Kukhona i-28 izigidigidi zezinkanyezi ezifana nelanga eMilky Way, kodwa eyethu ikhethekile ngempela (okungenani kithi). ubunzima bayo ibamba isimiso sonozungezilanga ndawonye namandla akhe ivumela ukuphila emhlabeni. Lisithonya nangezinye izindlela eziningi, njengoba libangela isimo sezulu kanye nokudlula kwezinkathi zonyaka, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nesenzakalo esihle se-auroras.
Kodwa, njengazo zonke izinto ezisemkhathini, ngokushesha noma kamuva iLanga liyobe lingasekho. Kuzokwenzekani uma ilanga liphuma? Kuthiwani uma iLanga selinyamalele njengamanje?
Liyophuma kanjani futhi nini ilanga?
Izinkanyezi ezinjengeLanga zakhiwe ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu egesi, ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen ne-helium. Ukucindezela okunamandla kakhulu okuvela kulezi zixuku ezinkulu kukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphakeme kangangokuthi ama-electron aklebhuka kuma-athomu futhi amagesi ngaleyo ndlela athathelwe igama elithi ionized. i-plasma.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ikhiqiza ukuhlangana kwenuzi: njengoba igama layo libonisa, kulokhu kusabela ama-nuclei ama-athomu ahlanganisiwe. Ngakho, kusukela cations ezimbili i-hydrogen (ngasinye sakhiwe iproton) i-nucleus iyakhiwa i-helium (equkethe ama-proton amabili). Le nqubo ikhipha amandla amaningi, ngendlela yokukhanya nokushisa (Ilanga lethu linokushisa kwezigidi ezingu-15 °C, cishe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 kunesibani!). Ngokukhulula la mandla, ekuqhumeni okungapheli, inkanyezi ikwazi ukuchotshozwa isisindo segesi esiyiqambayo. Kuthiwa hhayi iyawa.
Ngaphakathi kwezinkanyezi ezinjengeLanga, i-hydrogen izophela ngemva kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Uma le "fuel" isiphelile, i-nuclear fusion ayisakwazi ukuvimbela ukuwa kwenkanyezi, okukhulula ukushisa nokukhanya okwengeziwe ngenxa yokukhanya. ukucindezela kwe-helium okungaphakathi kwayo (ngoba ukwanda kwengcindezi kuhambisana nokwanda kwezinga lokushisa).
Nokho, ngenxa yalokhu kwanda kwamandla, inkanyezi iyakhula ize ibe a umdondoshiya obomvu, inkanyezi enkulu ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kuneLanga lethu futhi epholile kakhulu ebusweni.
Izinkanyezi ezibandayo?
Kuleli qophelo, i-hydrogen engxenyeni engaphandle yenkanyezi nayo iyasetshenziswa. Ukuwa okusha kwendikimba yasezulwini, ededeleka omunye umjikelezo wokuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi okuyinto, nokho, ebandakanya i-helium, eyenza i-nuclei yezinto ezisindayo njengekhabhoni (enamaphrothoni ayisithupha) kanye ne-oxygen (ene-protons eyisishiyagalombili). Amandla avelayo awanele ukulwa nokucindezela okukhulu ngenxa yesisindo salezi zakhi, ngakho ubukhulu bomgogodla buyancipha. Ngakho sikhuluma nge Inkinjana emhlophe, inkanyezi "ebandayo" enobukhulu obufana neyoMhlaba. Ezungezile kushiya izingqimba ezingaphandle, ezidala a nebula: ifu elikhanyayo kakhulu legesi nothuli eliphila cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane eyi-10.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ilanga lizophuma eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyisi-8.000: abaningi njengabantu abahlala eMhlabeni namuhla. Iplanethi yethu, kanye neMercury kanye neVenus, cishe izohwamuka ngaphambili kakhulu, lapho iLanga liba umdondoshiya obomvu eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kusukela manje. Kodwa ngeke kudingeke sikhathazeke ngalokho. Njengoba iLanga likhula ngo-5.000% njalo eminyakeni eyizigidigidi, ngaleso sikhathi uMhlaba uyobe usushisa kakhulu kangangokuthi izilwandle zawo ziyobe sezihwamukile, kanye nokuphila emhlabeni.
Kodwa ake sicabange ukuthi iLanga livele licime, njengesibani. Kwakuzokwenzekani?
Ukuphila kwakuyohlala isikhathi esingakanani eMhlabeni uma ilanga liphuma?
Uma iLanga lingavele liyeke ukukhipha ukukhanya nokushisa, ukuphila eMhlabeni bekuyohlala isikhathi eside kunalokho ebesikulindele. Kodwa ake sibone ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi kwakuzokwenzekani.
Amasonto okuqala ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga
Uma iLanga liphuma emva kwesikhathi esingakanani sizolibona? Ekuqaleni, kwakungenzeki lutho. kwabambalwa imizuzu eyisishiyagalombili nemizuzwana engamashumi amabili konke bekuyoba okujwayelekile: ngaleso sikhathi, imisebe yelanga yokugcina yayiyofika emhlabeni. Khona manjalo ubumnyama buyokwehlela yonke indawo; isathelayithi yethu, iNyanga, nayo izoba mnyama.
Njengoba umthala wethu i-Milky Way ucishe ube ngu-1/300 ngokugqama njengeNyanga, empeleni besizobona kuphela ngokukhanya okwenziwayo. Kodwa, ngenxa ukubambezeleka kwemisebe yelanga Ebangeni elikude, sibheka esibhakabhakeni, sasibona amanye amaplanethi oMkhathi Welanga njengokungathi awathinteki kule nkinga: isibonelo, iJupiter yayizoqhubeka nokukhanya cishe isigamu sehora ngemva kokunyamalala kweLanga.
Futhi kwakuzokwenzekani ngezinga lokushisa?
Emaminithini ambalwa ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga, amazinga okushisa azokwehla phakathi kuka-4 no-5 degrees ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile kuzoqala ukubonwa ezilwaneni ezimjikelezo wokuphila kwazo uncike ekuhambeni kwezinsuku: isibonelo, ezinye izinyoni zaziyeka ukucula. I imisebenzi yasemini nasebusuku Izilwane zizoqhubeka zihambisana namahora angu-24, ngenxa yamawashi avamile, alawula imisebenzi yansuku zonke yezinto eziphilayo ngisho nangaphandle kokuba khona kwezinkanyezi. Kodwa izilwane eziningi zidinga ilanga ukuze zazi lapho okufanele ziye khona, ukuze ziqale hamba ngendlela engahlelekile.
Ngokushesha lapho ukukhanya kunyamalala, i-photosynthesis yayizoyeka. Cishe wonke ukwakheka komoyampilo osemkhathini kususelwa kule nqubo, kodwa kwakungathatha isikhathi eside ukuthi kuphele: kwakuzothatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthi udliwe izinto eziphilayo ezincike kuwo. Kodwa izitshalo eziningi, ezingakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize, zazifa phakathi namasonto ambalwa, futhi izilwane ezizidlayo zaziqala ukulamba. Lokhu kungadala abaningi izinguquko zomzimba ezilwaneni: kungakhuphula ukugcinwa kwamandla, kube yingozi ekukhuleni neminye imisebenzi engahlobene ngokuqinile nokuphila. Kodwa hhayi kuphela.
Isiphithiphithi sokudla
izilwane ezilambile ziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunejwayelekile: okubalulekile kuba wukusesha ukudla, ngakho-ke bashaya indiva imisebenzi efana nokuhlalisana kwabantu, ukukhiqiza kabusha kanye nokuziphatha okungahambisani nokudla (izenzo eziwusizo zokugwema ukudlelwa) ukuze bahlole izindawo ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukube iLanga belizophuma, ukwanda kokuntuleka kwezitshalo nezinhlobo ezizidlayo bekuyoholela ezilwaneni ezisaphila ukuba ziziphathe ngokunganaki futhi amandla phakathi kwabantu ngabanye naphakathi kwezinhlobo ezehlukene kuzobonakala kushintshiwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, inkalankala I-Dardanus pedunculatus ivamise ukufukamela ama-anemone e-symbiotic ayivumela ukuthi ihlangane, ivikele ekudlweni. Nokho, lapho i-crustacean ilambile, ingase idle ama- anemone. Empini nasendlaleni, konke kuhamba kahle.
Unyaka wokuqala ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga
Uma iLanga belingaphuma, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile leplanethi yethu ngamadigri u-Kelvin belizoncipha ngohhafu nyanga zonke: emasontweni amane nje besingasuka ku-300 K (27 °C) siye ku-150 K (-123 °C). Nakuba izitshalo ezinkulu zinemithombo kashukela eyanele ukuze ziphile ebumnyameni iminyaka, amazinga okushisa angazibangela zizoba yiqhwa esikhathini esingamaviki. Ngokufanayo, phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zazizoshabalala ngenxa yesithwathwa.
Kodwa akukhona konke ukushisa kweplanethi yethu okuncike eLangeni.Ukubola okubangelwa imisebe kubangela ukuba umnyombo weplanethi yethu ufinyelele izinga lokushisa elingu-5°C (cishe eliphindwe kabili kunelabhu lokukhanya); Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphesenti angu-20 ukushisa ngaphansi komhlaba Ivela ekucindezelweni okuphezulu amatshe angaphansi kwayo. Okunye kwalokhu kushisa nakho kufinyelela uqweqwe lomhlaba, ikakhulukazi endaweni izindawo ze-geothermal, izindawo lapho amandla e-geothermal ekwazi ukwenza indlela yawo. Ziyizintaba-mlilo, ama-fumaroles, iziphethu ezishisayo, imithombo yamanzi ashisayo, nama-geyser: eduze kwalezi zindawo, ukuphila bekuzohlala isikhathi eside.
Futhi thina?
Ukuze baphile, abantu kwakuzodingeka bakhe izindawo zokuhlala eduze kwalezi zindawo, futhi njengoba amazinga okushisa ehla ngokuqhubekayo, bakhe amabhilidi angaphansi komhlaba noma afakwe i-thermal inikwa amandla yizikhungo zamandla enuzi. Noma ubani ongekho kulezi zindawo ubeyobe efile ungakapheli unyaka. Yebo, inkinga eyodwa enkulu isazohlala: kanjani ukudla? Besingayonga imifino ethile ngokukhanyisa okwenziwayo, kodwa kungaba nzima ukuthola izixazululo zokondla abantu abaningi kahle nangesikhathi eside. Mhlawumbe, ngaphandle kokusungulwa okuyingqayizivele, izinhlobo zethu zingaphila iminyaka embalwa kuphela.
Uma ilanga liphuma: iminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuqala
Eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokunyamalala kweLanga, ulwandle lwaluzobonakala luyiqhwa ngokuphelele: amanzi ayeyoqina ngamakhilomitha ukujula. Kodwa iqhwa linokuminyana okuphansi kunamanzi futhi liyisivikelo esihle kakhulu sokushisa, ngakho lezi zingqimba zeqhwa zingantanta phezu kongqimba lwamanzi, zivikeleke emakhazeni. Lokhu kuzovumela Amanzi hlala ketshezi emhlabeni wethu izigidigidi zeminyaka.
Ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezisolwandle, azincikile eLangeni ukuze ziphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- phansi olwandle bekuyofudunyezwa ukushisa okuvela phakathi eMhlabeni: ekujuleni, ulwandle lunezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-0-3 °C. Nokho, eziningi zalezi zidalwa eziphilayo zithembele emizimbeni ebolayo engaphezulu ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila: ngokushabalala kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezincike elangeni nasezintweni eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic, lezi zidalwa nazo zizoshabalala.
Kodwa-ke, imvelo engaphansi kwamanzi njengama-hydrothermal vents, "oshimula" abangaphansi kwamanzi okuphuma kuwo amanzi ashisisa nge-geothermally, bazolondolozwa. Futhi banjalo amagciwane e-chemolithotrophic ezihlala kuzo: ezikwazi ukuguqula ukushisa, i-methane nesibabule zibe amandla, lezi zinto eziphilayo zaziyophila sengathi akwenzekanga lutho.
Amanye ama-microorganisms amaningi angaqhubeka ephila izigidi zeminyaka ngisho noma ilanga lishona. Kunamakhulu ezinhlobo ze ama-extremophile organisms (abahlala ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu) kanye izinto ezibekezelela kakhulu (ezisinda ngisho nasezimweni ezinjalo). amanye ama-microorganisms ingqondo, okungukuthi, labo abathanda amakhaza, baphila eqhweni: bangamelela okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphila engaphezulu kukho konke ukuphila kweplanethi enguMhlaba. Zihlanganisa, isibonelo, ezinye amakhowe antarctic. Bese kuba khona ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukusala i-cryopreserved, imisiwe ilinde ukubuya izophila ngokushisa.
Ngoba phezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umoya wawuzobanda futhi ubande. Kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi, eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga, amagesi alenzayo ayeyofiphala: ayoba khona umoya owuketshezi bese iqhwa lomoya. Ngemva kweminye iminyaka eyishumi, izakhi ezakha umkhathi zaziyoba yiqhwa ngokuphelele.
Kuthiwani uma ilanga selinyamalele?
Ngaphezu kwemiphumela ebonwa ukungabi bikho kokukhanya, uma kwenzeka iLanga linyamalala ngokuphelele, kuzoba nalezo ezincike ekukhanyeni. ukungabi khona kwamandla adonsela phansi. Njengoba amaza adonsela phansi ehamba ngesivinini sokukhanya, futhi akukho miphumela eyayizobonwa emizuzwini eyisishiyagalombili yokuqala nemizuzwana engamashumi amabili. Ngemva kwalokho, iplanethi yethu yayizoqala ukuhamba icishe ibe umugqa oqondile, i-tangent emzileni wayo, ngenxa ye-inetia.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kuzoba ilotho. NjengoMhlaba, zonke izinto eziseSolar System zizoqala ukuhamba ngomugqa oqondile. Endleleni yayo, ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-30 ngomzuzwana, iplanethi yethu yayizohlangana nezinkulungwane zezindikimba zasezulwini. Ingase ingqubuzane nayo, isho isiphetho sayo yonke into, noma ikhangwe isikhungo esisha samandla adonsela phansi, njengenye inkanyezi eyosebenza njengeLanga. izinhlobo ezintsha..