
Ezinkolweni ezindala, intelligence ibhekisela esikhovani noma inyoni ebukela ebumnyameni. Lapho kuchazwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpande zamagama elithi Glaukos nelithi Glaux (isikhova). Kwezinye izethulo u-Athena uboniswa enesikhova ekhanda lakhe.
Abanye ababhali bahlobanisa u-Athena nonkulunkulukazi waseMesophothamiya ongaziwa kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC, emelelwa ngamaphiko, izinzipho zezinyoni futhi ezungezwe izikhova. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-tritogeny iyisidlaliso esinikezwa unkulunkulukazi kuyi- Iliad, ezinkondlweni ezibizwa ngokuthi iHubo likaHomeric futhi elisetshenziswe imbongi nesazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uHesiod ku-theogony yakhe.
Le epithelium yokugcina inezincazelo eziningana, akukho neyodwa yazo ecacile. Lihunyushwa ngokuthi "indodakazi kaTriton", okusho ukuthi uyise ungunkulunkulu wolwandle. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, uTriton wamthatha wamkhulisa nendodakazi yakhe, okuye kwashiwo kafushane ngenhla.
Nakuba kungenakwenzeka, kungase kusho ukuthi wazalelwa eLake Triton e-Afrika. Qaphela ukuthi igama elithi Triton alihlotshaniswa nolwandle kuphela, amachibi nemifula, kodwa futhi namanzi ngokuvamile. Ngakho-ke, i-Tritogenia yayingeke inikeze indawo ethile yokuzalwa, kodwa kunalokho yazalwa emanzini.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-epithet Tritogenia isuselwa egameni lesiKrethe elidala elisho "ikhanda", igama elithi epithet lisho "ukuphuma ekhanda". Elinye iqembu likunikeza incazelo yokuzalwa ngosuku lwesithathu noma indodakazi yesithathu kaZeus ngemva kuka-Apollo no-Arthemisi.
Ukwengeza, kungase kuthiwe leli gama lesidlaliso livela eqinisweni lokuthi wazalwa kuziqu-zintathu zikaZeus, uMetis kanye naye, udaba olungase lubonakale luxakile futhi luthakazelisa ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngokulandelayo, ePella Macedonia, unkulunkulukazi wanikwa isifanekiso sika-Athena Alcidemus (umvikeli wabantu), njengoba wayengumqaphi walelo dolobha. Njengedatha ongayibala, ku-tetradrachmas yamaGreki (izinhlamvu zemali zamadrachma amane), u-Athena Alcidemus wayemelelwe nge-aegis kanye nokuduma kwezulu.
Amanye amahlelo neziteketiso zikankulunkulukazi kwakungokulandelayo:
- U-Ageleia (onqobayo ezimpini).
- I-Agiopoinos (umphindiseli).
- I-Alalcomeneis (amandla okuzivikela).
- Alcidemo (ombudsman).
- I-Atrytone (engapheli).
- I-Boarmia (umvikeli wezinkabi).
- Boudeia (unkulunkulukazi wezinkabi).
- Boulaia (umeluleki).
- I-Calinitis (yetomu).
- U-Ergane (umvikeli wezingcweti).
- I-Erysiptolis (umvikeli wedolobha).
- I-Laósoos (ewusizo).
- I-Meganitis (yensiza enkulu).
- I-Polias (yedolobha).
- I-Polioucos (evikela idolobha).
- I-Poluboulos (yeseluleko esihle).
- I-Polumetis (yezinto eziningi ezisunguliwe).
- I-Promacorma (umvikeli wetheku).
mythos
Lo nkulunkulukazi obalulekile we-Olympus, kusukela ngesikhathi ebonakala, akazange ayeke ukubamba iqhaza ezindabeni eziningi zezinganekwane zamaGreki. Okulandelayo uzokwazi izinganekwane ezithakazelisayo zikaPallas Athena.
I-Erichtonium
U-Athena wayehlale esebenzisa izikhali uZeus ayemboleke zona, ngesinye isikhathi wayefuna ukuba nezikhali zakhe futhi wacela uHephaestus ukuba amenzele zona, kodwa wamtshela ukuthi uzozenza ngothando. Kodwa-ke, uPoseidon wamkhohlisa uHephaestus ngokumtshela ukuthi i-Athene yayizozinikela kuphela ngamandla.
Ngolunye usuku, u-Athena wangena ku-smithy ngenhloso yokwazi ukuqhubeka komsebenzi wezikhali. Ngenkathi unkulunkulukazi enganakiwe, u-Hephaestus wambamba kanzima futhi wazama ukumdlwengula, walwa nonkulunkulu womlilo, owawuzogcina u-ejaculate emilenzeni ka-Athena.
Unkulunkulukazi wakwazi ukuzikhulula futhi wazihlanza ngesikhafu sikasilika wasilahla phansi ngokunengeka, engazi ukuthi isidoda sawela kuMama Earth Gaia, wakhulelwa futhi wazala u-Erichthonius. UGaia wayengafuni ukunakekela ingane, ngakho unkulunkulukazi wamthatha njengendodana yokutholwa.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lapho u-Athena kwakudingeka angabi khona, wafaka indodana yakhe esifubeni esincane futhi wasinikeza odade uHerse, uPandrosus no-Aglauros ngaphandle kokudalula okuqukethwe kwayo, nomyalelo wokuthi bangalokothi bavule. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona omunye udade owayengavumelani nesiqondiso futhi wavula ngenxa yelukuluku, ebona u-Erichthonius esesimweni senyoka, lokhu kwahlanyisa u-Herse noPandrosus, owagxuma esuka phezulu kwe-Acropolis.
Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, lo mlingiswa wasenganekwaneni owayeyisigamu sendoda nengxenye yenyoka, wayezobusa umuzi owanikeza unina wokutholwa igama lakhe, engumbusi onobulungisa nonomusa. Wasungula ihlelo likaPallas Athena futhi wafundisa izakhamuzi zakhona ukusebenzisa isiliva. Wayengumgqugquzeli wokusetshenziswa kwenqola enamahhashi amane, yingakho isithombe sakhe saphakama saba umlaza we-Auriga.
umuzi waseAthene
Lezi zindaba zitshela ukuthi kunesikhathi lapho unkulunkulukazi wabangisana khona nonkulunkulu uPoseidon ukuze athole ilungelo lokuba umbusi wedolobha elise-Attica. Ngolunye usuku, ngenhloso yokuqeda impi, bafika esixazululweni sokunikeza isipho umuntu ngamunye ezakhamuzini zomuzi, okuyinkosi yazo okuthiwa uCecropes, eyayizonquma ukuthi yimuphi unkulunkulu ozonqoba.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uPoseidon ashaya khona phansi ngentambo yakhe emithathu ukuze kubonakale isiphethu esinamanzi anosawoti, okwavumela idolobha ukuba likwazi ukungena olwandle futhi lihwebe. Eqinisweni, kuyafaneleka ukubalula ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwayo i-Athene yayiwumbuso wasolwandle, inebutho lemikhumbi yanqoba abasePheresiya empini yemikhumbi yaseSalami.
Kodwa, njengoba uzobona, naphezu kwezinzuzo zezomnotho, amanzi asentwasahlobo ayenosawoti futhi angadliwa. Nakuba kukhona enye inguqulo yenganekwane, lapho kulandiswa khona ukuthi i-Poseidon ihambise ihhashi lokuqala kubantu, into ebaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo nempi.
Noma kunjalo, unkulunkulukazi wanika leli pholi isihlahla somnqumo esilinyiwe sokuqala, esakhuthaza ukukhula nokuchuma kwalo lonke idolobha ngokulinikeza izinkuni, ukudla namafutha. Ngemva kokuhlola izipho, inkosi yabonisa ukuthi leso esanikezwa uPallas Athena sasingcono, sinikeza ukunqoba kunkulunkulukazi.
Kungase kukuthakazelise ukwazi ukuthi kwabanye ababhali lokhu kuqhudelana phakathi konkulunkulu kuwumfanekiso womzabalazo phakathi kwemiphakathi yama-matriarchal kanye ne-patriarchal, njengoba iNgisi uRobert Graves ayecabanga.
Enye indaba isitshela ukuthi abase-Athene babezonquma ukuthi yimuphi onkulunkulu owayezoba umvikeli we-polis. Amadoda avotela uPoseidon kanti abesifazane bavotela u-Athena. Ekugcineni unkulunkulukazi wanqoba ngevoti elilodwa, okwathukuthelisa unkulunkulu futhi wakhukhula sonke isifunda ngamanzi akhe futhi akazange awahoxise kwaze kwaba yilapho abesifazane belahla ilungelo labo lokuvota.
umgcini ongcwele wamaqhawe
U-Athena weluleka futhi wasiza u-Argos ekwakhiweni kwe-Argo, umkhumbi lapho u-Jason neqembu lakhe lama-Argonauts babezohamba khona. Ngokufanayo, unkulunkulukazi waqondisa uPerseus lapho eyobheka iMedusa futhi esekelwa uHermes, unkulunkulu wabahambi, wabanika amathuluzi ayezowadinga.
U-Athena wanika uPerseus isihlangu sethusi esiphucuziwe ukuze abone iMedusa ngaphandle kokumbheka ebusweni, uHermes wamnika isikele esiqinisiwe. Ekulweni, kwakungunkulunkulukazi owayesebenzisa inkemba kaPerseus ukuze ingaphumeleli futhi anqume ikhanda lesilo.
Kwamanye ama-anecdotes uHeracles uboniswa esiza emifanekisweni ehlukahlukene yobuciko basendulo bamaGreki, kuyilapho kuma-metopes emelela imisebenzi eyishumi nambili kaHeracles ekhona ethempelini likaZeus e-Olympia, unkulunkulukazi uvela izikhathi ezine.
Esethulweni sokuqala, u-Athena ubona iqhawe libulala ibhubesi laseNemean, nakuba kweshumi limsiza ukuba aphakamise isibhakabhaka. Ngokuvamile, unkulunkulukazi uboniswa njengomngane omubi, kodwa futhi njengomngane omnene. Ekugcineni, nguye othatha uHeracles eNtabeni i-Olympus futhi amethule kuZeus ukuze enze unkulunkulu (ukuguqulwa abe unkulunkulu).
Kusekuningi okumele sikutshele ngaye noHeracles. Kufanele wazi ukuthi unkulunkulukazi wachazela uHeracles ukuthi angalinqoba kanjani ibhubesi laseNemea ngokusebenzisa uzipho lwakhe ukuze alihlukanise. Ngomunye wemisebenzi yakhe, kwakudingeka abulale izinyoni ze-Stymphalian, ngoba amandla akhe ayengenamsebenzi futhi ayebaningi kakhulu ukuze aqede ngemicibisholo yakhe, ngakho u-Athena wamnika insimbi yethusi emtshela ukuthi ayikhalise egqumeni eliphakeme.
UHeracles wenza kanjalo futhi izinyoni zabaleka ngenxa yokwesaba, okwamnika ithuba lokuqeda eminye ngemicibisholo yakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impi emelene neHydra yaseLerna idumile, lapho njalo lapho enquma ikhanda, kwakhula elisha.
Kulokhu, u-Athena ugqugquzele umshana weqhawe ukuba ameluleke ukuthi njalo uma enquma ikhanda, kufanele ashise isiphunzi sentamo ukuze alulame, ngaleyo ndlela kungaveli omunye, futhi wakwazi ukunqoba kanjalo. wakhe. Eqinisweni, wahamba noHermes ohambweni lwakhe lokuya endaweni engaphansi eyofuna iCerberus.
Elinye lamaqhawe ezinganekwane zaseGreece kwakunguBellerophon, owathola usizo lukankulunkulukazi lapho emnika itomu legolide ukuze akwazi ukuthambisa ihhashi elinamaphiko uPegasus.
Enhlekeleleni ka-Aeschylus, u-Orestes ulandisa ukuthi lapho u-Agamemnon ebuyela enqobile embusweni wakhe ngemva kwesikhathi eside engekho empini yakhe namaTrojan, inkosazana uCassandra, indodakazi yenkosi yeTrojan ehluliwe uPriam, yathathwa njengesigqila phakathi kwempango yakhe.
UClytemnestra, umka-Agamemnon, wathukuthela ebona ukukhetha okusobala umyeni wakhe ayezinikele enkosazaneni yangaphandle, futhi wayesezizwa ethukuthelele umyeni wakhe kusukela anikela ngendodakazi yakhe u-Iphigenia kunkulunkulukazi u-Artemis ukuze athole umoya omuhle wokuya eTroy.
Ngakho, ngesikhathi umyeni wakhe engekho, wayethathe u-Aegisthus njengesithandwa sakhe, ngosizo lwakhe wahlela futhi wabulala u-Agamemnon. U-Electra, indodakazi ka-Agamemnon, kanye nonkulunkulu u-Apollo, bakhuthaza umfowabo omncane, u-Orestes, ukuba aziphindiselele futhi abulale unina nesithandwa sabo u-Aegisthus.
Isipoki sikaClytemnestra sabuza ama-Erinyes, onkulunkulukazi bokuziphindiselela, ukuthi aphazamise u-Orestes. Ehlushwa ukuhlukunyezwa kwama-Erinye, u-Orestes ucela usizo kunkulunkulu u-Apollo futhi ekugcineni umyisa e-Athene, lapho uPallas Athena ayemise khona inkantolo yamadoda anokwethembeka okuqinisekisiwe.
Unkulunkulukazi wengamele icala elibhekene no-Orestes lapho asolwa khona ngokubulala unina uClytemnestra. Amavoti amajaji abelingana, iqembu elilodwa livotela ukuhoxiswa kwecala nelinye elagwetshwa.
Naphezu kwalokhu, u-Athena ube nevoti lokunquma futhi wakhetha ukukhululwa, enquma ukuthi noma nini lapho ijaji liboshiwe ummangalelwa akhululwe. Uma ungathanda ukwazi izihloko eziningi ezihlobene noPallas Athena nezinye izidalwa zezinganekwane, sikumema ukuthi ufunde mayelana: unkulunkulu uHermes.
Kulesi sihloko sesihloko sethu, asikwazi ukuhluleka ukusho ukuthi e-Odyssey ubuqili be-Odysseus ngokushesha bazuza umusa we-Athene. Ekuqaleni, usizo lwakhe ku-Odysseus lwalulinganiselwe ekutshaleni imicabango nemibono engqondweni yeqhawe ohambweni lwalo oluya ekhaya lisuka eMpini YeThrojani, liqinisa indima yalo njengomvikeli wamaqhawe nomeluleki womama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Athena uvele emaphusheni ka-Princess Nausica ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uzosiza u-Odysseus. U-Athena washintsha waba umalusi ukuze asekele u-Odysseus lapho efika e-Ithaca, eqamba amanga kuye ngokumtshela ukuthi uPenelope uphinde washada ngokumshiya efile.
U-Odysseus yena, waqamba amanga ukuze azivikele futhi unkulunkulukazi, ehlatshwe umxhwele ubuqili bakhe, waziveza futhi wamyala ngendlela yokubuyisela umbuso wakhe. Wabe esemsiza ukuthi anqobe abakhongi ngokumenza isinxibi esidala.
izijeziso
Phakathi kwezinganekwane ezidume kakhulu zalo nkulunkulukazi, isijeziso sikaMedusa. Lesi sidalwa ngaphambi kwefomu olaziyo, sasingumfundisikazi osemusha owayekhonza ethempelini lika-Athena, edolobheni lase-Athene ngokwalo.
Ngolunye usuku njengazo zonke ezinye, unkulunkulu wolwandle uPoseidon, owayehlale enenhloso yokubusa umuzi nokulimaza isithombe sikankulunkulukazi, wangena ethempelini wamtshela ukuthi uyamthanda, kodwa uMedusa waphendula ngokuthi wayengeke abe naye. ngenxa yesifungo sakhe sobumsulwa, wayesemdlwengula ethempelini.
Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungavamile kuwe, lapho uPallas Athena ethola ukuthi kwenzekeni, esikhundleni sokuhlambalaza unkulunkulu ngalokho ayekwenzile futhi asekele inceku yakhe, wagcina esemenza isilo esinezinyoka ezinweleni zakhe nokubukeka okunekhono. ukucunula noma yimuphi umuntu ofayo owayembuka.
Enye indaba ephathelene nokujeziswa ngekaTiresias, lapho kutshelwa khona ukuthi ngolunye usuku lwasentwasahlobo eNtabeni iHelicon u-Athena wageza ngenymph yakhe ayintandokazi uChariclo entwasahlobo. Entabeni efanayo, uTiresiya osemusha wayezingela, asondela emthonjeni eyokha amanzi, futhi ngephutha abona unkulunkulukazi onqunu.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho u-Athena amjezisa khona ngokumshiya eyimpumputhe ukuze angaphinde abone lokho okungadalelwe ukubona okufayo, ngesinxephezelo wamnika ikhono lokuqonda ulimi lwezinyoni namandla okubikezela ikusasa.
Ku-Ovid's Metamorphosis ngekhulu lesi-29 AD, kuvela inganekwane ka-Arachne, okuwukuphela komthombo, njengoba le ndaba ishiwo kafushane nje kumaGeorgia kaVirgil ekhulwini lama-XNUMX BC u-Ovid uthi u-Arachne wayenguLydia osemusha e-Asia Minor, umfundi oweluka. e-Athene, indodakazi ye-dyer edumile u-Idmoni waseColophon.
Le ntokazi yayinethalente elimangalisayo lokweluka nokufekethisa izindwangu, kodwa yakhukhumala yaze yaqhosha ngokuthi yayingcono ngisho kuno-Athena ngokwakhe.
Unkulunkulukazi wadinwa amacala akhe kodwa wamnika ithuba lokuzihlenga ngokuvela eshabhu eguqukile eyisalukazi, encoma umsebenzi wentombi futhi emxwayisa ngokuthi akulungile ukuthi umuntu ofayo azikholelwe ukuthi uphakeme kunonkulunkulu.
Kunokuba iyeke ukubuza, le ntombazane yaklolodela isalukazi, igomela ukuthi siphakeme kuno-Athena futhi yabekela unkulunkulukazi inselele emncintiswaneni wokubonisa ukuthi ubani owayengumeluki ongcono. Unkulunkulukazi waphinde waba nesimo sakhe futhi wamukela inselele.
U-Athena wabonisa ikhono lakhe ngokwenza iseyili eqokomisa izigcawu zengxabano yakhe noPoseidon ukuze avikele i-Athens, iphinde ibonise onkulunkulu bama-Olympian abayishumi nambili kanye nokunqotshwa kwalabo abababekela inselele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Arachne weluka i-tapestry yemidwebo engamashumi amabili emelela ukungathembeki konkulunkulu, ikakhulukazi uZeus noLeda, Europa, Danae nabanye.
Wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nonkulunkulukazi u-Athena, wavuma ukuthi i-tapestry yentombazane yayiphelele, kodwa ethukuthele ngenxa yokungahloniphi isithunzi sonkulunkulu, unkulunkulukazi waphelelwa isineke futhi wacekela phansi indwangu yokweluka nendwangu yombangi yakhe. Wabe eseshaya intokazi ngesibhamu sakhe amahlandla amane ngenduku yakhe. Ekugcineni u-Arachne waliqonda iphutha lakhe futhi wazilengisa ngokuphelelwa yithemba, unkulunkulukazi wamhawukela futhi wamkhuthaza ngokumenza isicabucabu.
Khumbula ukuthi u-Athena wayengenakunqotshwa empini. Eqinisweni, lapho u-Ares equleka empini yokuqala no-Athena, u-Aphrodite wazama ukumkhipha enkundleni yempi. UHera wababona futhi wayala unkulunkulukazi ukuba amvimbe. Unkulunkulukazi wafinyelela kuye futhi wamshaya ngegalelo elibukhali elabenza baquleka bobabili enkundleni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwenganekwane yeMpi YeThrojani, u-Aphrodite naye kuthiwa uye wasiza enye yezintandokazi zakhe enkundleni yempi. Wangena phakathi kwamaqhawe futhi wazama ukuthatha ummeleli wakhe. U-Athena wayala iqhawe le-Achaean u-Diomedes ukuthi alivimbele ukubaleka kwakhe.
Iqhawe lashesha ukwenza umyalo kankulunkulukazi futhi lamvimbela ukuba amthathe. Empini walimaza isandla sika-Aphrodite. Ephuphuthekiswe usizi, unkulunkulukazi wakhwela iNtaba i-Olympus wakhononda kuZeus. Ngenkathi omunye wonkulunkulukazi abancane ephulukisa isandla sakhe, u-Aphrodite wayelokhu ekhala futhi ekhononda kuZeus. Ebona lokhu, uPallas Athena wakhuluma amaqiniso ngokudelela kuyilapho ephulula isandla sikankulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite.
Eqhubeka nenganekwane yesijeziso, unkulunkulukazi u-Athena wake wathatha ucezu lwethambo futhi wacabanga ukuthi uma umoya ungadlula kulo uzokhipha umsindo, ngemva kokuzindla ngalo waklama futhi wenza umtshingo wokuqala. U-Athena wakujabulela ukukhala kwensimbi wayisa edilini lapho kwakukhona bonke onkulunkulu.
Unkulunkulukazi wasukuma waqala ukudlala umtshingo ngendlela emangalisayo kangangokuthi wahlaba umxhwele bonke onkulunkulu, kodwa uHera no-Aphrodite bamhleka ngoba ukuthinta izihlathi zakhe kwabenza bakhukhumala. U-Athena wadinwa waya ehlathini laseFrigiya, lapho waqala ukudlala umtshingo ebuka umdwebo wakhe emanzini omfula.
Ebukele izihlathi zakhe zikhukhumala futhi ubuso bakhe bugcwele amandla ngenxa yokukhandleka, wavutha ngolaka, waphonsa umtshingo wakhe phansi futhi wathuka bonke ababezowuthatha.
Impi yeTrojan
Sike sakhuluma ngaphambilini ngoPallas Athena nokungenelela kwakhe eMpini YeThrojani, kodwa sigqamisa kuphela indaba ehlobene nesici sokujezisa sikankulunkulukazi. Kusekuningi esingakusho ngalo mqhudelwano futhi sizochaza kabanzi ngawo ngezansi.
Lokhu kulandisa kuqala ngomshado phakathi kukaPeleus noThetis, lapho kwakumenywe khona bonke onkulunkulu nabanye abantu. Oyedwa owayengekho ngesimemo kwakungu-Eris, unkulunkulukazi wokungezwani, owathukuthela futhi wabonisa emshadweni nge-apula legolide futhi wathi kuphela: "for the fairest." Wayiphonsa phakathi konkulunkulukazi wanyamalala.
Kubo bonke onkulunkulukazi, bathathu kuphela abawa empini ye-apula: u-Hera, u-Athena no-Aphrodite, ngenxa yokuthi i-ego ngayinye yamenza wacabanga ukuthi ubhekwa njengomuhle kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi baya kuZeus ukuze anqume ukuthi ubani olungile, nokho, wanquma ukuthi ukuze agweme izinkinga kwakudingeka athole elinye ijaji, umuntu ongakhethi.
Phakathi kwabazokhethwa, kokubili onkulunkulu nabantu abafayo, inkosana yaseTroy Paris yakhethwa kule khomishini. Inhloko ye-Olympus, uZeus, yacela uHermes ukuba ahambise i-apula kumuntu ofayo nokuthi kube nguye ozolinika unkulunkulukazi omuhle kakhulu. Kanye nesithelo esandleni sakhe, ukwahlulelwa kweParis kwaqala, okwakuzokwenzeka lapho onkulunkulukazi sebegezile eNtabeni i-Ida eduze kwaseTroy.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi emifanekisweni yasendulo yalesi senzakalo, u-Aphrodite ngezinye izikhathi wayeboniswa enqunu, futhi u-Hera no-Athena babegqoke. Nakuba, emidwebeni nakweminye imifanekiso yeRenaissance, ikakhulukazi eyasentshonalanga, onkulunkulu abathathu babonakala benqunu.
IParis ayikwazanga ukunquma ngoba bobathathu onkulunkulukazi babebahle. Lapho bebona ukungaqiniseki kukaParis, bazama ukumfumbathisa, uHera wamnikeza amandla phezu kwe-Asia naseYurophu, u-Athena wamnikeza ukuhlakanipha nenkazimulo enkundleni yempi, u-Aphrodite wamnikeza uthando lwabantu abahle kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, uParis wagcina enikeze i-apula ku-Aphrodite, okwenza abanye bamthukuthelele futhi baze bafunga inzondo yaphakade ngaye kanye noyise, inkosi yaseTroy, ngaphezu kwedolobha lonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Aphrodite wazimemezela njengomqaphi wesikhulu.
Ku- Iliad kuthiwa, lapho u-Achilles engekho, uDiomedes wakhethwa njengeqhawe lamaGreki elingcono kakhulu, athola ngalo isivikelo sika-Athena. Futhi kule ndaba, u-Homer utshela ukuthi u-Achilles uxosha u-Hector ezungeze izindonga zeTroy ngaphandle kokumenza amelane naye. U-Athena waguqulwa waba ngumfowabo kaHector, uDeiphobo, futhi wavela phambi kwakhe ukuze aphakamise ukuthi babhekane namaGreki ndawonye.
U-Hector waphonsa umkhonto wakhe ku-Achilles owageja futhi lapho ephenduka wabheka uDeiphobus ukuthi amnikeze omunye umkhonto, wawunyamalele, uHector wabona ukuthi ulahlekelwe umusa wonkulunkulu futhi bathanda ama-Achaeans. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphansi kokuwa kwedolobha, u-Ajax, omunye wamaqhawe angena ehhashi, wamangaza uPrincess Cassandra owayecashe ethempelini lase-Athena.
Kwezinye izindaba kuthiwa wahudula intombazane ngenkathi ezama ukubambelela esifanekisweni sikaPallas Athena uqobo, nokho ezinye izindaba zichaza ukuthi wayidlwengula ethempelini likankulunkulukazi futhi lokhu kwamthukuthelisa, wabe esesizwa unkulunkulu wolwandle, wabhubhisa imikhumbi yamaGreki.
Amahlelo kaPallas Athena
Ngaphandle kwe-Athene, wayekhulekelwa nakwamanye amadolobha anjenge-Argos, iSparta, iGortyna, iLindos, neLarissa. Kusukela ebuhlotsheni bakhe noTriton, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindawo zokuqala zokukhulekela zalo nkulunkulukazi zazisosebeni loMfula iTriton eBoeotia, umfula ongenela eLake Copaide.
Kule ndawo yokugcina, ngokwesiko, kwakukhona amadolobha amabili akhukhulwa yichibi: i-Athene ne-Eleusis. Ukusuka lapho leli hlelo lathuthela kwezinye izindawo njengaseLibya nase-Attica.
E-Athene, waba unkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu, emnika izimfanelo zenyoka njengophawu lokuvuselelwa okungapheli. Ihlelo likankulunkulukazi lalihlanganisa nokuqondisa ukuthwasa kwezinsizwa ekubeni isakhamuzi nabesifazane lapho belungiselela ukushada.
Wayekhonzwa njengonkulunkulu wedolobha lonke kanye nomnakekeli wenqaba esiteketiso sakhe njengo-Athena Polias. Eqinisweni, edolobheni eliqambe igama, umkhosi wasendulo owawubizwa ngokuthi i-Plinterias wawuba minyaka yonke phakathi nenyanga ye-Targelion (cishe ngoMeyi, okhulumayo njengamanje) nobude bezinsuku ezi-5.
Ngezinsuku ezishiwo, abapristikazi base-Athena benza imicikilisho yokuhlanza ethempelini elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi noPoseidon, okuthiwa u-Erechtheion, lapho kwakuhlunyulwe khona isithombe sikankulunkulukazi, izingubo zaziwashwa futhi zihlanzwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eMkhosini Wethusi weChalkeia owawungosuku lokugcina lwenyanga yePyanopsion (phakathi kuka-Okthoba noNovemba), u-Athena Ergane, unkulunkulukazi wezandla, ikakhulukazi ukuluka, wayekhulekelwa. Wayephinde abe ngusanta osebenza ngensimbi owayesiza ekwenzeni izikhali nezikhali.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi inkolo ka-Athena yathola ukucebisa okubalulekile lapho inikezwa indima kankulunkulukazi wefilosofi ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Kunezinganekwane eziningi nezindaba enkolweni yase-Athena lapho u-Athena edlala indima ekuvikeleni ezolimo. Utuswa ukuthi nguye owasungula igeja nereki. Kuthiwa futhi wasungula itomu lehhashi, ijoka lenkomo nenqola.
Unkulunkulukazi yena wadala ibhodwe lobumba futhi wafundisa ubuciko basekhaya obunjengokwaluka, ukuphotha nokupheka. Kobunye ubuciko, wadala umtshingo necilongo. Kuyaziwa kakhulu ukuthi amadodana akhe okutholwa amukelwa futhi akhazinyuliswa e-Attica ngabalimi, khumbula ukuthi laba kwakungu-Erichthonius no-Erechtheus.
Ngokunjalo, i-Athena Promacos imele isu nesiyalo ekuziphatheni kwamasosha empini, ngokungafani nomfowabo u-Ares, owayengumgqugquzeli wamandla anonya empini, impindiselo, ukuchithwa kwegazi nokubulala.
Ukusekela unkulunkulukazi kwakulinganiselwe kulabo ababelwela isizathu esinobulungisa futhi bebona impi njengendlela ehlukile yokuxazulula izingxabano, yingakho amaGreki ayemazisa ngaphezu kuka-Ares.
Ngokufanayo, umusa kankulunkulukazi wehlela kulabo ababesebenzisa ukuhlakanipha nobuqili esikhundleni samandla anonya. EMkhosini Waminyaka yonke we-Pamboeotia kanye naseMidlalweni YasePanathenaic njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, lapho kwakuboniswa khona amakhono okugijima nezempi, ukukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi kwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile.
Ngokwesiko uPallas Athena wayala futhi wasiza uDanio ukuba akhe umkhumbi wakhe, owokuqala ohlotsheni wawo owawunamaphini angamashumi amahlanu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ibihlonishwa kusukela kudala eLindos, enye yezinhloko-dolobha zesiqhingi saseRhodes.
Imihlatshelo eyenziwe ngezinkomo, amawundlu nezinkunzi yayinikelwa kunkulunkulukazi, okungenzeka ukuthi igama elithi Taurobolius livela kulo, nokho u-Eustacio wabonisa ukuthi kwakuhlatshelwa abesifazane kuphela.
Imikhosi efana ne-Calinterias, i-Plinterias, i-Sciroforias, i-Arreforias ne-Oscoforias, yayibanjwe ukuhlonipha u-Athena endimeni yakhe njengomvikeli wezolimo. Imidlalo YasePanathenaic yaqala njengomkhosi wokuvuna futhi umkhosi wokulima wawuhlanganisa izinkonzo ezintathu: ezimbili zokuhlonipha u-Athena ngokusungula kwakhe igeja kanye nokuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi wezolimo uDemetra.
Isiko lalithi ukubonga kwangaphambili kwakuzonikezwa unkulunkulukazi ngokuvikela izithombo kanye nesivuno esizayo. Ezikhathini eziningi, uPallas Athena wayehlotshaniswa no-Aphaia, unkulunkulukazi wenzalo nezolimo owayekhulekelwa, kuphela endaweni engcwele yesiqhingi sase-Aegina eSaronic Gulf.
Kungenzeka kucatshangelwe ukuthi u-Alea, unkulunkulukazi wasendulo wase-Arcadia, wathathwa u-Athena futhi waqanjwa ngokuthi u-Athena Alea, owayekhulekelwa ethempelini likaTegea neMantineia. Abapristikazi bala mathempeli kwakufanele babe yizintombi nto futhi babambe lesi sikhundla kuze kube yilapho bethomba. Isithombe sika-Athena Alea simi emgwaqeni osuka eSparta uya eTarapne eLaconia.
Ku-acropolis yaseSpartan, i-Athens ihlonishwa njenge-Athens Polyioucos (yendlu yethusi), igama elithi epithet kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi isithombe esasihlonishwa lapho sasenziwa ngethusi, izindonga zethempeli zazenziwa ngale nto, noma ngenxa yokuthi unkulunkulukazi oyisivikelo uthathwa njengosanta ongumvikeli wezisebenzi zensimbi E-Sparta, kwakuyinto evamile ukuba izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ekukhulekeleni kwase-Athens zenziwe ngethusi noma nge-terracotta.
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo mayelana nezinkolo, sihambisana nethempeli lesitayela se-Ionic elinikezelwe ku-Athena Polias, elakhiwa ngekhulu lesine BC edolobheni lasePriene, elaklanywa umdwebi ongumGreki uPitio de Priene, umklami ofanayo we-mausoleum yaseHalicamaso. , eyanikezelwa ku-Alexander Omkhulu.
Izethulo
U-Pallas Athena uvame ukuvezwa emi, egqoke i-chiton egcwele, izikhali zamasosha, nesigqoko saseKorinte ebunzini lakhe. Ivamise ukuthwala isihlangu esinama-gorgonians, inhloko ye-jellyfish phakathi nendawo kanye nezinyoka ezisizungezile.
Wayevame ukugqoka i-aegis njengejazi, eliboniswa njengama-Promachos ephethe umkhonto ngaphezu kwekhanda lakhe. Kukhona izethulo zakhe ezibonisa ukuzalwa kwakhe kusukela ekhanda likaZeus, impi nemidondoshiya, ukuqulwa kwecala nenkosana yaseThrojani, nokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe yokutholwa. Liyavela nasezithombeni eziqoshiwe, ezinhlamvu zemali nasemidwebeni yobumba.
Umdwebi odumile uPhidias waqopha umsebenzi wegolide nezinyo lendlovu we-chrysanthemum kankulunkulukazi owawuseParthenon futhi manje ulahlekile, wayengumdondoshiya, egqoke ingubo ende futhi ephethe ikhanda likaMedusa. Esifubeni sakhe umkhonto, esandleni sobunxele isihlangu sakhe esinezigcawu zempi yase-Amazon neziqhwaga, esandleni sakhe sokudla ubambe uNike, unkulunkulukazi wokunqoba onamaphiko, emi kanye nenyoka ezinyaweni zikankulunkulukazi.
Endabeni kaPolias, umelwe emfanekisweni wokusiza we-Neo-Attic okwamanje oseVirginia Museum of Fine Arts, lapho ebonakala egqoke isigqoko saseKorinte, isikhova esandleni sakhe, nesihlangu sakhe sibekwe phezu kweHermas.
Izimfanelo unkulunkulukazi amelelwa ngazo ngokuvamile yilezi:
- Isigqoko sokuzivikela esihlotshiswe ngama-griffins, amawundlu namahhashi, embula ubuso bakhe, ngezinye izikhathi siphathwa ezandleni zakhe.
- I-pectoral yewundlu noma i-aegis.
- Isihlangu esiyindilinga esinekhanda leMedusa.
- Isikhova, inyoka, iqhude, umkhonto, negatsha lomnqumo.
UJulius Firmicus Maternus noClement wase-Aleksandria, phakathi kwabanye ababhali bamaKristu okuqala, kuthiwa bathi u-Athena wayemelela konke okwakunengeka enkolweni yobuqaba futhi emcwasa ngesizotha nangokuziphatha okubi, kodwa izici eziningi zakhe zanikezwa iNcasakazi uMariya futhi kwabambalwa. amacala iGorgoneion yavela izethulo zekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, imidwebo eminingi engokomfanekiso yayibonisa u-Athena njengomphathi wezobuciko nomsebenzi, eyintandokazi yabaculi base-Italy. U-Sandro Botticelli emdwebeni wakhe wango-1480, u-Pallas kanye ne-Centaur, ubonise unkulunkulukazi njengophawu lobumsulwa ebambe isihluthulelo sezinwele ku-centaur ebonisa inkanuko.
Kuyathakazelisa ukucabangela ukuthi phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokufanekisela unkulunkulukazi nababusi besifazane. Ongakubona encwadini kaThomas Blennerhassett enesihloko esithi "The real Minerva" (inguqulo yamaRoma kaPallas Athena), lapho achaza khona inkosi u-Elizabeth I waseNgilandi njengokuphindukuzalwa kukankulunkulukazi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye abaculi abafana noRubens, babonise uPallas Athena njengomeluleki kaMarie de' Medici. UCatherine II waseRussia uze amelelwe njengonkulunkulukazi ekuqhumeni kusukela ngo-1774, okuqoshwe umdwebi waseJalimane uTassaert.
Kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi zonke izibalo zonkulunkulu bamaGreki namaRoma ezaziseFrance phakathi nezenzakalo zeNguquko YaseFrance zabhujiswa abantu, ngaphandle kwaleyo kaPallas Athena. Isizathu sasisobala kakhulu, njengoba waba uphawu lwenkululeko kanye neRiphabhulikhi kubo. Eqinisweni, kwamiswa isithombe sokumhlonipha ePlace de la Révolution eParis.
Pallas Athena emhlabeni wanamuhla
Njengamanje, ungathola umfanekiso weParthenon e-Athens e-United States, eyakhiwa ngenhloso yokugubha iminyaka eyi-100 ye-Tennessee ngo-1897. Nokho, lolu kwakuwudumo eyaluthola ngaleso sikhathi, kangangokuthi iziphathimandla zanquma ukugcina. kuze kube namuhla.
Yiqiniso, phakathi neminyaka yama-20 kwakudingeka balungise ukulungiswa, ngoba izinto ezenziwe ngazo azizange zihlale isikhathi eside, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka bamisa isithombe sokuhlonipha inguqulo ye-Parthenos kankulunkulukazi.
Uma useYurophu, ungavakashela e-Austria futhi ubone isifanekiso sikaPallas Athena esimi phambi kwephalamende lesizwe.
Uma uthanda lesi sihloko mayelana noPallas Athena, sincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana: onkulunkulu basezinganekwaneni zamaRoma.