I-Los onkulunkulu basezinganekwaneni zamaRoma ziwumkhiqizo wesiko elicebile neliyinkimbinkimbi, elivame ukucelwa ngemikhosi emikhulu, lapho kwakunikelwa khona imihlatshelo, ukuze abantu bathole izimfanelo ezinhle ezinikezwa yilaba nkulunkulu, ngokwamandla abo kanye nezicelo zezakhamuzi.
ngezinganekwane
I-Mythology iqoqo lezinganekwane ezixhumene nomphakathi noma ukholo oluthile. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa iRoma lasendulo ngokungangabazeki laliyisiko, linezinganekwane eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziningi zalo ezazizuza kubanduleli balo, amaGreki.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamasiko kwakusetshenziselwa ukuchaza nokukhulelwa onkulunkulu namafilosofi ayebusa ukwazi nokuziphatha kwabantu baseRoma ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngalo mqondo, inani elikhulu lonkulunkulu bamaRoma kanye nezinhlamvu zezinganekwane zikhonjwa, ezaziwa kakhulu yilabo abahlobene nonkulunkulu bamaGreki, abahlanganiswe nesiko lamaRoma, ezicini ezihlanganisa: izincwadi, ubuciko, impilo yenkolo, izinganekwane kanye ne-iconography. Ungakwazi futhi ukwazi onkulunkulu baseBuddhism, nakuba okwamanje sikumema ukuba ujabulele incazelo yalaba balingisi bamaRoma abamangalisayo.
Onkulunkulu abakhulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma
Emsuka wayo, izinganekwane zamaRoma zavela ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono nezinganekwane, emiphakathini eyahlukene eyakha iRoma lasendulo. Izindaba zokuqala mayelana nonkulunkulu bamaRoma zitshelwa ukuthi zazibhekana nezindaba ezihlobene kakhulu nemibono yomlando mayelana nesisekelo sabo nokuhlanganiswa kwabo njengabantu. Onkulunkulu abayishumi nambili abakhulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma yilaba:
I-Jupiter
Ulingana nonkulunkulu wamaGreki uZeus, wayeyindodana kaSaturn no-Ops. Waziwa njengoNkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka, ukukhanya nomkhathi nazo zonke izenzakalo zemvelo ezazihlobene naye, okuyizibopho zakhe: imvula, izivunguvungu nokuduma kwezulu. Ngokuvamile umelelwa ngomfanekiso wentonga, ukuduma kwezulu noma ukhozi.
Wayephinde adume ngokuba uYise wabo bonke oNkulunkulu, kanye nomgcini womthetho, ubulungisa kanye neqiniso.
Indaba isitshela ukuthi, ngemva kokusindiswa unina, unkulunkulukazi u-Ops, owayemfihle esiqhingini saseKrethe, wagumbuqela uyise eziphindiselela ngokushwabadela abafowabo, ngaleyo ndlela efinyelela esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ukuze uthole ireferensi, ithempeli elikhulu elinikezelwe kuJupiter lakhiwa eCapitoline Hill: "Ithempeli likaJupiter Optimus Maximus", elakhiwa cishe ngo-509 BC.
Juno
Ungowaphezulu olingana noHera eGreece, udadewabo kanye nomfazi kankulunkulu uJupiter, ngakho-ke indodakazi kaSaturn. Wayaziwa njengendlovukazi yonkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma futhi futhi umvikeli womshado, umama kanye nekhaya.
Isithombe sakhe esimmele simbonisa esesihlalweni sobukhosi, enomqhele nentonga yegolide. UJuno wayephinde abe ngunina kaMars noVulcan futhi kanye noJupiter, wayeyinhloko yesonto lamaRoma, ingxenye yoziqu-zintathu futhi ebhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi onguMama.
Volcano
Uzakwabo eGreece kwakunguHephaestus, ungunkulunkulu wemililo, izintaba-mlilo, umlilo kanye nomkhandi wezinsimbi. Indodana kaJupiter noJuno, kanye nomyeni kaVenus, ongathembekanga kuye ngeMars; uvezwa eyindoda endala, ekhubazekile, engathandeki.
Izimpawu zakhe ziyinhlaka nesando. Inganekwane ithi lapho ezalwa ekhubazekile, uJupiter wamwisa phezulu ezulwini kwathi lapho eshaya phansi, waphuka umlenze.
Ukuze kukhunjulwe i-Vulcan God, i-Vulcanalia yaqhutshwa, umkhosi owawungo-August 23, lapho kwenziwa imihlatshelo yezinhlanzi nezilwane ezincane kakhulu, ziphonswa emlilweni. Uyazi ukuthi iyiphi UNkulunkulu Womlilo Mesh? Ungafaka isixhumanisi uma ungathanda ukusithola.
Diana
U-Artemis ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, wayaziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi wokuzingela, ubuthakathi, inyanga nokuzwana, kanye nokuba umqaphi wemifula neziphethu. Wayeyindodakazi kaJupiter noLatona, naye ongudadewabo kaPhoebus.
Inganekwane ithi uJupiter wanikeza uDiana isifiso sokuhlala emsulwa futhi angalokothi ashade, ngendlela yokuthi lo nkulunkulukazi wancengwa abesifazane abayizintombi ababefuna ukuzivikela ekunukubezweni ngokobulili.
UDiana wayengumfanekiso oseduze wemvelo nomuntu kanye nezwe, nakuba kamuva waba unkulunkulukazi wenyanga; inkolo yakhe yayibonisa ubumsulwa.
Febo
Ulingana nonkulunkulu wamaGreki u-Apollo, indodana kaJupiter nomfowabo kaDiana. Ngakho, ubuhle, imidwebo, izinkondlo, isiprofetho nemithi kanye nehabhu lakhe, umnsalo nomcibisholo kummelela. Isithombe sakhe ngesomuntu onamandla, osemusha, onqunu.
Minerva
I-Athena yesiGreki. I-Guardian of Rome, eyaziwa njengonkulunkulukazi wolwazi nesayensi, kanye nosanta ongumvikeli wezingcweti. Uyindodakazi kaNkulunkulu uJupiter noMetis. Ubhekwa njengomunye wezithixo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-pantheon. Isigqoko, isihlangu, umkhonto, isihlahla somnqumo nesikhova kubonisa umfanekiso wakhe.
Kuthiwa wayengumngane kanye nesandla sokunene senkosi yakhe uJupiter, ngakho zonke izinqumo zokuphila kwakhe kwakuwukufeza intando yakhe.
Ngokusho kwezithombe eziqoshiwe noma imidwebo yangaleso sikhathi, unkulunkulukazi uMinerva unokubukeka okulula, ubuhle obuningi, isibindi, ukuhlakanipha nobukhosi; umfanekiso wakhe oweqhawe eliphethe isigqoko nesihlangu esandleni, ngokuvamile elibonakala limile.
Venus
U-Aphrodite eGreece ungunkulunkulukazi wothando, uthando, wenzalo, ubuhle nobulili. Indodakazi ka-Uranus nomkaVulcan, owayengathembekanga kuye ngoMars, u-Adonis no-Anchises. Indodana yakhe nguCupid.
Ziyawumelela: ijuba, inkemba, igobolondo lasolwandle kanye ne-apula lokungezwani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibalo sakhe siqu sibonisa inkanuko.
Kuthiwa ukukhanga kwakhe kwenza onkulunkulu abaningi bezinganekwane zamaRoma bafune ukummangalela, kuhlanganise noJupiter, kodwa uVenus wamenqaba, yingakho laba bamuva bamjezisa futhi bamenza umkaVulcan.
Pluto
Isithombe esimele emlandweni wamaRoma kanye nomlingani weHayidesi yamaGreki, wayeyindodana kaSaturn no-Ops, ngakho-ke umfowabo kaJupiter noNeptune. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumyeni kaProserpina.
Bekugqame ngokuba wunkulunkulu owaziwayo wangaphansi komhlaba, abangasekho nesihogo, bemele ukufa, yingakho emingcwabeni kucelwe ukuthi anike umufi ukuthula.
Neptune
Wayengumngane waphezulu kaPoseidon eGrisi. Unkulunkulu wezilwandle, wamahhashi, nokuzamazama komhlaba; umfanekiso wawo ungowontathu namahhashi amhlophe. Wayeyizibulo likaSaturn no-Ops, ngakho-ke umfowabo kaJupiter.
Indaba ephathelene neNeptune ithi izidalwa zasolwandle zazimkweleta ukuhlonipha futhi ngenxa yalokhu wacelwa abadobi namatilosi, ukuze babambise kahle futhi bathulise ulwandle.
Inganekwane ichaza ukuthi uNeptune wathatha indawo engaphansi kolwandle, eyithatha njengendawo yakhe yokuhlala. Wakha khona umbuso nenqaba enkulu; ngonxantathu wakhe wakha amagagasi olwandle, wadala nemithombo egeleza lapho ethanda khona. Lapho intukuthelo yakhe isicasukile, wayekwazi ukubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu nokubhubhisayo.
Mars
Ebizwa eGreece, Ares, ubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wempi, izimpi, ubunzima, isibindi nobuntu. Emfanekisweni wakhe uboniswa njengeqhawe eliphethe inkemba, isihlangu nomkhonto.
Utuswa ukuthi unamandla okuvikela ibutho ezimbangini zalo futhi aliholele ekunqobeni yingakho linxuswe amasosha namaqhawe. Inkolo yakhe ihlanganiswe nenkolelo yokuthi wayevikela abantu abasha ngaphezu kwakho konke, lapho benezinkinga noma izingxabano.
K Es Es Escha! Escha Escha! Escha Escha! Escha!
Waziwa ngokuthi uMercurius, ulingana noHermes, ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki. Wayengomunye wonkulunkulu bokugcina ukuba bamukelwe njengonkulunkulu. Wayeyindodana kaJupiter noMaya, ekhonjwe yiPegasus, iCaduceus kanye nezimbadada ezinamaphiko.
Wayengunkulunkulu wezohwebo, umgcini wabahambi kanye nomqondisi emizileni yabo. Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi abathengisi bamcela ukuthi bathole imali enkulu emabhizinisini abo.
Wakhunjulwa emkhosini owaziwa ngokuthi iMercuralia, cishe owawungoMeyi 15.
I-Baco
Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, unguDionysus, uye wabhekwa njengonkulunkulu wewayini nomdanso, kanye nomgqugquzeli we-delirium ne-ecstasy. Uphinde waboniswa njengensizwa ekhangayo, evame ukuphatha ibhodlela lewayini noma isixha samagilebhisi. Wayeyindodana kaJupiter nowesifazane womuntu ogama lakhe linguSemele.
U-Bacchus wacelwa ukuba andise isivuno samagilebhisi futhi ngaleyo ndlela athole iwayini elimnandi, kuye kwashiwo ukuthi wayehlonishwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngabesifazane ababecula, bephuza futhi babe nobuhlobo bobulili egameni lakhe phakathi nenkolo yakhe, ngenxa yalokhu, ukuxhwala nokuxeketha kubangelwa kuye njengobuhle.
Abanye Onkulunkulu Bezinganekwane ZaseRoma
Inganekwane yamaRoma ekuqaleni kwayo, yayiyisiko elithuthukisiwe, kodwa yayingenakho ukuhambisana emsuka wonkulunkulu nezinkolelo zayo, yingakho zazibukeka njengeqoqo lezindaba ezihlukene ngokwengxenye futhi ngaphandle kokuqhubeka.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinganekwane zamaRoma asendulo zavela futhi zagqugquzelwa eminye imibono, ikakhulukazi izinganekwane zamaGreki, ukuze zizivumelanise namafilosofi azo okholo.
Ngale ndlela yokuthi kwakhiwe isakhiwo somlando esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esinomlando wonkulunkulu, okwaholela ekuqanjweni kwezinhlobo ezimbili zonkulunkulu, bathi indigetes futhi i amanoveli.
Okulandelayo, uzokwazi ukuthola imininingwane yalab' onkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma ezigabeni zabo ezimbili, nakuba bengabonwa njengabayinhloko, kodwa ngokubaluleka komlando kubantu baseRoma:
ISaturn: uyise kaJupiter kanye nomyeni we-Ops, owaziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulu wezolimo nokuvuna. Umelelwe njengekhehla, elivame ukugoba, elinentshebe eningi, nesikela esandleni sobunxele. Ukuze kuhlonishwe lo nkulunkulu, "Los Saturnales" kwabanjwa, umkhosi, owenziwa cishe kusukela Disemba 17 kuya 24.
Inganekwane yakhe yembula ukuthi uSaturn wayeyindodana encane futhi ngakho-ke akufanele abuse, esikhundleni salokho inkosi izoba nguTitan, kodwa lo wakamuva wanikeza uSaturn igunya lokubusa, inqobo nje uma engazange akhulise izingane.
Ngalo mqondo, uSaturn wagcwalisa isithembiso; nokho, ngokushada no-Ops waqala ukuzala izingane eziningi, kodwa ngenxa yesifungo ayesenze kumfowabo, wanquma ukuzidla.
I-Hercules: Kungumfanekiso ka-demigod, indodana kaJupiter no-Alcmene, okulingana noHeracles ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki. Inkolo yakhe iyayazisa imisebenzi emikhulu eyishumi nambili noma imisebenzi ayenzile, eyamholela ebunkulunkulwini.
Amaqiniso: lihambisana negama langempela likankulunkulukazi weqiniso ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zaseRoma, owaziwa ngokuba indodakazi kaSaturn (unkulunkulu wangaleso sikhathi) kanye nomama kaVirtus, owayemelela ubuhle.
I-Cupid: Ubizwa ngokuthi unkulunkulu wothando, ezinye izincazelo zithi uyindodana kaVenus (unkulunkulukazi wothando, wenzalo nobulili) kanye noMars (unkulunkulu wempi nezimpi). Uvezwa njengomfana onamaphiko, amehlo avaliwe kanye nomcibisholo. Ilingana ne-Greek Eros.
Siyakuhalalisela: Ebhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wempumelelo ezinganekwaneni zamaRoma, wayewuphawu lwenhlanhla nempumelelo ehlobene nengcebo nengcebo. Yayinokuxhumana okuhle okuhle nokholo futhi yavela emathempelini nasezinhlamvu zemali, futhi yaze yacelwa amatilosi namatilosi ngoba, ngokombono wabo, yabasiza ukuba babe nohambo olushelelayo.
eRoma: unkulunkulukazi owayehlanganisa lonke idolobha laseRoma, wayehlukaniswa ngokugqoka ingubo ende nesigqoko sokuzivikela; umfanekiso wakhe ungowowesifazane ohlezi endaweni efana ne-Athena yamaGreki.
I-Earth Mater: igama likankulunkulukazi wamaRoma woMhlaba. AmaRoma amcela ukuba athole izilimo ezinempilo futhi agweme izinhlekelele zemvelo; limelelwa ngamaqoqo ezimbali noma izithelo.
Ukuphepha: wayengumfanekiso wenhlalakahle nokuthula komuntu, wayeyindodakazi kaDisciplina futhi odadewabo kwakungoHumanitas, Frugalitas kanye no-Auctoritas.
I-Nerio: Ekukholweni kwamaRoma asendulo, wayengunkulunkulukazi wempi futhi ewuphawu lwesibindi, ehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi uMinerva.
Ama-Faustites: Wayenomsebenzi wokuvikela imihlambi nezinkomo.Izinganekwane zithi wayehamba noCeres benqamula amapulazi ukuze balondoloze ukuzala kwabo futhi baqinisekise isivuno esiyimpumelelo.
ICeres: Kungumfanekiso wamaRoma kankulunkulukazi wezolimo, inganekwane yakhe ithi wafundisa abalimi izimfihlo zokutshala nokulima umhlabathi, kanye nokuklama nokwenza isinkwa.
I-Vesta: kusho umlilo kanye nemizwelo. Unkulunkulukazi weziko njengento engcwele; ubunjalo bayo nabazali bayo abaqiniseki.
I-Fortuna: ekuqaleni kokholo lwamaRoma lalimele ukuguquguquka kwempilo futhi kamuva laba isithombe senhlanhla.
Ukunqoba: lalimelela impumelelo etholwa amasosha ngokumelene nezitha, egameni lalo kwenziwa imibukiso emikhulu yezempi.
Ama-indigetes kanye nama-novensides
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, izinganekwane ezithakazelisayo beziyingxenye yomlando wendawo yonke kanye nezinganekwane. Ngakho imiphakathi iye yakhangwa yila maqiniso, njengoba kunjalo ngezinganekwane zamaRoma. Lokhu kwaba umphumela wokuhlangana kwemiqondo kanye nobuningi bamasiko akha isifunda saseRoma lasendulo.
Onkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma babekhulekelwa kwaze kwaba yilapho ukholo lweJudeo-Christian lukhona. Lena yindlela abaye baqala ngayo emlandweni wabo siqu nasemphakathini wabo, nokho, futhi ethonyeni lezinye izinganekwane, njengesiGreki nesiFenike.
Ngale ndlela, inkolo yamaRoma okuvela kuyo onkulunkulu bawo, yayigxile eqoqweni lezimiso ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho zithatha amazwe futhi zihlanganisa izinkolelo zenkolo noma ezingaphezu kwemvelo zamasiko anqotshiwe.
Yile ndlela izindaba zokuqala zonkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaRoma ezibhekisele ngaphezu kwakho konke emasikweni omlando mayelana nesisekelo sabo nokuhlanganiswa kwabo njengabantu.
Imisebenzi yemikhosi yamaRoma asendulo yayihlukanisa ngokukhethekile amaqembu amabili onkulunkulu bokuqala esifundazweni saseRoma: The bathi indigetes, igama nobukhona babo kwakusikiselwa amagama abapristi abadala kanye nemikhosi yekhalenda.
Laba nkulunkulu ama-di indigetes babonisa ukuthi abantu baseRoma kanye nempucuko yabo babengazinikezele ekutshaleni kuphela, kodwa ngokuvamile babehlonyiselwe impi noma impi. Babenonkulunkulu bazo zonke izidingo ezivamile zokuphila, nemikhuba ehlobene nemikhuba ehlukahlukene eyenziwa umphakathi wamaRoma.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ninsides, okwakungonkulunkulu bakamuva izinkolo zabo zathuthukiswa edolobheni, phakathi nenkathi yomlando, ngokuvamile ngosuku olwaziwayo futhi olwaluhlobene nesimo esithile sangaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphandle kwama- di indigetes, onkulunkulu bokuqala bamaRoma babehlanganisa nenani lalabo ababebizwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu abakhethekile amagama abo ayebizwa lapho benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokulima. Lezi zithixo zingafakwa ohlwini ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile lezisizi, noma onkulunkulu abasizayo, abacelwa kanye nonkulunkulu abakhulu.
Kwesinye isici, kukhona onkulunkulu bezinye izizwe ababedalwe amazwe amasha azuzwa amaRoma, njengoba ngempucuko yanamuhla eyaziwayo, abanye onkulunkulu nabo beza bazokhulekela futhi bamukelwa ngokushesha yibo.
Uma ukuthandile okuqukethwe kwalokhu okuthunyelwe; Sikumema ngokufudumele ukuthi ujabulele izihloko ezithakazelisayo ezilandelayo: