Enkolweni yomdabu yaseJapane, kunenkolelo yokuthi kukhona uKami noma unkulunkulu wayo yonke into exhunyaniswa nezimfanelo ezinhle, amasiko, ubungcweti, izenzakalo zezulu, ngisho nezihlahla nezintaba. Ngakho-ke, sifuna ukukumema ngale ncwadi ukuba uhlangane nabathile onkulunkulu baseJapan kanye nomlando omncane wezinganekwane ngamunye.
Bayini Onkulunkulu BaseJapane?
Lapho sibhekisela konkulunkulu baseJapane, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi eziningi zezinganekwane nezinkolelo-ze zithathwe emlandweni wendabuko wobuShinto, okungenye yezinkolo eziyinhloko zaseJapane. Futhi okuthakazelisayo ngokwanele, njengobuHindu, ubuShinto noma i-kami-no-michi ("indlela yonkulunkulu") iyindlela yenkolo ekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi ebangelwa isiko laseJapane elixubile kakhulu emlandweni wonke.
Empeleni ubuShinto, ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umsunguli omenyezelwe noma izimiso ezimisiwe, bungabonakala njengokuvela kwezinkolelo zezilwane zendawo zesiko lamaYayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) ezazithonywe kakhulu ubuBuddha ngisho nobuHindu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Uma kubhekwa uhlobo lwalezi zinganekwane zendawo (ezixutshwe nezinganekwane zezinhlangano ezihlonishwayo ezivela kubuBuddha nobuHindu), onkulunkulu baseJapane bangonkulunkulu abasekelwe ngokuyinhloko kuma-kami, imimoya yezinganekwane kanye nezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo zomhlaba.
Ngokomlando, eyokuqala yalezi zinganekwane yabhalwa phansi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ngaleyo ndlela yasebenza njengesifanekiso esimisiwe (noma okungenani esenziwe okuvamile) sesonto lamaShinto engxenyeni enkulu yeJapane. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, iningi lezindaba zezinganekwane zonkulunkulu baseJapane zithathwe ezincwadini ezihlanganisiwe:
- I-Kojiki (circa 708-714 AD)
- U-Nihon Shoki (circa 720 AD)
- I-Kogoshui yekhulu lesi-XNUMX (owahlanganisa inganekwane yomlomo engekho emibhalweni emibili yangaphambili ehlanganisiwe).
Okulandelayo, abanye onkulunkulu baseJapan bethulwa nengxenye yendaba yenganekwane ebazungezile, bese kuthi izimfanelo zomunye ngamunye zicaciswe, yilezi:
U-Izanami no-Izanagi - Onkulunkulu baseJapane bokuqala bendalo
Njengezinganekwane eziningi zokudala, inganekwane yamaShinto yaseJapane ihlanganisa nonkulunkulu basendulo ababizwa ngokuthi u-Izanagi (Izanagi no Mikoto noma 'omema') kanye no-Izanami (Izanami no Mikoto noma 'omema'), i-duo yomfowethu nodadewabo. ababonwa njengezidalwa zaphezulu ezaletha ukuhleleka olwandle lwesiphithiphithi ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka, zakha indawo yokuqala yomhlaba ngesimo se-Onogoro Island.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukulandisa okuningi kuyavuma ukuthi kwaqondiswa isizukulwane sangaphambili sika-kami (izidalwa ezinjengonkulunkulu) esasihlala ethafeni lasemkhathini. Okuthakazelisa nakakhulu indlela laba ababili abadale ngayo inhlabathi, ngokuma ebhulohweni noma ezitebhisini eziya ezulwini (Ama-no-hashidate) futhi benyakazisa ulwandle oluyaluzayo ngezansi ngomkhonto wabo ogqitshwe ngamatshe ayigugu, okuholela esiqhingini sase-Onogoro.
Nokho, naphezu kobuhlakani babo obusobala izinto azizange zithandeke ngokushesha, futhi ukuhlangana kwabo kokuqala kwadala inzalo engahlelekile: unkulunkulu uHiruko (noma u-Ebisu, okukhulunywe ngaye kamuva esihlokweni). U-Izanagi no-Izanami baqhubeka nokudala inqwaba yezwe futhi bazala ezinye izinhlangano zaphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kwaholela eziqhingini eziyinhloko eziyisishiyagalombili zaseJapane kanye nama-kami angaphezu kuka-800.
Ngeshwa, ohlelweni olunzima lokudala, u-Izanami wafa ngenxa yobuhlungu obuvuthayo bokuzala uKagutsuchi, unkulunkulu womlilo waseJapane; futhi ngenxa yalokho ithunyelwa ngaphansi komhlaba (Yomi). U-Izanagi owayedabukile walandela udadewabo u-Izanami waya ezweni elingaphansi futhi wakwazi ngisho nokukholisa isizukulwane sangaphambili sonkulunkulu ukuba simvumele ukuba abuyele endaweni yabaphilayo.
Kodwa umzalwane, ephelelwa isineke sokulinda isikhathi eside, ubheka ngaphambi kwesikhathi isimo sikadadewabo “esingafi,” esasifana nesidumbu esibolayo. Inqwaba ye-kami yokuduma ethukuthele enamathiselwe kulo mzimba yaxosha u-Izanagi ngaphandle komhlaba, futhi wacishe waphunyuka e-Yomi ngokuvimba umnyango ngetshe elikhulu.
Kamuva lokhu kwalandelwa isiko lokuhlanza, u-Izanagi adala ngalo ngokungaqondile onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi baseJapane abengeziwe ( Mihashira-no-uzunomiko ), njengoAmaterasu unkulunkulukazi welanga owazalwa ngokugezwa kweso lakhe lesokunxele; UTsuki-yomi unkulunkulu wenyanga owazalwa ngokugezwa kweso lakhe langakwesokudla, noSusanoo unkulunkulu wesiphepho owazalwa ekhaleni lakhe. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, esikweni lobuShinto ukuhlanza (i-harai) kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni ezingcwele.
U-Yebisu - unkulunkulu waseJapane wenhlanhla nabadobi
Njengoba sishilo ekuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini kuka-Hiruko, umntwana wokuqala we-primordial duo u-Izanagi no-Izanami, wazalwa esesimweni esikhubazekile, okwathi ngokusho kwenganekwane kwakungenxa yesiphambeko esimisweni sabo somshado. Nokho, kwezinye izindaba, uHiruko kamuva wahlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu wamaJapane uYebisu (mhlawumbe enkathini ephakathi), unkulunkulu wabadobi nenhlanhla. Ngalowo mqondo, inganekwane ka-Yebisu ngokunokwenzeka yashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nohlu lozalo lwakhe lwaphezulu (kanye nelomdabu) phakathi kwama-kami aseJapane.
Empeleni, uYebisu (noma uHiruko), owazalwa engenamathambo, kuthiwa wakhukhuleka olwandle eneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Naphezu kwalesi sahlulelo sokuziphatha okubi, umfana ngenhlanhla ngandlela-thile wakwazi ukwehla no-Ebisu Saburo othile. Umfana wabe esekhula ebunzimeni obuhlukahlukene ukuze azibize ngokuthi u-Ebisu noma u-Yebisu, ngaleyo ndlela eba unkulunkulu ongumvikeli wabadobi, izingane, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ingcebo nengcebo.
Maqondana nalesi sici sakamuva, u-Yebisu uvame ukubhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu abakhulu Bonkulunkulu Benhlanhla Abayisikhombisa (uShichifukujin), ukulandisa kwabo kuthonywa inganekwane yendawo ngokuphikisana nethonya langaphandle.
Mayelana nemidlalo, naphezu kobunzima bakhe obuningi u-Yebisu ulondoloza amahlaya akhe okuhlekisa (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "unkulunkulu wokuhleka") futhi ugqoke ikepisi elide, elicijile eligoqwe phakathi elibizwa ngokuthi i-kazaori eboshi. Okuthakazelisayo, u-Yebisu futhi ungunkulunkulu we-jellyfish, uma kubhekwa isimo sakhe sokuqala esingenamathambo.
Kagutsuchi: unkulunkulu waseJapane womlilo obhubhisayo
Unkulunkulu womlilo waseJapane uKagutsuchi (noma uHomusubi - "okhanyisa umlilo"), wayengomunye wozalo luka-Izanagi no-Izanami bokuqala. Ngokudabukisayo okudabukisayo, ingqikithi yakhe evuthayo yashisa umama wakhe u-Izanami, okwaholela ekufeni kwakhe nasekuhambeni kwakhe ezweni elingaphansi. Ethukuthele futhi eziphindiselela, uyise u-Izanagi waqala ukusika ikhanda likaKagutsuchi, futhi igazi elichithiwe laholela ekudalweni kwe-kami eyengeziwe kuhlanganise nonkulunkulu bokuduma kwezempi, onkulunkulu bezintaba, ngisho nonkulunkulu wedrako.
Kafushane nje, uKagutsuchi wayebhekwa njengokhokho wezithixo ezihlukahlukene ezikude, ezinamandla, nezinamandla, ngisho nokwakhiwa kwensimbi nezikhali eJapane (mhlawumbe ebonisa ithonya langaphandle kwezikhali ezahlukene eJapane).
Ngokuqondene nomlando nohlangothi lwezindaba zamasiko, uKagutsuchi njengonkulunkulu womlilo wabonwa njengomenzeli wokucekela phansi izakhiwo zaseJapane nezakhiwo ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngokhuni nezinye izinto ezivuthayo. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi enkolweni yobuShinto, iba isikhungo semikhuba ehlukene yokushweleza, ngomkhosi weHo-shizume-no-matsuri, isiko lasebukhosini elaliklanyelwe ukuvimbela imiphumela ebhubhisayo yeKagutsuchi izikhathi eziyisithupha. izinyanga.
U-Amaterasu - unkulunkulukazi waseJapane welanga eliphumayo
U-Amaterasu noma u-Amaterasu Omikami ('i-kami yasezulwini ekhanya esibhakabhakeni'), owaziwa nangokuthi Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami ('ilanga elikhulu le-kami'), ukhulekelwa njengonkulunkulukazi ilanga kanye nombusi wendawo ye-kami: I-High Heavenly Plain noma i-Takama no-Hara. Ngezindlela eziningi, njengendlovukazi ye-kami usekela ubukhulu, ukuhleleka, nokuhlanzeka kwelanga eliphumayo, kuyilapho futhi engukhokho wenganekwane womndeni wasebukhosini baseJapane (ngaleyo ndlela ebhekisela ohlwini lwakhe lwenganekwane esikweni lamaJapane).
I-epithet yakhe iphakamisa indima yakhe njengomholi wonkulunkulu, ngokubusa okunikezwe ngokuqondile uyise u-Izanagi umdali wonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi baseJapane abaningi. Ngalowo mqondo, enye yezinganekwane zamaShinto ezibalulekile ilandisa ngendlela u-Amaterasu ngokwakhe njengomunye wamaMihashira-no-uzunomiko, azalwa ngayo ngenxa yokuhlanzwa kweso lesobunxele lika-Izanagi (njengoba kushiwo ngenhla).
Enye inganekwane ethandwayo iphathelene nendlela u-Amaterasu azivalela ngayo emhumeni ngemva kokuba nengxabano enobudlova nomfowabo, uSusanoo unkulunkulu wesiphepho. Ngeshwa emhlabeni, i-aura yakhe ekhazimulayo (eyenza ilanga elikhanyayo) yafihlwa, ngaleyo ndlela yamboza amazwe ebumnyameni obuphelele. Futhi kwaba ngemva kochungechunge lweziphazamiso zobungane kanye nemigilingwane eqanjwe abanye onkulunkulu baseJapane lapho aqiniseka khona ukuthi awushiye umhume, waphinde waphumela ekufikeni kokukhanya kwelanga okukhazimulayo.
Ngokuhlakanipha kozalo ngokwesiko, umugqa wobukhosi waseJapan ususelwa enganekwaneni kumzukulu ka-Amaterasu u-Ninigi-no-Mikoto, owanikezwa ububusi boMhlaba ngugogo wakhe. Ngasohlangothini lwezindaba ezingokomlando, u-Amaterasu (noma unkulunkulu olingana naye) wayelokhu ebalulekile emazweni aseJapane, enemikhaya eminingi ehloniphekile ethi ungowozalo lukankulunkulu welanga. Kodwa ukuvelela kwayo kwanda kakhulu ngemva kokubuyiselwa kweMeiji, ngokuvumelana nezimfundiso zenkolo yezwe lobuShinto.
Tsukiyomi - unkulunkulu waseJapane wenyanga
Ngokuphambene nezinganekwane eziningi zaseNtshonalanga, unkulunkulu weNyanga eShintoism yaseJapane uyindoda, unikezwe i-epithet Tsukiyomi no Mikoto noma umane uTsukiyomi (i-tsuku cishe isho "inyanga yenyanga" futhi yomi ibhekisela "ekufundeni"). Ungomunye weMihashira-no-uzunomiko ezalwa ngokugezwa kweso langakwesokudla lika-Izanagi, okumenza umfowabo ka-Amaterasu unkulunkulukazi welanga. Kwezinye izinganekwane, izalwa esibukweni sethusi esimhlophe esibanjwe esandleni sokunene sika-Izanagi.
Ngokuqondene nendaba eyinganekwane, uTsukiyomi unkulunkulu wenyanga washada nodadewabo u-Amaterasu unkulunkulukazi welanga, ngaleyo ndlela evumela ukuhlangana kwelanga nenyanga esibhakabhakeni esifanayo. Kodwa-ke, ubuhlobo baphuka ngokushesha lapho uTsukiyomi ebulala u-Uke Mochi unkulunkulukazi wokudla.
Lesi senzo esinyantisayo senziwa ngokunengeka ngesikhathi unkulunkulu wenyanga ebona u-Uke Mochi ekhafula ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Esabela, u-Amaterasu wahlukana neTsukiyomi ngokuthuthela kwenye ingxenye yesibhakabhaka ngaleyo ndlela enze imini nobusuku kuhlukane ngokuphelele.
USusanoo: unkulunkulu waseJapane wezilwandle neziphepho
Wazalelwa ekhaleni lika-Izanagi uyise wonkulunkulu baseJapane. USusanoo wayeyilungu le-trio ye-Mihashira-no-uzunomiko, eyamenza umfowabo ka-Amaterasu noTsukiyomi. Ngokuphathelene nezimfanelo zakhe, uSusanoo wabonwa njengekami onolaka futhi odangele ojwayele ukushintshashintsha kwemizwa, ngaleyo ndlela ebhekisela emandleni akhe phezu kwezivunguvungu ezihlala zishintsha.
Ngokwenganekwane, ukuguquguquka kwemvelo yomusa wakhe (kanye nobudlova) kudlulela nasezilwandle nasemoyeni eduze nogu, lapho kutholakala khona izindawo zakhe eziningi ezingcwele eningizimu yeJapan. Ekhuluma ngezinganekwane, uSusanoo uvame ukubungazwa ezinganekwaneni zamaShinto njengompetha onobuqili owanqoba udrako omubi (noma inyoka enkulukazi) u-Yamata-no-Orochi ngokunquma wonke amakhanda akhe ayishumi ngemva kokuwaphuza ngotshwala.
Ngemva kokuhlangana, wabuyisa inkemba edumile ethi Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi futhi wazuza isandla sowesifazane amsindisa kudrako. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSusanoo naye uvezwa ngokukhanya okungekuhle (ngaleyo ndlela ebonisa isimo esinesiyaluyalu sikankulunkulu wesiphepho), ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa embangweni wakhe no-Amaterasu umholi nonkulunkulukazi welanga we-kami.
Ngesinye isikhathi ukudelela kwabo bobabili kwaba muncu, futhi intukuthelo kaSusanoo yadlanga ecekela phansi amasimu elayisi kankulunkulukazi welanga waze wabulala nesinye sezikhonzi zakhe. Ephendula, u-Amaterasu othukuthele wahlehla emhumeni omnyama, kanjalo ehlwitha ukukhanya kwakhe kwaphezulu emhlabeni, kuyilapho uSusanoo ohlale ehlokoma exoshwa ezulwini.
URaijin noFūjin: onkulunkulu besimo sezulu baseJapan
Ekhuluma ngezivunguvungu kanye nokubili komlingiswa, u-Raijin no-Fujin babhekwa njenge-kami enamandla yezakhi zemvelo ezingaba mnandi noma zingajabulisi ebunzimeni bomuntu ofayo. Ukuze kube njalo, uRaijin ungunkulunkulu wokuduma nombani odedela izivunguvungu zakhe ngokuphatha isando sakhe futhi ashaye izigubhu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uRaijin uvezwa eneminwe emithathu, ngamunye umele okwedlule, okwamanje, nekusasa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Fujin, iyi-kami esabekayo nesabekayo yemimoya, ethwele ingxenye yayo enhle yezivunguvungu nokuvunguza esikhwameni emahlombe akhe. Ngokwezinye izinganekwane, kwakunguFujin owasindisa iJapane phakathi nokuhlasela kwamaMongol ngokudedela isishingishane phezu kwemikhumbi eyayisondela, kamuva eyaqanjwa ngokuthi i-kamikaze (“umoya waphezulu”).
Nokho, ezinye izinganekwane ezihlobene namaSamurai ziwubiza ngokuthi umsebenzi kaHachiman unkulunkulu wempi (okuxoxwe ngawo kamuva esihlokweni). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kunombono wokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi uFujin waphefumulelwa unkulunkulu wamaGreki namaBuddha uWardo (owayekhulekelwa eduze noSilk Road), naye owasuselwa kunkulunkulu womoya wamaGreki uBoreas.
U-Ame-no-Uzume: unkulunkulukazi waseJapane wokuntwela kokusa nokudansa
Unkulunkulu wesifazane odlalayo wokuntwela kokusa (okwamenza ngandlela thize umsizi ka-Amaterasu, unkulunkulu welanga), u-Ame-no-Uzume naye wamukela ukuzenzakalela kwemvelo. Lesi sici sokugcina simenze waba unkulunkulukazi ongumvikeli wezinto zokusungula nezobuciko obudlalwayo, okuhlanganisa nokudansa. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, enye yezinganekwane eziyinhloko zobuShinto iphathelene nendlela u-Amaterasu, unkulunkulukazi welanga, azivalela ngayo emhumeni omnyama ngemva kokulwa noSusanoo, unkulunkulu wesiphepho; okwaholela ekufikeni kobumnyama phezu kwamazulu nomhlaba.
Ngakho-ke, emzamweni wokuphazamisa enye i-kami ekhathazekile u-Ame-no-Uzume, ngenxa yokuzenzakalela kwakhe okungokwemvelo nokudala, wazimboza ngamahlamvu esihlahla sika-Sakaki wabe eseqala ukukhala ngenjabulo futhi walandelisa ngomdanso ojabulisayo phezulu. yesikhulumi; waze waphendukela ekukhumuleni izingubo zakhe, ebangela ukuzijabulisa phakathi kwabanye onkulunkulu abaqala ukubhonga ngenjabulo nokuhleka. Injabulo eyaba umphumela yaqondisa ilukuluku lika-Amaterasu, owagcina ephumile emhumeni wakhe futhi ngaleyondlela umhlaba waphinde wambozwa ukukhanya kwelanga okukhazimulayo.
U-Hachiman: unkulunkulu waseJapane wempi nokucibishela
U-Hachiman (obuye abizwe ngokuthi Yahata no kami) uchaza ukuvumelanisa phakathi kobuShinto nobuBuddha ekuqaleni kweJapane yenkathi ephakathi. Ehlonishwa njengonkulunkulu wempi, umcibisholo, isiko, ngisho nokubhula, kungenzeka ukuthi unkulunkulu wavela (noma wakhula ngokubaluleka) ngokusungulwa kwezindawo ezingcwele zamaBuddha ezweni cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD.
Ukuze kube njalo, esibonelweni sakudala sokugqagqana kwamasiko, u-Hachiman i-war kami ubuye ahlonishwe njenge-bodhisattva (unkulunkulu wamaBuddha wamaJapane) osebenza njengomnakekeli ogxilile wezindawo ezingcwele eziningi eJapane.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhlangana kwakhe okujulile nempi namasiko, u-Hachiman kuthiwa wenza ama-avatar akhe adlulisele ifa nomthelela womphakathi waseJapane okhulayo. Ngalowo mqondo, enganekwaneni, omunye wama-avatar akhe wawuhlala njengo-Empress Jingu owahlasela i-Korea, kanti omunye wazalwa kabusha njengendodana yakhe uMbusi u-Ojin (cishe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD) owabuyisela izazi zaseShayina nezaseKorea ezweni lakhe.
U-Hachiman uphinde wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba unkulunkulu ongumvikeli womndeni wakwaMinamoto onethonya (cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD), owaqhubekisela phambili injongo yawo yezepolitiki futhi wafuna uhlu lozalo luka-Ojin owayeyinganekwane encane. Ngokuqondene nenye yezinganekwane ezithandwayo, kwakunguHachiman owasindisa iJapane phakathi nokuhlasela kwamaMongol ngokudedela isishingishane emkhunjini osondelayo, kamuva owaqanjwa ngokuthi i-kamikaze (“umoya waphezulu”).
I-Inari: unkulunkulu waseJapane wezolimo (irayisi), ezentengiselwano, nezinkemba
Ethathwa njengomunye wama-kami ahlonishwa kakhulu kuhlelo lwamaShinto, i-Inari, evame ukuvezwa ngobulili obubili (ngezinye izikhathi owesilisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi owesifazane), ungunkulunkulu werayisi (noma insimu yerayisi), ngaleyo ndlela ebhekisela ekuhlotshaneni nokuchuma, ezolimo kanye nensada. kwemikhiqizo. Ngokuphathelene nokwangaphambili, u-Inari wayehlonishwa futhi njengonkulunkulu ongumvikeli wabathengisi, abaculi, ngisho nabakhandi bensimbi; kwezinye izindaba zezinganekwane, uthathwa njengenzalo kaSusanoo, unkulunkulu wesiphepho.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ebonisa ubulili obungacacile bukankulunkulu (owayevame ukuvezwa njengekhehla, kanti kwezinye izimo, wayevezwa njengowesifazane onekhanda lempungushe noma ephelezelwa izimpungushe), u-Inari wabuye wabonakala namanye ama-kami amaningana aseJapane. .
Ngokwesibonelo, emasikweni obuShinto, u-Inari wayehlotshaniswa nemimoya enomusa njengoHettsui-no-kami (unkulunkulukazi wokupheka) no-Uke Mochi (unkulunkulukazi wokudla). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emasikweni amaBuddha, u-Inari uhlonishwa njengoChinjugami (umvikeli wamathempeli) kanye noDakiniten, osuselwa kunkulunkulu wamaHindu-Buddhist wama-dakini noma unkulunkulukazi wasezulwini.
I-Kannon: unkulunkulu waseJapane wesihe nobubele
Ekhuluma ngamasiko amaBuddha kanye nethonya lawo kunkulunkulu bomdabu, uKannon ungomunye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamaBuddha eJapan. Ehlonishwa njengonkulunkulu wesihe, ububele, ngisho nezilwane ezifuywayo, lo nkulunkulu ukhulekelwa njengeBodhisattva.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokungafani nokudluliselwa okuqondile okuvela eShayina, isibalo seKannon cishe sithathwe ku-Avalokitêśvara, unkulunkulu wamaNdiya, ogama lakhe lesiSanskrit lihunyushwa ngokuthi "INkosi Ehlonipha Konke". Ukuze benze lokho, abalandeli abaningi baseJapane babheka ngisho nepharadesi likaKannon, iFudarakusen, njengeliseningizimu ekude yeNdiya.
Ohlelweni lwezinto ezingokwenkolo nezingokwenganekwane, iKannon njengabanye onkulunkulu baseJapane inokwehluka kwayo ngendlela yobulili, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa izici zayo nokuhlotshaniswa kwayo. Isibonelo, ngendlela yesifazane ye-Koyasu Kannon imele isici sokuzala; kuyilapho esesimweni sikaJibo Kannon, umele umama onothando.
Ngokunjalo, uKannon uhlonishwa nakwamanye amahlelo enkolo aseJapan: kubuShinto ungumlandeli we-Amaterasu, kanti ebuKristwini uhlonishwa njengoMaria Kannon (olingana neNcasakazi uMariya).
Jizo: unkulunkulu ongumnakekeli waseJapan wabahambi nabantwana
Enye i-Bodhisattva phakathi konkulunkulu baseJapane, uJizo ohlale ethandwa ohlonishwa njengomvikeli wezingane, ababuthakathaka, nabahambi. Engowangaphambili, ekulandiseni kwenganekwane uJizo wayenomsebenzi ojulile wokudambisa ukuhlupheka kwemiphefumulo elahlekile esihogweni futhi ayibuyisele epharadesi lasentshonalanga lika-Amida (omunye wezithixo eziyinhloko zamaBuddha zamaJapane), indiza lapho kukhululwa imiphefumulo. ukuzalwa kabusha kwe-karmic.
Ngohlelo oludabukisayo lwamasiko amaBuddha, izingane ezingakazalwa (kanye nezingane ezincane ezandulela abazali bazo) azinaso isikhathi eMhlabeni sokugcwalisa i-karma yazo, ngakho-ke zivalelwe esihlanzweni semiphefumulo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kaJizo uba umqoka kakhulu ekusizeni le miphefumulo yezingane ngokuyithwala ngemikhono yengubo yakhe.
Ngokuqondene nobuso bukaJizo obujabule, unkulunkulu waseJapane onobuntu obuhle uvame ukuvezwa njengendela nje egwema noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemihlobiso ewubukhazikhazi nesignali, njengoba ifanele unkulunkulu obalulekile wamaJapane.
I-Tenjin: unkulunkulu waseJapane wezemfundo, izincwadi, kanye ne-scholarship
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lo nkulunkulu wake waba ngumuntu ovamile ogama lakhe linguSugawara no Michizane, isazi nembongi eyaphila phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. UMichizane wayeyilungu eliphezulu leNkantolo YaseHeian, kodwa wenza izitha zeFujiwara Clan, futhi ekugcineni baphumelela ukuba axoshwe enkantolo. Njengoba izitha eziningi nezimbangi zikaMichizane ziqala ukufa ngamunye ngamunye eminyakeni ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kwaqala ukusabalala amahlebezi okuthi wayeyisifundiswa esihlazekile esasisebenza ngale kwethuna.
Ekugcineni uMichizane wangcweliswa futhi wenziwa unkulunkulu emzamweni wokushweleza umoya wakhe ongaphumuli futhi wethiwa igama elithi Tenjin (unkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka) ukuphawula inguquko. Abafundi abanethemba losizo ezivivinyweni bavame ukuvakashela izindawo ezingcwele zaseTenjin.
U-Benzaiten: Unkulunkulukazi wothando waseJapane
I-Benzaiten iyi-kami yamaShinto ebolekwe enkolelweni yamaBuddha futhi ingomunye wonkulunkulu abayisikhombisa benhlanhla baseJapane; esekelwe kunkulunkulukazi wamaHindu uSaraswati. U-Benzaiten ungunkulunkulukazi wezinto ezigelezayo, okuhlanganisa umculo, amanzi, ulwazi, nemizwelo, ikakhulukazi uthando.
Ngenxa yalokho, izindawo zakhe ezingcwele ziba izindawo ezidumile zokuvakashela imibhangqwana, futhi izindawo zakhe zokukhulekela ezintathu e-Enoshima zigcwele imibhangqwana eshaya izinsimbi zothando zenhlanhla noma i-pink ema (i-wish plaque) elenga ndawonye.
I-Shinigami: Onkulunkulu baseJapane bokufa noma imimoya yokufa
Lezi zifana kakhulu neGrim Reaper ngezindlela eziningi; nokho, lezi zidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo zingase zingethuki kancane futhi zavela kamuva endaweni yesehlakalo njengoba zazingekho emlandweni wendabuko wamaJapane. "Shinigami" inhlanganisela yamagama Japanese "shi", okusho ukufa, kanye "kami", okusho unkulunkulu noma umoya.
Nakuba inganekwane yaseJapane sekuyisikhathi eside igcwele izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-kami njengemimoya yemvelo, i-Shinigami yathola ukukhulunywa kwayo cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX noma le-XNUMX. I-Shinigami ayilona ngisho igama ezincwadini zesi-Japanese zakudala; izenzakalo zakuqala ezaziwayo zaleli gama zivela eNkathini ye-Edo, lapho lalisetshenziswa ohlotsheni lwemidlalo yeshashalazi yonodoli nezincwadi zesiJapane ezixhumene nemimoya emibi yabafileyo, imimoya ephethwe abaphilayo, kanye nokuzibulala okuphindwe kabili.
Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho imibono yaseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi imibono yobuKristu, yaqala khona ukuxhumana futhi yahlangana nezinkolelo ezingokwesiko zobuShinto, ubuBuddha, nobuTao. Izinganekwane zamaShinto namaJapane kakade zazinonkulunkulukazi wokufa okuthiwa u-Izanami, ngokwesibonelo; kanti ubuBuddha babenedemoni elinguMrtyu-mara nalo elaligqugquzela abantu ukuba bafe. Kodwa lapho isiko laseMpumalanga lihlangana nesiko laseNtshonalanga kanye nombono weGrim Reaper, lesi sifanekiso savela njengonkulunkulu omusha wokufa.
UNinigi: uyise wama-Emperors
UNinigi noma uNinigi No Mikoto uvame ukubonakala njengomzukulu ka-Amaterasu. Ngemva komkhandlu wonkulunkulu ezulwini, kwanqunywa ukuthi uNinigi athunyelwe emhlabeni ukuze abuse ngokulunga nangokulingana. Ngakho ohlwini lozalo lukaNinigi kwavela abanye bababusi bokuqala baseJapane, futhi kusukela lapho kuvela imfanelo yakhe yokumbiza ngokuthi uyise wababusi.
Uke mochi: unkulunkulukazi wenzalo, ezolimo kanye nokudla
Ungunkulunkulukazi ohlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nokudla, futhi kwamanye amasiko uchazwa njengonkosikazi ka-Inari Okami (ngakho-ke naye ngezinye izikhathi uvezwa njengempungushe). Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngaye, ngaphandle kokuthi wabulawa unkulunkulu wenyanga uTsukiyomi; iNyanga uNkulunkulu wayenengekile ngendlela u-Uke Mochi alungiselela ngayo idili ngokujikijela ukudla okuvela ezindaweni zakhe ezihlukahlukene.
Ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, uTsukiyomi wathatha okusanhlamvu u-Uke Mochi awazala wabanika impilo entsha. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokubulala okubulalayo, unkulunkulukazi weLanga u-Amaterasu wahlukana noTsukiyomi, ngakho imini nobusuku kuhlukaniswa unomphela.
U-Anyo no-Ungyo: onkulunkulu abaqaphi bamathempeli
Laba ababili bonkulunkulu bamaBuddha baziwa ngokuthi abagadi bakaNio abanomusa abaqapha indlela yokungena emathempelini, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-nio-mon (ngokwezwi nezwi "iSango likaNio") futhi bamele umjikelezo wokuzalwa nokufa .
U-Agyo uvame ukuvezwa ngezandla ezingenalutho noma ephethe induku enkulu, evule umlomo wakhe ukuze akhe umsindo othi "ah", omelela ukuzalwa; futhi u-Ungyo uvame ukuvezwa ngezandla ezingenalutho noma ephethe inkemba enkulu, umlomo wakhe uvaliwe ukuze enze umsindo othi "om", omelela ukufa. Nakuba zingatholakala emathempelini kulo lonke elaseJapane, mhlawumbe umfanekiso odume kakhulu we-Agyo no-Ungyo utholakala emnyango weThempeli laseTodaiji eSifundeni SaseNara.
U-Ajisukitakahikone-no-Kami: Unkulunkulu waseJapan wokuduma nezolimo
Uyindodana ka-Ōkuninushi, futhi ingxenye ethi "suki" yegama lakhe ibhekisela egejeni. Udume ngoba wayefana nomkhwenyana wakhe u-Ameno-Wakahiko, futhi wathathwa ngephutha no-Ameno ngesikhathi somngcwabo ka-Wakahiko. Ethukuthele egane unwabu ngomufi, u-Ajisukitakahikone ucekele phansi iqhugwane labezilile, lapho amathambo abe esewela eMhlabeni yaba yintaba iMoyoma.
I-Ōyamatsumi-no-Kami: iqhawe, unkulunkulu wezintaba newayini
U-Kokiji no-Nihon Shoki bayahluka ngemvelaphi ye-Ōyamazumi. I-Kojiki ithi u-Ōyamazumi wazalwa esidunjini sikaKagutsuchi, kanti u-Nihon Shoki wabhala: ukuthi u-Izanagi no-Izanami bamdala ngemva kokubeletha onkulunkulu bomoya nezinkuni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo, i-Ōyamazumi ihlonishwa njengentaba ebalulekile nonkulunkulu weqhawe, futhi uyise ka-Konohananosakuya-Hime okumenza abe umkhwe kaNinigi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa wakujabulela kakhulu ukuzalwa komzukulu wakhe uYamasachi-Hiko, kangangokuthi wenzela bonke onkulunkulu iwayini elimnandi; ngakho-ke, amaJapane nawo amhlonipha njengonkulunkulu wokwenza iwayini.
I-Atsuta-no-Okami: umoya we-Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi inkemba yenganekwane yase-Japan
Umoya ka-Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi, inkemba yenganekwane ebaluleke kakhulu nedume kakhulu e-Japan. Ikhulekelwa e-Atsuta Shrine yase-Nagoya, i-Atsuta-no-Okami ingase ibe umoya ka-Amaterasu. Ezinganekwaneni zamaShinto, inkemba enamandla kuthiwa igcwele umoya kankulunkulukazi weLanga.
U-Konohanasakuya-Hime: unkulunkulukazi weNtaba iFuji, wazo zonke izintaba-mlilo nempilo yasemhlabeni
Indodakazi ka-Ōyamatsumi, uKonohanasakuya-hime, noma uSakuya-hime, uwukwenziwa samuntu kobuShinto kokuphila kwasemhlabeni; Futhi ungunkulunkulukazi weNtaba iFuji nazo zonke izintaba-mlilo zaseJapane. UNinigi lapho ehlangana naye wamthanda cishe ngokushesha emhlabeni, kodwa lapho ecela isandla sakhe ku-Ōyamatsumi, unkulunkulu omdala wanikeza u-Iwa-Naga-Hime indodakazi yakhe endala nembi kunawo wonke. Ngenxa yokuthi uNinigi wenqaba leso sipho futhi waphikelela kuSakuya-Hime, waqalekiswa ngokuphila okufayo.
Kamuva, uNinigi naye wasola uSakuya-Hime ngokungathembeki. Esabela ngendlela efanele igama lakhe likankulunkulukazi wezintaba-mlilo, uSakuya-Hime wabelethela eqhugwaneni elivuthayo, ethi izingane zakhe ngeke zilimale uma ziyinzalo yeqiniso yaseNinigi, lapho yena noma abantwana bakhe abathathu abashiswanga khona ekugcineni. .
USarutahiko Ōkami: Unkulunkulu wamaShinto wokuhlanzwa, amandla, nokuqondisa
Ezinganekwaneni zamaShinto, uSarutahiko wayengumholi wonkulunkulu basemhlabeni baseKunitsukami nakuba ekuqaleni ngokungabaza, ekugcineni wadedela ukulawula indawo yakhe konkulunkulu basezulwini ngeseluleko sika-Ame-no-Uzume, amshada kamuva. Wayephinde abe unkulunkulu wasemhlabeni owabingelela uNinigi-no-Mikoto lapho laba bamuva behlela emhlabeni ofayo.
Hotei: unkulunkulu wababikezeli benhlanhla. oweta, umvikeli wezingane kanye nomlethi wenhlanhla
Igama lakhe lisho "isikhwama sendwangu" futhi uhlala eboniswa ephethe esikhulu; kuthiwa, isikhwama sinenhlanhla yokupha. Ezinye izinganekwane zimchaza njengomfanekiso kaMiroku, uBuddha wesikhathi esizayo. Ubuye abonakale enqunu, nezingubo zakhe ezigcwele amasaka engakwazi ukufihla i-paunch yakhe ephumile.
U-Ame-no-Koyane: Unkulunkulu wamaShinto wemikhuba nezingoma
Phakathi nesiqephu u-Amano Iwato wacula phambi komhume, okwenza u-Amaterasu aphushele kancane idwala elivimbe indlela yokungena. Ikakhulukazi ibekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi eKasuga Taisha yaseNara kanye nonkulunkulu wokhokho weNakatomi Clan enamandla ngokomlando, okungukuthi, umndeni oyinhloko we-Fujiwara Regents.
Amatsu-Mikaboshi: Inkanyezi Esatshwayo Yezulu
Ungunkulunkulu wezinkanyezi wamaShinto futhi ungomunye wonkulunkulu bobuShinto abayivelakancane okufanele bavezwe ngokuqinile njengabanonya. Akaveli ku-Kojiki kodwa u-Nihon Shoki umbiza njengonkulunkulu wokugcina ukumelana noKuni-Yuzuri. Izazi-mlando ziye zathi u-Amatsu-Mikaboshi wayengunkulunkulu wenkanyezi owayekhulekelwa isizwe esasimelana ne-Yamato's suzerainty. Kwezinye izinguqulo ezihlukile, ubizwa nangokuthi Kagaseo.
UFutsunushi-no-Kami: unkulunkulu weqhawe lasendulo waseJapan we-Mononobe Clan
Okwaziwa nangokuthi uKatori Daimyōjin, uFutsunushi ungunkulunkulu weqhawe lamaShinto kanye nonkulunkulu wokhokho weMononobe Clan. Ku-Nihon Shoki, wahamba no-Takemikazuchi lapho owakamuva ethunyelwa ukuyofuna ubunikazi bomhlaba ophansi. Ngemva kokuba u-Ōkuninushi ehoxile, laba ababili baqeda yonke imimoya esele enqaba ukuzithoba kubo.
Isotakeru-no-Kami: unkulunkulu waseJapan wekhaya
Ungomunye wamadodana kaSusanoo futhi kukhulunywe ngaye kafushane kuyi-Nihon Shogi. Kulokho kulandisa, wahamba noyise baya eSilla ngaphambi kokuba lo wakamuva adingiselwe e-Izumo. Nakuba aletha izimbewu eziningana, akazange azitshale; wawatshala kuphela ngemva kokubuyela eJapane. Ngaphakathi kweKojiki, ubizwa ngokuthi Ōyabiko-no-Kami; namuhla, ukhonzwa njengonkulunkulu wendlu.
UJimmu Tenō: Umbusi Wokuqala Oyinganekwane waseJapan
Kuthiwa uyindlalifa eqondile ka-Amaterasu noSusanoo. Ezinganekwaneni zamaShinto, wethula umkhankaso wezempi owawuvela esifundazweni sangaphambili saseHyūga eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKyūshū futhi wathumba i-Yamato (iSifunda SaseNara samanje), okwathi ngemva kwalokho wasungula isikhungo sakhe samandla e-Yamato. I-Kojiki kanye no-Nihon Shoki bahlanganisa amakhosi akwa-Jimmu nalabo abawalandela ukuze bakhe uhlu lozalo olunganqamuki.
I-Kumano Kami: ivumelaniswe njenge-Amitābha Buddha
Isifunda sasendulo sase-Kumano sase-Japan (isifunda samanje saseNingizimu Mie) sekuyisikhathi eside siyindawo yengokomoya. Ngemuva kokukhula kweBuddhism eJapan, imvelo ye-kami eyayikhonzwa ekuqaleni eKumano yavunyelaniswa nabasindisi abangamaBuddha abanjengo-Amitābha Buddha. Ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwayo, uhambo oluya e-Kumano lwaluthandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi izindlela zabakhulekeli zichazwa njengezifana nezintuthwane.
U-Yanohahaki-no-Kami: Unkulunkulu wesizwe samaShinto wekhaya nokubeletha
Kuphinde kuthiwe kunamandla okuqeda izinhlekelele ezindlini, kuhlotshaniswa ngendlela efanayo nezabasebenzi kanye nemishanelo, njengoba imishanelo isusa ukungcola, okungukuthi, ukungcola ezindlini.
U-Yamato Takeru: indodana yombusi weshumi nambili odumile wase-Japan
U-Yamato Takeru wayeyiqhawe elesabekayo kodwa elinonya, elalingamthandi uyise. Wayethunywe umbusi ukuba abhekane nezitha ezihlukahlukene, izinkambo lapho inkosana yanqoba ngokulinganayo.
Ngemva kokulila kumpristikazi omkhulu we-Ise Grand Shrine ngokungamthandi kukayise, wanikwa inkemba eyinganekwane ethi Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi ukuze imsize ohambweni oluzayo. U-Yamato Takeru akakaze abe umbusi futhi kuthiwa wafa ngonyaka wama-43 wokubusa kukayise. Ekufeni kwakhe, inkemba eyigugu yabekwa eNdaweni Engcwele yase-Atsuda, lapho isesekhona nanamuhla.
UShichi Fukujin: "Onkulunkulu Abayisikhombisa Benhlanhla" baseJapan
Laba bahlanganisa onkulunkulu bobuShinto, ubuBuddha baseJapane, nobuTao baseShayina. Ngokomlando, kukholakala ukuthi "babehlangene" belandela imiyalelo ye-Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, ngenhloso yokumelela izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zempilo ebusisiwe.
Amaqiniso anelukuluku mayelana nonkulunkulu baseJapan
Njengengxenye yokwazi konke okuhlobene nalesi sihloko mayelana nonkulunkulu baseJapane, nansi idatha ethakazelisayo:
- UbuBuddha, ubuConfucian, nobuHindu bonke baba nethonya elikhulu ezindabeni zezinganekwane zonkulunkulu baseJapane.
- Kwakukholelwa ukuthi unkulunkulu uFukurokuji uwukuphindukuzalwa kukaHsuan-wu, unkulunkulu wamaTao owayehlotshaniswa nenhlanhla, injabulo nokuphila isikhathi eside.
- Kwamanye amahlelo obuBuddha, uBenten, unkulunkulukazi wokukhuluma nosanta ongumvikeli we- geisha, wayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi wamaHindu uSaraswati (unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, wolwazi, nokufunda). USaraswati wayeyingxenye yezithixo ezingomama ezintathu ezinganekwaneni zamaHindu; abanye onkulunkulukazi ababili ababehamba naye kwakunguLakshmi (unkulunkulukazi wengcebo nobuhle) noKali. (unkulunkulukazi wamandla).
- Isijobelelo sesiJapane esithi no-Kami simane sisho "unkulunkulu" futhi siwudumo oluvame ukuphawulwa ngamagama onkulunkulu bobuShinto.
- Isijobelelo esithi Ōmikami esisho "unkulunkulu obalulekile" noma "unkulunkulu oyinhloko". Lesi sihlonipho sibhalwe kuphela konkulunkulu bobuShinto ababaluleke kakhulu. Futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ku-Amaterasu, unkulunkulukazi welanga wamaShinto obaluleke kakhulu.
- Onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi abaningi bobuShinto banikezwa isijobelelo esithi no-Mikoto. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi onkulunkulu bathola uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi obalulekile. Isibonelo, ukuhlaliswa kweqoqo leziqhingi zaseJapane.
Ubudlelwano phakathi konkulunkulu baseJapan nababusi
Okuningi kokufakiwe okungenhla kusekelwe emibhalweni evela ku-Kojiki ne-Nihon Shoki compendia. Eqinisweni, onkulunkulu abaningi baseJapane abashiwo kweminye imibhalo yasendulo yesiJapane; njengoba ngaphakathi kwalezi compendia ezimbili, abaningi futhi okukhulunywa ngokudlula. Njengoba kubonakala kulokhu okufakiwe ngenhla, kukhona futhi ukugcizelela okuqinile kozalo kukho kokubili i-compendia; eyodwa egcizelela ukuthi ubukhosi baseJapane, okungukuthi ubukhosi baseYamato, bayinzalo yonkulunkulu baseJapane.
Womabili ama-compendia athathwa izazi-mlando njengezomlando-mbumbulu, okusho ukuthi azinakwethenjwa njengeqiniso lomlando ngoba izinganekwane kanye namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo kunesisindo esikhulu kuzo zonke izindaba. Kodwa-ke, njengokusikisela kwamasiko ne-anthropological, i-Kojiki ne-Nihon Shoki ibaluleke kakhulu. Lapho ngaphezu kwalokho, basikisela ukuthi ubukhosi bakwa-Yamato abuzange bubuse ngaso sonke isikhathi iqoqo leziqhingi zaseJapane futhi buphinde bunikeze imikhondo mayelana nokunyakaza kwabantu abafudukayo eMpumalanga Asia ngezikhathi zasendulo.
Uma lesi sihloko esimayelana Nonkulunkulu BaseJapane sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuba ujabulele lezi ezinye: