Sikumema ukuthi wazi esihlokweni esilandelayo konke okuhlobene nomlando, imvelaphi, incazelo kanye nezimfanelo zokuyinhloko onkulunkulu be-prehispanic, ababephethe ukuphawula ingqopha-mlando engakaze ibonwe emasikweni amaningi asendulo, ikakhulukazi amaMaya.
onkulunkulu be-prehispanic
Esihlokweni sethu sanamuhla sizobe sifunda okwengeziwe ngomlando, incazelo kanye nokubaluleka kwalabo okuthiwa onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi. Lezi zinhlamvu zaziyingxenye yezinkolelo zenkolo zamasiko amaningi abantu ababehlala ezwenikazi laseMelika iminyaka, ngisho nasezikhathini zangaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi.
Kungashiwo ukuthi onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi bayavumelana nemfuneko yamasiko yokuzwakalisa uchungechunge lwezinkolelo ezigxilwe ngokombono wenkolo walaba bantu baseMelika. Emasikweni amaningi aseMelika onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi babekhona, nokho, kwakuseMexico lapho kwaphawulwa khona ubukhona obukhulu.
Onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi badlala indima ebalulekile emasikweni amaningi asendulo ahlala endaweni yaseMexico. Kwezinye izimpucuko ezinjengamaMayan, ama-Olmec, ama-Aztec namaMixtec, laba nkulunkulu baba yingxenye yezinganekwane namasiko alaba bantu bomdabu. Baba onkulunkulu abakhulu ababekhonzwa ngabantu.
Iningi lalaba nkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi lalihlobene nezindawo ezinjengomhlaba, imvelo, amanzi, ilanga, ngisho nezilwane. Kwakukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kokomoya nokwenyama. Ngokwezinkolelo zalaba bantu basendulo, ukudalelwa kwakuhlobene eduze nokuphila kwemvelo namandla ayebazungezile.
Ngakho sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando, isiko, izinkolelo kanye nokwakheka konkulunkulu abakhulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi ababeyingxenye yamasiko amaningi aseMexico nasemhlabeni.
Mayelana nonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi
Ziningi izinto ezingagqanyiswa mayelana nonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, nokho-ke njengesiqalo kuzofanele sibalule leyo nkolelo engapheli abantu abanayo yokubuka into ebizwa ngokuthi ukholo. Ukubuzwa okungapheli kwakho konke okuzungeza umuntu kubonakala kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo semvelaphi yalokho esikwazi njengezidalwa zaphezulu.
Ngonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, abantu bakwazi ukuxhumana nakho konke okubazungezile, isibonelo, imvelo, umhlaba, amanzi ngisho nomlilo. Izinkolelo zalaba bantu basendulo konkulunkulu zabavumela ukuba bafunde okwengeziwe ngezici ezihlobene nokufa, ukuphila, uthando nezifo. Bazizwa benesidingo sokukholelwa kokuthile futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwavela onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Ngokuqinisekile kunomehluko ophawulekayo ngokuphathelene namanye amasiko noma izinkolelo, isibonelo izinganekwane zaseToltec, lapho kukholakala ukuthi onkulunkulu bayapha kodwa futhi banamandla okuthatha. Kwenzeka okufanayo ngomqondo wonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, nakuba ngamagama ahlukene.
Okunye okukhethekile okungagqanyiswa mayelana nonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi kuhlobene nokwakheka kwabo ngokomzimba, okungukuthi, imvelo yabo. Amasiko amaningi ayenomkhuba wokuchaza onkulunkulu bawo ngezici zomuntu nezezilwane, kanti abanye bamane bakhetha okungaphatheki. Iphuzu elilodwa okufanele linakwe kakhulu ububili bonkulunkulu.
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ngokuvamile ubunkulunkulu noma unkulunkulu ofanayo angaveza ukubonakaliswa kowesilisa nowesifazane ngesikhathi esisodwa, enikeza indawo yezandiso zonkulunkulu ukuba zichazwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu besibili.
The Pre-Hispanic Gods
Kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwaba nonkulunkulu abaningi bangaphambi kweSpanishi abaziwayo, kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukubalula ngamunye wabo. Ngaleso sizathu besifuna ukukwazisa kwabanye onkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu nabavelele bangaphambi kweSpanishi abebeyingxenye yezinkolelo namasiko abantu abaningi basendulo.
Ezinganekwaneni zaseMexica, onkulunkulu abaningi bangaphambi kweSpanishi ababaluleke kakhulu bangatholakala, noma kunjalo, unkulunkulu u-Huitzilopochtli umangalisa kakhulu, abaningi abambiza ngokuthi "i-hummingbird yaseningizimu" futhi ohlotshaniswa nelanga ngokuqondile.
Ezinganekwaneni zamaMayan onkulunkulu abaningi bangaphambi kweSpanishi nabo bayagqama, kodwa omunye obaluleke kakhulu unkulunkulu u-Hun Ab Ku, olingana nonkulunkulu odlula bonke waleli siko, uthathwa njengomuntu ongabonakali kanye neningi lezakhamuzi. yalesi siko bamkhonze futhi bamkhonze.
Yena, unkulunkulu uTezcatlipoca ubhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu nabavelele bangaphambi kweSpanishi bezinganekwane zaseToltec. Lo nkulunkulu unezinto eziningi ezimsekelayo, isibonelo ububili bakhe kanye nobukhulu obudlulele, okwenza uhluke kwabanye onkulunkulu bakule nganekwane.
Ekugcineni singakhuluma ngezinganekwane zaseZapotec, lapho onkulunkulu abambalwa bangaphambi kweSpanishi nabo begqama. Ukukhuluma ngaleli siko kubhekiselwa ngokungangabazeki ohlelweni lwenkolelo enobunkulunkulu abathathu abakhulu abamele izinto ezixhumene namadlozi nalabo abaphethe ukuzala.
Onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi kanye nemikhuba yabo
Emasikweni asendulo kwakunemikhuba namasiko amaningi ayehlobene ngokuqondile nonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi. Nakuba kunzima ukukuqonda, lapho kukhulunywa ngonkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, kumelwe ngempela kukhulunywe ngemihlatshelo yabantu, njengoba babeyingxenye yemikhuba eyayisenziwa abantu njengophawu lokukhulekela nokukhulekela onkulunkulu babo.
Emikhosini eyenziwayo, kwakuyinto evamile ukubona imihlatshelo yabantu. Lezi zinhlobo zemikhuba zazibhekwa njengenye yezibonelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhulumisana phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakulibaleka ukuthi igazi lalibhekwa njengoketshezi olufanelekayo lokuhlonipha laba nkulunkulu.
Ababephethe ukuqondisa noma ukuhola le mikhuba yilabo ababezibiza ngabapristi, ababephethe ukuhlela umcimbi. Babenetshe elikhethekile lemihlatshelo abantu ababeza kulo ngokuzithandela noma bephoqelelwe ukuba balethe igazi labo egameni likankulunkulu okhethiwe.
Imihlatshelo yabantu kanye nokuchithwa kwegazi kwakuyingxenye yamasiko amakhulu noma amasiko ayenzelwe ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, nokho zazikhona nezinye izindlela zokukhulekela onkulunkulu basendulo. Izakhamuzi zala masiko zasebenzisa amaqhinga amaningi ukuze zijabulise onkulunkulu bazo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi zikhululekile ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Onkulunkulu abakhulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi nezici zabo
Kule ngxenye yesihloko sethu sizokwethula kwabanye onkulunkulu abakhulu nababaluleke kakhulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi emlandweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho uzokwazi ukwazi ezinye zezici zayo, amasiko, umsuka nomlando.
Kukulkan
Ezinganekwaneni zamaMayan kubhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu nabaziwayo. I-Kukulkan inokufana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi Inyoka Enezimpiko, unkulunkulu inkolo yakhe ingenye evelele kakhulu eMesoamerica. Lo nkulunkulu uhlobene kakhulu nomoya namanzi. Igama ngesi-Yucatec Maya lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "Inyoka Enezimpiko".
Sibhekene nonkulunkulu bamaMayan. Ukufana kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa nenyoka enomjuluko, unkulunkulu okhona enkolweni yabantu baseMesoamerica abahlukene, kwenza uKukulkan abe omunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu bamaMeya. Kuthiwa uhlale ephambi kukankulunkulu uChaac, unkulunkulu wemvula.
I-Xochiquetzal
Omunye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhona emasikweni amaningi angaphambi kweSpanishi u-Xochiquétzal ngokuqondile, ochazwa njengonkulunkulukazi wobuhle nothando, nakuba kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi, kuye ngesiko, angathola amagama ahlukene.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec wethulwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Babhekisela kulo nkulunkulukazi ngokuthi "imbali eyigugu", ehlobene eduze nenyanga, inzalo, injabulo, inkanuko nokuvikelwa kwezintombi. Ngokuvamile umelwe emzimbeni wesifazane ohlotshiswe ngekhanda le-quetzal.
Unkulunkulukazi u-Xochiquétzal udonsela ukunaka kwakhe ngezimfanelo zakhe zesifazane. Uhlale ejabule futhi egcwele impilo. Ngokwezinganekwane, lo nkulunkulu kukholakala ukuthi wazalwa ngezinwele zikankulunkulukazi ongumama. Abaningi abangomakoti nabathandanayo kuthiwa udalwe nguye kanti kuthiwa ubehanjelwa abantu besifazane kuphela ngenhloso yokugwema ukubonwa ngamadoda abezama ukumholela esilingweni.
I-Coatlicue
Ngokuvamile, lo nkulunkulukazi wase-Mexica uxhunywe ngokuqondile nezici ezifana nokuzala nokuba ngumama. Lokhu kunjalo ngenxa yezinganekwane eziningi zendabuko lapho u-Coatlicue echazwa njengomama ka-Huitzilopochtli. Ngaleso sizathu ibuye ihlotshaniswe neNcasakazi uMariya.
Abaningi balabo abafunde izethulo zakhe, abanjengoSamuel Martín we-Institute of Aesthetic Research ye-UNAM, sebeze bahlobanisa unkulunkulukazi u-Coatlicue "nesimiso somkhathi sowesifazane, esamukelekayo nesingaba namandla", lokhu, ngokwalokho okwakushiwo. okuvezwe nguMarin, kusho okungaphezu "kokuzala komama, ukuchichima, ukuthula nokuthula":
Omunye wabalingiswa okumele babhekisele kunkulunkulukazi u-Coatlicue kwakuyisazi-mlando esidumile u-Alfredo López Austín, okwathi esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Ubuso bonkulunkulu baseMesoamerican" bachaza lo nkulunkulu ngokuthi "enye yezethulo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuthi ukufa Kungu-generator wokuphila.
Lo nkulunkulu ngokuvamile ucelwa izinto eziningi, hhayi nje ukuvikela nothando, kodwa nokuzalwa kabusha nokuhlakanipha, ikakhulukazi ukuqonda izimo ezinjengokufa, ukwazi ukuthi ukufa kumane nje kuyisiqalo esisha.
I-Huitzilopochtli
Unkulunkulu u-Huitzilopochtli uchazwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu abantu baseMexico ababenabo. Lo nkulunkulu wawuhlobene neLanga, izinxushunxushu kanye nempi. UFray Diego Durán ufike wabhekisela kulo nkulunkulu ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Umlando We-Indies yaseNew Spain kanye neziqhingi zaseTierra Firme", lapho eqokomisa khona ezinye zezimfanelo zakhe eziyinhloko.
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zase-Mexica, u-Huitzilopochtli wayephethe uku-oda isisekelo se-Tenochtitlán, endaweni lapho ukhozi lwatholakala khona e-nopal, lushwabadela inyoka. Ngokusho kwababhali abaningana, igama lalo nkulunkulu lisho "i-hummingbird yesokunxele", okusikisela ukuthi unkulunkulu unezinhlangothi ezimbili.
I-Cinteotl
Ngokwalokho umcwaningi uJohanna Broda akushoyo ngesihloko sakhe esithi "Rites and deities of the Agriculture cycle", eyanyatheliswa encwadini ethi Archaeology Mexicana, enkolweni yaseMexica kwakuyinto evamile ukuba izenzakalo ezimelelwa onkulunkulu zembuleke zibe onkulunkulu abaningi, zihlobene, nakuba zinamagama ahlukene nezindlela zokumelwa.
Endabeni yalo nkulunkulu wangaphambi kweSpanishi owaziwa ngokuthi uCintéotl, abantu abaningi bambiza ngokuthi “unkulunkulu wommbila ovuthiwe.” Lo nkulunkulu wayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi wommbila okuthiwa uChicomecóatl, ngesikhathi esifanayo wenza unkulunkulukazi onguziqu-zintathu nonkulunkulukazi uHalchiuhtlicue noHuixtocíhuatl.
chack
Uma kukhona unkulunkulu oyisibonakaliso kunkulunkulu wamaMayan, lowo ngunkulunkulu uChac. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ngu-Ernesto de la Torre ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Ukufundwa komlando waseMexico". Lobunkulunkulu buhlobene ngqo namanzi, amafu, imvula kanye nezolimo. Ngokwalokho okushiwo ngu-de la Torre, kwakuwunkulunkulu ophindwe kane futhi wayesekela amazulu ezindaweni ezine eziyinhloko.
Ngalesi sizathu, abantu bavame ukucela isivikelo kunkulunkulu uChac ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngokunjalo bayamcela ukuba abavikele emvuleni ekhukhula nasomisoni esibeka engcupheni izilwane zakithi. Ingxenye yomhlatshelo okufanele yenziwe yilabo abakhonza lo nkulunkulu ukunakekela kangcono imvelo nemvelo.
K'inich Ajaw
Umcwaningi odumile eNyuvesi yaseGuadalajara, uLaura Ibarra García, ubonisa ukuthi onkulunkulu besiko lamaMaya bangaba nethonya elihle kwabaningi, kodwa futhi kabi. Omunye walaba nkulunkulu abangalungile u-K`inich Ajaw, ochazwa njengonkulunkulu weLanga.
Lo nkulunkulu ubesatshwa kakhulu “ngokushisa izitshalo”, ukhonjwe nokuthi nguyena odale isomiso esikhulu. Naphezu kokuthonya okungalungile, ngesikhathi esifanayo waqashelwa ngezimfanelo zakhe ezinhle, isibonelo wayehlonishwa ngokugcwalisa umhlaba nokuphila ngokukhanya nokufudumala ekuseni.
Kungabhekwa njengobubili besipho sikankulunkulu. Abanye ababhali bayaqinisekisa ukuthi ebusuku lo nkulunkulu waphenduka waba i-jaguar futhi wehlela endaweni engaphansi komhlaba, kuyilapho emini uzibonakalisa njengamandla okuhleleka nomusa. Uphenduke i-jaguar, uhlotshaniswa nobusuku, impi nokufa.
ek uh
U-Amalia Attolini, umcwaningi ovelele, uveza ukuthi unkulunkulu u-Ek Chuah ungunkulunkulu wamaMaya kakhokho nabathengisi. Ngokwamazwi akhe:
"AmaMaya akhulela ukuziphilisa njengebhizinisi elihlangene, lapho umuntu, imvelo kanye nonkulunkulu baxhunyaniswa nezibopho zokuvumelana."
Ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaMayan, kwakuyisiko ukwenza amasiko amaningi ahlobene nokudla nokuhweba. Eminingi yale mikhuba unkulunkulu u-Ek Chuah wayevame ukuvela futhi ushokoledi wayedakwe ukuze amhloniphe.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: