Amagama athi "imephu ebonakalayo" avela egameni lesiLatini ibalazwe futhi ubhekisele ku-a ukumelwa kwendawo. Imephu ebonakalayo ingavela ephepheni ngesimo sikanxande noma umumo oyindilinga olingisa imbulunga. Futhi, igama elithi ngokomzimba libhekisela kunoma yini ehlobene nomzimba noma isakhiwo.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngamamephu aphathekayo, lapha siyakutshela.
Yiziphi izici zemephu ebonakalayo?
Amamephu aphathekayo akusiza ukuthi uphenye indawo entsha ngokukunikeza isiqondiso endaweni engashiwongo. Futhi hlinzeka ngolwazi ngezintaba, imifula namathafa asendaweni.
Imephu isebenzisa imibala nemigqa ekalwe ngosayizi ukuze ibonise umehluko endaweni ephakeme, olwandle, namazwekazi.. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukunquma ubude bamabanga phakathi kwamaphoyinti. Imininingwane ephawulekayo engekho kule mephu amadolobha, imigwaqo, izindawo ongazivakashela, nolunye ulwazi olungezona lwezindawo. Kunalokho, leli mephu ligxile ku-geology kanye ne-geography yezwe.
imephu ebonakalayo ihlanganisa izici ezibonakalayo zendawo nenhlangano yezombusazwe yezindawo zayo. Ihlukile ebalazweni lezombusazwe elibonisa izindawo ezibusayo zabantu abahlukene esifundeni noma ezweni. Kukhona futhi amamephu wezombangazwe ngokomzimba ebonisa zombili izimfanelo emfanekisweni owodwa. Lawa mamephu abanzi awusizo ekufundeni izihloko ezahlukahlukene.
Yiziphi izici ezakha imephu ebonakalayo?
Noma iyiphi imephu iqukethe izici ezithile. Lezi zihlanganisa indawo nendawo, izinhlangothi ezimbili, ukuma, ukufinyela kanye nokwenza kahle, isikali nezinkomba. Imephu ngayinye ihlukile ngokusekelwe enanini lezakhi ezifakwe kuyo. Omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwamamephu kungenxa yobukhulu bawo obuthathu. Lesi sici sethulwa lapho imiphakathi ithuthukela ezingeni eliphezulu. Amamephu ashintshile lapho izingxenye ezintathu zengezwa empucukweni ngoba amelela okungokoqobo ngokombono oqondile, njengokungathi indawo yayihlala ibukwa phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mamephu asebenzisa izimpawu ezifiselekayo nezingabonakali ukumela izici zendawo ngendlela evamile. Basebenzisa nesikali esincishisiwe.
Amamephu abonakalayo angakhombisa indawo encane njengelokishi noma indawo enkulu njengezwekazi. Futhi zingaba namazinga ahlukene emininingwane.
Ukulungisa amamephu kudinga umsebenzi omningi. Njengamanje, amamephu amaningi enziwa kusetshenziswa izithombe zasemoyeni nezesathelayithi., kubizwe ama-orthophotos. Lokhu kuvumela ukunemba okukhulu endalweni yakho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukwenza amamephu kuba lula.
Lihunyushwa kanjani imephu ebonakalayo?
Kudingeka ukuhumusha ngendlela efanele imibala umhlahlandlela ongakusiza uqonde imephu, ukuze kudaleke inganekwane. Inganekwane yibhokisi eliqukethe ulwazi mayelana nencazelo yombala ngamunye. Okulandelayo sizokunikeza umumo omncane mayelana nemibala esetshenziswa kumamephu abonakalayo:
- Imibala mnyama khombisa ukuphakama okuphezulukuyilapho imibala kucace kakhudlwana khombisa ukuphakama okuphansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuqonda imephu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuqaphela ukucaca kwemibala.
- Imibala okuluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi nonsundu ukumela impumuzo. Le mibala imele ugu, izindawo ezinsundu phakathi nendawo, nezindawo eziphuzi phakathi nendawo.
- Imibala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zenzelwe imizimba yamanzi. Ukujula komzimba wamanzi amelelwa ama-blues amnyama kakhulu, njengamachibi nolwandle, kumachibi, amaxhaphozi kanye nemifula enokugeleza okuncane, kusetshenziswa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo. Ukucaca okwengeziwe esithombeni kusho izingxenye ezijulile zesithombe.
Kungani kusetshenziswa imibala?
Amamephu aphathekayo enziwa ukukala nokuhlonipha izakhiwo zemethrikhi, okuyinto isiza abasebenzisi ukubala kalula izindawo namabanga. Ingumdwebi wamabalazwe, uchwepheshe wezokudweba amabalazwe, onesibopho sokudala imephu. Kula mabalazwe amagama amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu nawo aqoshiwe, kodwa imingcele yawo ayicaciswanga ngokucacile (ngenxa yalokhu, kuyadingeka ukubheka amabalazwe ezombusazwe).
Ukuhlukanisa izici zomhlaba, imibala isetshenziswa ebalazweni elibonakalayo., okucacile yilokho okuyisicaba noma okunokujula okuncane, futhi okuphakeme nokujulile kunombala ogqame kakhulu. Ngakho, imifula namachibi kuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi lapho amanzi ejula, kuba mnyama imithende eyimelelayo. Endabeni yokukhululeka kwezintaba namagquma, imelelwa ngombala onsundu nokubomvu, futhi emathafeni, aluhlaza.
Amamephu ashintshe kanjani kuwo wonke umlando?
Imephu yokuqala eyenziwe umuntu yadalwa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Anaximander ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., lapho yayibonisa khona inhlabathi ezungezwe ulwandle. Kamuva umdwebo wacwengwa futhi leyo nqwaba yaba uLwandle iMedithera, uLwandle Olumnyama kanye nemifula yeNayile.IYurophu, iLibya kanye ne-Asia yahlukaniswa uMfula iPhasis.
Ngo-1570 CE, kwanyatheliswa ibalazwe lokuqala eliphelele lomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwezibalo ne-physics ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX kwavumela izilinganiso ezinembe kakhudlwana. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-latitudes, amalongitudi, ama-meridians, namamephu ngokuvamile.
Amabalazwe aphathekayo enziwa aphelelwa yisikhathi ngokusetshenziswa kwama-sextants namatelescope ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Amamephu afaka izithombe nezixhumanisi ze-GPS ezithathwe emkhathini umbono onembe kakhulu wokuma komhlaba. Athuthukiswa kusuka ezinhlelweni ze-georeference, njenge-QGIS, i-ARCGIS, phakathi kwezinye. Lawa mamephu abuyekezwa njalo avumela abadwebi bamabalazwe ukuthi bakhe amashadi aqopha lonke ushintsho olucashile endaweni yoMhlaba.
Njengeqiniso elimangalisayo, hhayi kuphela ku-cartography kanye nezwe yilapho igama elithi imephu ebonakalayo lisetshenziswa khona. Kodwa naku-Biology, ikakhulukazi egatsheni le izakhi zofuzo Igama elithi imephu ebonakalayo liyasetshenziswa futhi ukubhekisa kulo izakhi zofuzo kanye nezimpawu zofuzo ezakha ama-chromosome. Sithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lube wusizo kuwe ekuqondeni amamephu aphathekayo.