Ayini ama-Marsupials?, Izimpawu nokunye ▷➡️ Postposmo

Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo sezilwane ezincelisayo zeMarsupial yisikhwama sangaphandle lapho umbungu walolu hlobo uqedela ukukhula kwawo. Izibonelo ezivamile zama-marsupial i-kangaroo, i-koala kanye ne-Tasmanian devil, ezibhekwa njengabameleli abavamile bezilwane zase-Australia. Ngokuqhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko uzokwazi ukufunda ngezinye izici zalolu hlobo olunelukuluku.

Ayini ama-Marsupials?

Ama-Marsupial (Marsupialia) akha iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinsikazi zazo 'ezinesaka noma isikhwama' lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwemibungu yazo kuqedwa khona. Iningi lalezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasendle zizalelwa e-Australia, nakuba zitholakala nasezwenikazi laseMelika. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-270 ezaziwayo njengamanje, kuzo ezingama-80 zitholakala eMelika futhi ezingaba ngu-200 e-Australia. Ezinhlotsheni ezithile isikhwama sincane kakhulu ukuthi singathwala wonke amaphuphu azo.

Ngokombono ophawulekayo webhayoloji, ama-marsupials ayingxenye ye-taxonomic infraclass noma isigaba esincanyana sezilwane ezincelisayo ze-metatherian (eduze kwama-marsupials afanayo kunezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emzansi ezinzalo yazo ikhula ngokuphelele ku-placenta). Esinye sezici zayo ukukhula okufushane kwengane esibelethweni ukuze iqhubeke ingxenye enkulu yokukhula kwayo ibambelele ezindlaleni zebele ngaphakathi kwesaka le-marsupial noma i-marsupium.

Izimpawu ze-Marsupials

Zihlukaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo ezitholakala endaweni lapho zizalwa zisanda kuzalwa, ukukhula kwazo kuqhubeka esikhwameni esisesibelethweni sikamama, esibizwa ngokuthi i-marsupium, lapho kuhlangana khona izindlala zebele. Lesi sac sisekelwa amathambo e-marsupial, angekho emathanjeni e-placenta, futhi enza i-skeleton yawo ibe isici.

Indaba ilandisa ngokwenzeka emhumeni ovulekile endaweni yase-Eocene gypsum yaseMontmartre, eParis, lapho kwatholakala khona uhlaka lwamathambo olwalubonisa lawo mathambo athile, olwahlolwa usosayensi ongumFulentshi uGeorges Cuvier, owanquma ukuthi babevela esilwaneni esinama-marsupial. yohlobo lwe-Didelphis, i-opossum yaseMelika yanamuhla.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-placental, ama-marsupial anogebhezi olunciphe kakhulu ngokwengxenye yekhanda lawo, kuyilapho ama-orbits (izisekelo zamehlo) avuliwe ngemuva futhi abonisa i-sagittal crest eqinile yokufakwa kwemisipha yesikhashana. Okokugcina, kukhona ku-mandible inqubo ye-angular eyisici eyibuyisela ngaphakathi.

Maqondana namazinyo azo, kukhona ama-molars amise okukanxantathu, ahluka ngokuphawulekayo, njengaku-placenta, ngokusho kokudla okudliwayo noma okudliwayo lezi zilwane eziye zajwayela. Njengengxenye yama-marsupials aseMelika, i-opossum eshiwo ngenhla (i-Didelphis) iyilungu elidume kakhulu leqembu lasendulo kakhulu, ama-polyprotodonts, amanye ama-marsupials ayekhona eNingizimu Melika kulo lonke elaseMiocene, njengeProthylacynus nePliocene, ayingxenye. njenge-Thylacosmilus.

Kunokuthakasela okungavamile kulokhu kwakamuva ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinja ezimbili ezibanzi eziphezulu, ezinikeza ugebhezi ukubonakala okufana ncamashí noluka-Smilodon, i-placenta edla inyama enobudlova, manje engasekho. I-marsupial enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Diprotodon, ehlala e-Australia kuyo yonke i-Quaternary. Leso sidalwa sasicishe silingane nobhejane, futhi sabelwa iqembu elithi Diprotodonts, elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zase-Australia, kuhlanganise namakhangaru anamuhla.

Ama-marsupials ahlukaniswa nesiqu sesilwane esincelisayo sasekuqaleni njengoba sasisesigabeni sakudala. E-Australia, balingisa ngendlela efanayo imisebe eguquguqukayo eyenziwa ama-placental kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba. Eziningi zezici zazo zikhethekile, ukuze zingameleli isigaba sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilwane ezincelisayo ze-placenta, kodwa kunalokho uhlu lozalo oluzimele kanye nokuphela. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba liphakeme ngandlela-thile kuma-marsupial kunakuma-placental.

Ama-Marsupial herbivores akwazile ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokondla ukuze asebenzise kangcono imisoco, ngoba awanawo amandla okugaya i-cellulose ngenxa yokuntuleka kwama-microorganisms anele, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye ama-placental.

Kwezinye izimo, ukudla kungaqondiswa ku-caecum, lapho kuhlala khona isikhathi esidingekayo, noma kungamisa i-metabolism yakho ukuze kufune ukudla okuncane futhi kunikeze isikhathi esanele sokumuncwa lokho osekudliwe kakade. Ukudla kungahlafunwa isikhathi eside njenge-wombat, noma bangaphinde bagwinye indle ethambile.

Ukuzala

Njengama-monotremes, i-rectum yawo kanye ne-urogenital apparatus ivuleka ndawonye ibe i-cloaca evamile. Ama-Marsupial ayizilwane ezine-viviparous, kodwa isimiso sazo sokuzala sihluke kakhulu kwese-placenta. Iqanda liqukethe i-yolk eningi, lino "mhlophe" futhi limbozwe ulwelwesi. Isibeletho sikhipha "ubisi" olufiselekayo esikhwameni se-yolk, futhi kuma-marsupial amaningi akukho lutho olufana ne-placenta. Ezinhlotsheni ezithile (i-Dasyurus) kune-placenta eyenziwe yangathi, indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kodonga lwe-yolk sac kanye nodonga lwesibeletho.

Abesifazane banezitho zangasese ezintathu, ezimbili emaceleni neyodwa phakathi nendawo. Lawa asemaceleni asetshenziswa ekuvundiseni futhi abasha baphuma esithweni sangasese esimaphakathi. Amaduna angama-Marsupial anomthondo ohlale efohlokile, ukuze adlulisele isidoda ezithweni zangasese ezingemuva. Imibungu iphuma ekuqaleni kakhulu kokukhula kwayo futhi ikhase emgqeni wamathe umama awabeka ngolimi phakathi kwe-cloaca nesaka le-marsupial. Lapho ifika ku-marsupium, inamathela ezingonweni futhi ihlala esikhwameni isikhathi eside.

Umsuka kanye ne-Biogeography

Ama-Marsupials ahlanganisa iqembu elincane lezilwane ezincelisayo, ezisatshalaliswa ngokwengxenye yizwekazi laseMelika futhi ngokwengxenye yi-Australia, akha okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezincelisayo zezwe eziphilayo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ingxenye eyinhloko yezilwane eziphila emhlabeni.

Ngemva kokushabalala kwama-dinosaurs, izinyoni nama-monotremes ahlukana, futhi ama-ratite namaqembu afanayo afika ezothatha indawo yemvelo yezilwane ezidla uhlaza nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinyoni zomndeni i-Phorusrhacidae ezaziwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezisabekayo zaseNingizimu Melika yangaphambi komlando kanye nezinyoni ezinjenge-Gastornis kulo lonke elase-Eocene eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.

Ama-marsupials abe nokukhula kwawo phakathi nesikhathi esiphansi se-Cretaceous kusuka ku-pantotheria yakudala, ngemuva kwama-placentals avela ku-Jurassic, ngokwesibonelo iJuramaia. Ngaphambi kokusabalala kwama-placentals, ama-marsupial asevele esabalele engxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi, etholakala ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous ezindaweni lapho engasekho khona nanamuhla, njenge-Asia.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ama-marsupial asatshalaliswa kanjani njengamanje, kuyadingeka ukwazi izehlakalo ezitholwa uquqaba lwezwekazi kuleyo mijikelezo ekude yokwakheka komhlaba. Kudingekile ukukhumbula, ngokusho kokutholwa kwensalela eminingi eyenziwe, ukuthi ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCretaceous ama-marsupials ayevame ukusatshalaliswa emazweni avelayo, lapho ayehlala khona, ngokuthula, nama-placentals asendulo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo ezanyamalala kuzo zingase zibe se-Afrika, eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, nakuba ngemva koMehlukanandlela Omkhulu WaseMelika, ama- marsupial athile aye abuyela ukuyokwenza ikoloni eNyakatho Melika. Ama-marsupial amadala kakhulu aziwayo avela eChina, lapho kuye kwatholakala khona ama-placental amadala kakhulu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izixuku zezwekazi zazingakaqali ukuhlukana nokukhukhuleka njengoba kwembulwa umbono ka-Alfred Wegener, umcimbi owaqala kuphela ekupheleni kwenkathi yeMesozoic. Ekuqaleni kwe-Cenozoic, ukuqhuma kwama-placentals kwenzeka, okwathi, ngaphandle kochwepheshe ekuqaleni, kwahlukahluka ngokushesha ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuvikelwa kwabaqhudelana nabo ezindaweni ezintsha zemvelo ababehlala kuzo.

Iqembu le-placenta lalinezimbangi ezincelisayo noma izilwane ezizingelayo, ama-marsupials nama-monotremes, laba basebekwazile ukwenza ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Futhi ngaphandle kwezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni ezinkulu zasezweni. Ukuzimela kanye nezinga lentuthuko eliphelele kakhulu inzalo yala ma-eutherian okuqala eyaqala ngalo ladlula amanye amaqembu anegazi elifudumele ngenani lokusinda kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthanda ukuhlakazeka kwazo ngokwezibalo zabantu.

Ekuqaleni kwePaleocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, zazingekho izilwane ezincelisayo eutherian ezidla inyama, indawo ezungezile yezilwane ezidla ezinye yayivele igcwaliswe ngamaqembu ezilwane ayevele avela ngaphambili: izinyoni ezinkulu ezingenakubaleka, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zamanje nama-marsupials.

Ukuhlakazwa kwePangea okwaqala ekuqaleni kweCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150-140 edlule, kunikeza izihluthulelo zendawo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaqembu ezilwane, lapho ukuhlukana kwezwekazi laseGondwana kuqala. EPangea kwakhiwa umfantu ohlanganisa ukusuka oLwandle iTethys ukuya empumalanga, ukuya ePacific ukuya entshonalanga.

Lokhu kuhlukana kwahlukanisa iLaurasia, kanye nayo iNyakatho Melika, neGondwana futhi kwabangela ukuvela kolwandle olusha lwesikhathi esizayo, i-Atlantic Ocean. Le nqwaba yamanzi ayizange ivuleke ngokufanayo, kodwa yaqala eNyakatho-Central Atlantic; i-South Atlantic yayingeke iqale ukuvuleka kuze kube yiCretaceous.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Strigopoidea (ama-parrots aseNew Zealand) kanye ne-Dinornithidae (moas), izinhlobo ezimbili zezinyoni ezitholakala eNew Zealand, zakhiwe zodwa esikhathini eside kakhulu njengoba i-New Zealand yahlukaniswa nesifunda saseGondwana (ngaphambilini. kuya ku-Cenozoic eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-80 edlule).

Lokhu kwenzeka nangaphambi kokuba ukusabalala kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ezingakaze zifinyelele eNew Zealand kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo zifinyelele e-Australia, zidlula e-Antarctica, zisuka eNingizimu Melika, lapho uquqaba lwezwekazi ezintathu lwalusahlangene nangaphambi kokupholisa kwe-Antarctica, luhlukanisa i-Australia ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Antarctica. ezincelisayo ze-placenta. Lezi zinyoni zikwazile ukuguquka ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba zihlasele kanye nazo endaweni yazo yezilwane ezidla ezinye.

INingizimu Melika ne-Afrika, kanye namanye amazwekazi, kwakha izwekazi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi iGondwana. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iqembu okwakuyingxenye yalo ama-placentals nama-marsupial avela e-Asia, e-China yanamuhla futhi lapho ahlukaniswa ama-metatherian nama-eutherian, inani lezinhlobo zezilwane lalingekho phezulu futhi lalinolwazi oluncane. Izilwane ezincelisayo zaba ziningi futhi zahlukahluka kuleli zwekazi elikhulu eliseningizimu.

Ama-placental noma ama-eutherian, anesimiso sokuzala esisebenza kahle kakhulu kunaleso sama-marsupial nama-monotremes, aphoqelele la maqembu ukuba abe yizifunda ezincane ngokwandayo njengoba eqhudelana kwezinye izindawo zemvelo. Kodwa azizange ziqale ukwanda kwaze kwaba yilapho sezihlukana zaba ingxenye eyodwa ye-Afrika-Madagascar-Eurasia nenye iNingizimu Melika-Antarctica-Australia. Ama-placenta awakwazanga ukuthatha isisindo saseNingizimu Melika-Antarctica-Australia.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izilwane ezincelisayo ezazivame kakhulu kwakuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinjenge-Teinolophos trusleri, ezaziyohlala endaweni eyi-supercontinent eseningizimu nakuba i-Australia yahlanganiswa ne-Antarctica futhi ngenxa yalokho isendaweni ebanda kakhulu kune-Australia namuhla. Ngemva kokuba i-Antarctica isuka e-Australia, i-Antarctica yathuthela eningizimu, iphola kancane kancane, futhi i-Australia yathuthela enkabazwe, kancane kancane ifudumala.

Naphezu kokwehla kokuhlukahluka kwamaqembu angewona ama-eutherian, inqubo yokushintsha yayihamba kancane futhi isibonelo izinhlobo ezithile ze-marsupial ezisekhona zazisengatholakala e-Tertiary Europe. Imvelaphi yalezi zilwane ingalandelelwa kuze kube mzuzu wokuhlukaniswa kwezwekazi kusukela kuyo yonke iGondwana; isikhathi lapho ukuthuthukiswa okuzimele kwamaqembu ezilwane eNingizimu Melika kwaqala.

Ngokusobala ama-metatherian avela eNingizimu Melika athutha, ngisho kanye nezixuku zezwekazi eliseningizimu, asuka endaweni yawo aya e-Australia edlula ezwenikazi lase-Antarctica futhi ngokuphambene nalokho ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCretaceous. Le nkolelo-mbono iyaqiniswa ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe kuma-marsupials ahlukene aseMelika, phakathi kwawo okubizwa ngokuthi i-monito del monte kugqama, okuhlobene kakhulu nama-marsupials ase-Australia kunalawo aseMelika, okumanje ama-mammalian taxon americanas. (I-Ameridelphia) ilinganiselwa ukuthi i-paraphyletic futhi ayisetshenziswa.

Kamuva, i-Australasia yahlukaniswa neNingizimu Melika-Antarctica, ngendlela yokuthi ama-marsupials akwazi ukuphila e-Australia, ngenxa yokuthi leli zwekazi lahlukana namanye, esikhathini esingaphambi kokuqhuma kokuvela kwe-placental. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwenzeka okufanayo eNingizimu Melika, okwathi ngesikhathi esifanayo yahlukaniswa nezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngokuhlukaniswa okunjalo ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi zaleli qembu.

Nokho, ekupheleni kweSikhungo Semfundo Ephakeme, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho okwenzeka nge-Australia, esahlukanisiwe kuze kube namuhla, iNingizimu Melika yajoyina iNyakatho Melika futhi nge-Isthmus of Panama. Lokhu kuhlangana kwenza kwaba khona ezikhathini zamuva nje ukuthuthela eningizimu ye-placenta, okwathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufinyelele izinga eliphezulu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lokho kufuduka kwalandelwa ukucekelwa phansi kwezilwane eziningi ezivele zikhona kakade.

Kuyo yonke i-Cretaceous kanye nasezigabeni zokuqala zenkathi ye-Tertiary, ama-marsupial ayesakazeke kakhulu, kuhlanganise nakwezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Baphinde bahlala ezikhathini ezedlule e-Afrika, e-Asia naseYurophu. Kulezi zixuku ezintathu zezwekazi, ama-marsupial anyamalala kuyo yonke i-Tertiary, futhi inkomba yokugcina eYurophu ihlehlela emuva eMiocene.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, izilwane ezincelisayo ze-marsupial zazibhekwa, ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengezidala kakhulu kunezilwane ezincelisayo ze-placenta. Nokho, namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi amagatsha amabili avela kukhokho oyedwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule, phakathi neminyaka yama-dinosaurs. Njengoba noma yiliphi iqembu lezilwane likhululekile emiqhudelwaneni yezinto eziphilayo, izinguquko azithandwa, ngakho-ke isigqi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo siba kancane uma siqhathaniswa nalawo maqembu angaphansi kwezici eziningi zoshintsho.

Ngenxa yendawo encane okufanele isakazeke, ukuncintisana kwangaphambi kwesikhathi neqembu elifanayo lezinto eziphilayo, futhi ngemva kokuzuza ezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile kakhulu zemiphakathi yezilwane ezindaweni ezingenakho ukuncintisana komzanyana, ama-marsupial abhekwa, ngokwengxenye enkulu, njengokuhlukahluka kancane. kunama-placental.

Leli qembu lalihluke kakhulu kudala, kodwa izinhlobo ezinkulu nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezincane zanyamalala muva nje e-Quaternary lapho zihlangana nezilwane ezidla i-placental, kuhlanganise nomuntu. Izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika zale nkathi zazihlanganisa nezinhlobo ezizohlala zihlotshaniswa ne-Australia kuneNingizimu Melika. Ezinye zalezo zibonelo zihlanganisa ama-marsupial amakhulu kanye nama-monotremes atholakala ngokulandelana okufanayo ne-platypus.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama-marsupial aseNingizimu Melika zazisukela ezilwaneni zohlelo lwe-opossums namanye amaqembu anobukhulu obuncane, kuya ezilwaneni ezidla inyama ezinobukhulu obukhulu njengama-sparassodonts osizukulwane i-Thylacosmilus ne-Borhyaena. Muva nje, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukungabaza mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwama-sparassodonts njengama-marsupial ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwamuva nje kwezinsalela zalezi zilwane ezidla ezinye.

Kunokugomela okuthile mayelana nezinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo ezitholakala e-Eocene yase-Australia, eTingamarra. Lezi zitatimende zisekelwe ezinyo elilodwa elitholakele elibonisa izici ze-condylarthro futhi lokhu kuye kwaxoxwa kabanzi. Kanye neminyaka yayo, isimo se-placenta sale nsalela siye sangabaza ezinye izazi.

ehlelekile

Kuyiqembu elihlukile kakhulu, elinezinhlobo ezivusa ama-placental (amagundane, izimbila, ama-moles, izimpisi ze-marsupial, njll.). Ukudla kwayo akunazinambuzane, kuyadla, kuyadla, kuyadla uhlaza, futhi okwamanje ubukhulu bayo buyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela kowegundane, i-pilbará ninguauí, engaba amasentimitha angu-5 ubude, kuya kweyekhangaru elikhulu, elilingana nelendoda. . I-Diprotodon engasekho, i-marsupial enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo, yayilingana nemvubu. I-marsupial enkulu kunazo zonke edla inyama kwakuyi-Thylacoleo carnifex, ilungu le-oda i-Diprotodonta.

Ngaphandle kwama-oda wama-possums (ama-didelphimorphs) kanye nama-mouse-possums (paucituberculate), esifaka kuwo ama-sparassodont angasekho (ngezinye izikhathi angabhekwa njengama-marsupial eqiniso), amanye ama-marsupial atholakala esifundeni sase-Australia: ikoala , i-kangaroo, i-couscous. , impisi ye-marsupial, izibeletho, njll. Kunenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-arboreal, njenge-opossums eMelika kanye nama-possums e-Australia, kanye nezinhlobo zasemhlabeni ngokuphelele njengama-kangaroo.

Kunemindeni eyishumi isiyonke ebuthene yaba ngamagatsha amabili, ngokusho kwamazinyo; leyo yama-polyprodontos kanye neyama-diprotodontos. Njengamanje kunezigaba ezintathu eziphilayo zama-marsupials: ama-marsupials aseMelika (i-Ameridelphia), ama-marsupials ase-Australia (i-Australidelphia) kanye ne-clade enyamalele yama-sparassodonts (Sparassodonta), nakuba ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lezi zakamuva azilinganiswa njengama-marsupial angempela. , kodwa izihlobo eziseduze lezi.

I-oda iMicrobiotheria, okuwuhlobo olulodwa kuphela oluphilayo olwaziwayo: i-monito del monte, itholakala eNingizimu Melika, kodwa ijwayelene kakhulu nama-marsupials ase-Australia futhi ibhalwe e-Australidelphia kanye nawo. I-clade engasekho ye-Sparassodonta uma ilinganiswa njengeqembu langempela le-marsupial, amaqoqo ezinhlangothini ezimbili zangaphambilini.

I-polyprodontos (iqembu elingasasetshenziswa namuhla), elalibizwa ngokuthi ama-zoophages ezikhathini zasendulo, lakhiwa ngokuhleleka okuncane imindeni enama-incisors okungenani ayisishiyagalombili, emhlathini ngamunye, aphansi acishe afane omunye komunye, futhi ahlome izinja phezulu naphezulu. phansi. Bahlukaniswa baba imikhaya ehlukene, oyedwa waseMelika, owama-didelphid, ama-opossum; nezinye zezilwane zase-Australia: ama-dasiurid, uDeveli waseTasmanian; i-thylacinids, impisi ye-marsupial; i-peramelidae, unogwaja we-marsupial; i-notorictidae, imvukuzane ye-marsupial; ama-myrmecobids, ama-marsupial anteaters; njll.

Ama-Diprotodonts angaphansi (okwamanje ahlukaniswa njenge-oda lama-marsupials) ayengenawo ama-incisors angaphezu kwamathathu ohlangothini ngalunye lwemihlathi, engenawo ama-canines aphansi, futhi i-incisor yokuqala ephansi yayinkulu kunezinye. Ngokuvamile zidla utshani futhi zihlanganisa ezinye zezilwane ezinkulu ezilwaneni zase-Australia.

Ngo-2005, kwatholakala isifanekiso sangaphambi komlando sohlobo lwe-Diprotodon enkabeni ye-Australia, eyayingamamitha angu-6,09 ubude namamitha angu-1,82 ubude. Ihlanganisa imindeni ye-phalangeridae, macropodidae (kangaroos) kanye ne-phascolomididae, okungezwe kuyo i-thylacoleonidae, umndeni wama-marsupial adla inyama ongasekho okwamanje.

Ezentela

I-Biological taxonomy isiyalo sesayensi lapho izinto eziphilayo zi-odwa ngaphansi kohlelo lokuhlukanisa olwakhiwe izigaba ezithile. Ngezansi ukuhlukaniswa kwama-oda nemindeni yama-marsupial:

Oda i-Didelphimorphia
- Umndeni wakwa-Didelphidae
Oda i-Paucituberculata
- Umndeni wakwaCaenolestidae
Clade Australidelphia
- Oda iMicrobiotheria
  - I-Microbiotheriidae yomndeni
- Oda i-Dasyuromorphia
  - Umndeni we-Thylacinidae
  - Umndeni wakwaDasyuridae
  - Umndeni wakwaMyrmecobiidae
- Oda i-Peramelemorphia
  - Umndeni we-Thylacomyidae
  - Umndeni we-Chaeropodidae
  - Umndeni wePeramelidae
- Oda i-Notoryctemorphia
  - Umndeni wakwaNotoryctidae
- Oda i-Diprotodontia
  - Umndeni we-Phascolarctidae
  - Umndeni wakwaVombatidae
  - Umndeni we-Diprotodontidae
  - Umndeni we-Phalangeridae
  - Umndeni wakwaBurramyidae
  - Umndeni weTarspedidae
  - Umndeni wePetauridae
  - Umndeni wakwaPseudocheiridae
  - Umndeni wasePotoridae
  - I-Acrobatidae yomndeni
  - Umndeni we-Hypsiprymnodontidae
  - Umndeni we-Macropodidae
  - Umndeni we-Thylacoleonidae

izibonelo zama-marsupial

Ama-Marsupial ayiqembu elihluke kakhulu, elihlanganisa amavukuzane, ama-kangaroo, ama-groundhog, namagundane. Iphinde ibe nosayizi abahlukene kanye nemithetho yokudla: i-herbivore, carnivore, insectivore noma i-frugivore. Iningi lezinhlobo zalo zitholakala ezwenikazi lase-Australia kanti ezinye ziseMelika, njengoba zingekho izibonelo zendabuko kwamanye amazwekazi. Ezinye izibonelo zama-marsupial yilezi:

I-Kangaroo

Imelela kakhulu ama-marsupial, aziwa emhlabeni wonke ngendlela anyakaza ngayo ngokugxuma. Esinye sezithombe zakhe ezijwayelekile ngesomama ethwele ingane yakhe ngesaka elisesiswini. Elinye lamakhangaru athandwa kakhulu i-giant grey, elihlala ezindaweni ezinotshani nasemahlathini asempumalanga ye-Australia, futhi lidla amakhambi notshani. Ifana kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zekhangaru ebomvu, lapho ihluke khona kuphela ngombala woboya bayo, owesilisa ongafinyelela ubude obufika kumamitha amabili nesisindo samakhilogremu angu-66.

I-Opossum yaseNyakatho Melika

Lesi sidalwa siwukuphela kwe-marsupial ekhona eNyakatho Melika, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yeRio Grande, futhi sihamba ebusuku. Ukwengeza, le opossum, elingana nekati elivamile, ihamba yodwa futhi iwusomathuba omangalisayo. Izwa ukuthi isengozini, ikhipha iphunga elibi kakhulu futhi iziphonsa phansi sengathi ifile.

Ixhaphozi Wallaby

Lesi silwane, esivame kakhulu enyakatho ye-Australia futhi esingekho engozini yokunyamalala, sifana nekhangaru kodwa sincane. Isikhathi sokumitha kwe-wallaby sithatha izinsuku ezingu-38 futhi kamuva inkonyane lithwalwa ngumama izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye esikhwameni. Iqembu lombhoxo laleso sizwe lithatha igama lalo kule marsupial.

I-Koala

Izalelwa e-Australia, i-koala iyisidalwa esihamba kancane, esinokuthula esibukeka ngendlela ehluke kakhulu: umzimba omncane, ikhanda elikhulu (eliyivelakancane phakathi kwama-marsupial), amadlebe ayindilinga, anoboya, nekhala elikhulu, elimnyama.

Ukudla kwawo ngokuyinhloko kuhlanganisa izihlahla zikagamthilini, futhi njengoba lokho kudla kungawunikezi izakhamzimba ezanele, kuholela ekubeni unganyakazi. Ngempela, ichitha sonke isikhathi sayo isozela phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla futhi, naphezu kokuthi inokufana 'nebhere', ayiyona ingxenye yomndeni wama-ursid.

I-Overa Weasel

Isatshalaliswa kulo lonke izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, i-Overa Weasel ilungele noma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, okuhlanganisa nezindawo zasemadolobheni. Ingaphila iminyaka emine. Abesilisa bakhulu kunezinsikazi, futhi bobabili ubulili banomsila omude njengomzimba wabo.

Ingazala kuze kube kathathu ngonyaka futhi ukukhulelwa kwangaphakathi kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14. Ngemva kwalokho, izala amaphuphu amasentimitha ubude 'anamathela' emabeleni kamama, futhi ahlale lapho amasonto ayisithupha. Kamuva bagibela emhlane bese benyakaza ukuze bancelise ubisi lukanina izinyanga eziyisithupha ezizayo.

I-Tasmanian devil

Ekugcineni sizokhuluma ngomunye wama-marsupial ambalwa adla inyama asekhona emhlabeni futhi odabuka esiqhingini saseTasmania, njengoba negama lawo libonisa. Ilingana nenja encane ngosayizi, umzimba wayo umbozwe uboya obumnyama futhi inamadlebe abukwayo abomvu.

Mayelana nokuziphatha kwayo, kungaphawulwa ukuthi ikhala kakhulu, idla ngonya, iyakwazi ukuzingela, kodwa futhi idla inyama ebolile futhi ivamise ukuba yodwa. Amaphuphu ahlala enamathele esikhwameni sikanina izinsuku ezingaba yikhulu, phakathi naleso sikhathi afinyelela isisindo esingamagremu angu-100 futhi akhishwe esibelethweni.

I-Marsupial Ebhekene Nenja

I-thylacine engasekho ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) kwakuyisidalwa esinekhanda nomzimba ofana nowenja, eyayithwala amaphuphu aso esakeni njengamakhangaru futhi inoboya obunemigqa njengobenyamazane. Lesi silwane esingaqondakali nesimele sase-Australia naseTasmania, kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi "i-marsupial wolf" kanti abanye "ingwe yase-Tasmanian", bekulokhu kuyikhanda elibuhlungu kubacwaningi amashumi eminyaka.

Muva nje, ocwaningweni olwenziwa abacwaningi baseBrown University (USA), lapho izinsalela zabo zifaniswa namathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo ezingu-31 (okuhlanganisa ama-puma, ama-panther, izimpungushe, izimpisi, izimpisi...), kuvele ukuthi isilwane sasihlobene kakhulu namakati, nakuba kusobala ukuthi kwakuyi-marsupial.

Ngokwalokho okwashicilelwa yilaba bacwaningi ephephabhukwini elithi Biology Letters, i-thylacine yayisebenza njengesilwane esizingelayo sodwa esabamba isisulu saso lapho siqamekela khona, isici esisihlukanisa ngokucacile nezimpisi nezinja zasendle, ezivame ukuzingela ngamaphakethe nangendlela yokushushiswa.

I-Thylacinus cynocephalus yaba khona izigidi zeminyaka ezweni lase-Australia, futhi yaqala ukushabalala ngemva kokuhlaliswa kwabantu kokuqala kuleyo ndawo eminyakeni engu-40.000 edlule. Inani labantu bakhona lathinteka kakhulu ngokwethulwa kwe-dingo, isilwane esifana nenja, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezi-4 edlule. Isilwane sokugcina salolu hlobo, okuthiwa "uBenjamin", sabhubha ezu yaseHobart ngo-1936.

Lapho behlola izinsalela, bathola ukuthi i-humerus yengalo engenhla ye-thylacine yayiyi-oval futhi side ekugcineni esiseduze nendololwane, okubonisa ukuthi amathambo omphambili, i-radius kanye ne-ulna, ayengahlanganiswanga. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi “ingwe yaseTasmania” noma i-thylacine yayinamandla okuphendula umlenze wayo ukuze intende yesandla ibheke phezulu, njengamakati. Lokhu kunyakaza kwengalo kwayivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukulawula inyamazane yayo ngemva kokuhlasela okungalindelekile, abacwaningi bahlongoza.

Ukuphila Kwe-Fossil Marsupial

Isazi sesayensi yemivubukulo sake safanisa umsebenzi waso nokwakha kabusha lonke ifilimu ezithombeni ezine ezitholwe emlilweni. Okumangazayo kakhulu, izenzakalo nemvelo kubonakala kuhlangana ukuze umsebenzi wososayensi lula. Futhi ngokokuqala ngqa empilweni, abacwaningi bathola yonke ifilimu. Yilokhu okuye kwenzeka endaweni eqhelile eNew South Wales (Australia), lapho ithimba lochwepheshe lithole khona umcebo wezinsalela ezibonisa zonke izigaba zokukhula kwesilwane esincelisayo esasigcwele kule ndawo eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-15 edlule .

Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Riversleigh, isizinda sezinsalela ezivundile esiqashelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba e-Boodjamulla National Park, esifundazweni saseQueensland. I-limestone yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba ukumelelwa okuphawulekayo kwezilwane zangaphambi komlando zase-Australia kumiswe iqhwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-AL90, u-Karen Black nabasizi bakhe bathola indawo eyake yaba umhume. "I-vault kanye nezindonga zomhume kwakugugile ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, kodwa phansi kusesezingeni eliphansi," kuphawula uBlack.

“Kusobala ukuthi lezi zilwane zawela ngomnyango oqonde ngqo emhumeni okungenzeka wawungabonakali ngenxa yohlaza futhi wasebenza njengogibe lwemvelo. Lezi zilwane, phakathi kwazo okwakukhona komama ababethwele amazinyane azo esikhwameni, zawa zafa noma zakwazi ukusinda ekwindla kodwa zavaleleka zingakwazi ukubaleka,” kunezela isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.

Ngenxa yalolo gibe olubulalayo sathola iqoqo eliphelele lezinsalela ezinothile ezingajwayelekile. “Isayithi elimangalisayo nelixakile ngendlela emangalisayo,” kusho uBlack. Ama-kangaroo, ama-bandicoots, amalulwane nezinhlobonhlobo zezimpungushe ziphakathi kwezisulu zomgodi onjalo. Kodwa okutholwe okubaluleke kakhulu kuye kwaba yileso sogebhezi lwekhanda lesilwane esifana ne-wombat yamanje, isilwane esivusa ibhere elincane.

26 izikhakhayi

Ososayensi bakwazile ukuhlanganisa isamba sezingebhezi ezingu-26 ze-Nimbadon lavarakorum ezihlanganisa zonke izigaba zokuba khona kwayo, kusukela ezinganeni ezisesakeni likanina kuya kubantu abadala basendulo. UBlack ucacisa isimo sayo sokongiwa "njengengejwayelekile", okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha kabusha yonke ifilimu yokuba khona kwalesi silwane esincelisayo esinyamalele.

Lokho ososayensi abaye baphetha ngakho kwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, ebhala ukuthi ukumiswa kwethambo lamakhanda ama-marsupials kwahlukahluka kanjani phakathi nokukhula kwawo. Lapho zisathembele obisini lwebele ukuze ziziphilise, amathambo obuso bazo akhula ukuze avumele ukuncelisa. Njengoba ukudla kwabo kwakuhlukahluka kusuka obisini kuya notshani, ugebhezi lwakhula endaweni yokubamba ukuze lubambe imisipha enamandla ewuhlafunayo, lushiya imigodi eminingi ekhululekile.

Ngokusho kocwaningo lombhali-mbhali uMike Archer, "Lokhu kungase kube ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kokuthi isilwane esincelisayo esikhulayo sikhokha kanjani lapho sidinga ukudla okuluhlaza: ngokuguqula sibe yikhanda lomoya." Njengalezo zanamuhla, ama-marsupial angaleso sikhathi azalwa ngemva kokukhulelwa isikhashana futhi aqeda ukukhula kwawo kokuqala kuma-marsupial kamama. Ayikho inkolelo-mbono eqinile etholakalayo yokuthi kungani lezi zilwane ezincelisayo, kwezinye izingxenye zeplanethi zanqotshwa impi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokumelene nama-placentals, zakwazi ukunqoba e-Australia.

Izinketho Zokuphila Ezimbili

Evolution War

Nakuba namuhla izilwane ezincelisayo ezikhulisa amazinyane azo esakeni zimelela i-Australia, ngesinye isikhathi zazigcwele yonke iplanethi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-placenta azuza impumelelo enjalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kangangokuthi anqoba ama-marsupial, kodwa akukacaci ukuthi kungani anqoba e-Oceania.

Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo kulezi ezinye izihloko:

I-Kangaroo
Izilwane ezincelisayo
Izilwane Ezihlala Zikhona