Lapho uzinikela ekutshaleni izingadi, kuyadingeka ukucabangela izakhi eziningi ukuze izitshalo zikhule zinempilo futhi ziqine, njengokunisela, ukukhanya ezikudingayo, ukuthena noma ukuzigcina ngokucophelela ezinambuzaneni eziyingozi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele wazi ukuthi yimaphi ama-substrates ezitshalo ozisebenzisayo, ngoba azokusiza kakhulu. Funda kabanzi ngalokhu kulesi sihloko.
Substrates for Plants
Okokuqala, zingachazwa njengenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni ezibamba ukushisa, njengoba zisiza izitshalo ukulawula amanzi futhi zinikeze okuthile ukuze izimpande zibambe kukho ukuze isitshalo sizinze. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlobonhlobo zalesi sici, ukukhetha inketho engcono kakhulu engadini kungaba inselele impela.
Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi, nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kungenza inqubo yokukhetha ibe lula. Iyini imisebenzi yama-substrates? Ama-substrates ezitshalo asetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi nemisoco, ayindawo yokushintshana kwegesi nezakhi, futhi asebenza njengezikhonkwane zesistimu yezimpande zesitshalo.
Lezi zimfanelo ezibonakalayo lesi sakhi esibalulekile esinazo kuzo zonke izitshalo zichazwa yizingxenye ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokuba khona kwazo entweni esetshenziswayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zimfanelo eziwumphumela azihambisani nokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezithako. Ngezansi, sizokukhombisa kuqala izingxenye ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha imidiya ekhulayo bese sizogxila ezintweni zemidiya ekhulayo ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha imidiya ekhulayo yezitshalo engadini.
Izingxenye zama-substrates zezitshalo
Lezi zingaba yizinto eziphilayo noma ezingaphili, ngayinye yazo izoba namandla ayo okugcina amanzi, ngakho-ke uzothola imikhiqizo egcina amanzi ebusweni bawo, abanye ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sabo, kodwa abanye bayoba nomthamo omningi noma omncane wokuwugcina. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi umthamo wokugcina amanzi kanye nesakhiwo somzimba sohlobo oluthile lwesithako singahluka kuye ngokuthi sivelaphi nokuthi sicutshungulwa kanjani. Lokhu kusebenza naku-peat.
Kulokhu, ingagcina umthamo wamanzi omkhulu kunesisindo sayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho kucutshungulwa, ukugcinwa kungancishiswa ngesigamu, futhi umoya omncane uyancipha kakhulu. Uma uhlanganisa imikhiqizo ozoyisebenzisa njengesisekelo sokukhula kwakho, izinto zokwakha kumele zibe namandla ukwenza ama-substrates ezitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukwakheka, amanani amakhemikhali nawomzimba wezinto ozisebenzisayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukuxubana komkhiqizo okwenzayo kuyahambisana ukusuka kuqoqo kuye kwelinye.
Izakhiwo zama-substrates zezitshalo
Nakuba okwamanje kunemisebenzi eminingana evumela ukuhlolwa kwezimfanelo ezingokomzimba ze-substrates zezitshalo, ngokuvamile zonke zisekelwe ezilinganisweni ezintathu eziyinhloko, okuyizi: eyokuqala ukuminyana ngobuningi (isisindo ngevolumu ngayinye), bese kuba umthamo wokugcina amanzi. (okulingana nephesenti lomthamo wamanzi atholakala esitshalweni ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-substrate) futhi ekugcineni, i-aeration (okuyisilinganiso sevolumu yendawo enezimbotshana etholwa umoya ngemva kokukhipha amanzi angaphansi).
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, imikhiqizo ephakathi nendawo ehlanganisiwe iphansi ngokusobala njengoba yenziwa ngokuyinhloko nge-sphagnum peat futhi ingabamba amazinga aphezulu amanzi. Nakuba ama-substrates asekelwe kumagxolo eyimikhiqizo esindayo, afaneleka lapho kudingeka khona ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu nokuzinza kwebhodwe. Yomibili imikhiqizo ngokuvamile inomoya omuhle, ophakathi kuka-10-18% ngevolumu kuma-substrates amaningi.
Mayelana nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, izilinganiso ezimbili ezibalulekile zingashiwo: i-pH ne-EC (i-electrical conductivity). I-PH ukunqunywa kwezinga le-asidi noma isisekelo sento noma isixazululo. Ukufundwa kwe-EC kulinganisa ikhono lesisombululo senhlabathi ukuqhuba umsinga kagesi futhi kuyinkomba yenani lemisoco etholakalayo engamuncwa izitshalo. Ngemidiya ekhulayo, ngokwezinjongo ezijwayelekile, ibanga le-pH elikahle ngu-5.2-6.2 futhi okuhlosiwe kungu-5.8 ekugcwalisweni kwesikhala. I-EC efiselekayo yenjongo evamile iphakathi kuka-1.0 no-2.0 mmhos/cm.
Ukuze kuhlume imbewu kanye nokusikwa kwezimpande, i-pH oyifunayo izoba ngaphansi kancane, phakathi kuka-5.0 no-6.0, futhi okuhlosiwe kokugcwaliswa kuzoba ngu-5.6. Lolu hlu lwe-pH luphansi kancane, njengoba i-pH ijwayele ukukhula ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokufakwa kukamanyolo omncane kanye ne-alkalinity yamanzi okunisela ngokufafazwa njalo. I-substrate ye-EC efiselekayo yokuhluma nokusabalalisa iphakathi kuka-0,5 no-1,1 mmhos/cm. Imithombo yezohwebo eminingi i-pH elungiswa nge-calcitic noma i-dolomitic limestone futhi iqukethe umanyolo oqalayo olinganiselayo ukusiza izitshalo ukuthi zijwayelane ngemuva kokufakelwa kabusha.
Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukuqala ukuvundisa lapho kuvela amaqabunga amasha nezimpande esitshalweni. Inani likamanyolo kanye nezikhathi zokufakwa kuzoncika ohlotsheni lwesitshalo, isigaba sokukhula, ubukhulu besiqukathi, nalapho ungeza amanzi ngokwakho. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ezinye izithako ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-substrates zingaqukatha usawoti wamaminerali njengokhukhunathi. Kunconywa ukugeza ukhukhunathi kahle ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga aphezulu kasawoti kanye nezakhamzimba. Okufanayo kusebenza kumagxolo, njengoba ukuvuthwa kanye nokwenza umquba kungakhulula izinto ezingafuneki.
Izinhlobo ze-Substrate
Uma ukhetha i-substrate yezitshalo, ngokuqinisekile uzothola izinhlobonhlobo eziningi futhi kuye ngokuthi yini oyifunayo, uzokwazi ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi ozoyithola ukuze ulondoloze amazinga omswakama adingwa yizitshalo. Emaphuzwini alandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo zama-substrates zezitshalo ezikhona ngokomsebenzi wazo, okungukuthi, ukugcina amanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi nokujikeleza komoya, kanye nalezo ezingaphili.
ukugcina amanzi
Umhlabathi: yilokho okungase kubhekwe ngokuthi «umhlaba». Kuyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo (eziphilayo noma ezifile), amaminerali, igesi namanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaphawulwa ukuthi inikeza ukusekelwa okufanayo njengamanye ama-substrates agcina amanzi, ahlinzeka ngokusekela izitshalo futhi kusiza ukulawula amanzi, izakhi kanye nomoya. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lungenye yemithombo yezitshalo esindayo futhi angeke inikeze uhlobo olufanayo lokujikeleza komoya njengenye imidiya.
Isixuku: iwumthombo wemvelo one-pH ephansi ezithokozelwa yizitshalo ezithanda i-asidi. Yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngobulembu obufile nezinye izinto ezibolayo. I-Peat moss yisithako esivame ukutholakala ezixubeni ezipakishwe kusengaphambili. Kuyi-substrate ekhanyayo engabamba okungaphezu kwesisindo sayo emanzini (kanye nezakhamzimba ezincibilikayo noma umanyolo).
Njengoba iwagcina kalula amanzi amaningi, akukuhle ukuwasebenzisa wodwa. Ukwenza kanjalo kungagcina amanzi amaningi kakhulu ezimpandeni futhi kubangele ukubola kwezimpande (okuthi, uma kungabanjwanga kusenesikhathi, kungasho ukufa okusheshayo kwesitshalo sakho).
Esikhundleni salokho, i-peat ivame ukuxutshwa namanye ama-substrates ukulinganisa lo msebenzi nokufaka umoya, okuzohlinzeka ngezimo ezingcono. Kodwa-ke, kunokuphikisana ngomthelela wemvelo wokusetshenziswa kwe-peat nokuvuna. Ikhiphela i-carbon dioxide, igesi ebamba ukushisa endaweni ezungezile. Ukuvunwa kwe-Peat ngezinhloso ze-horticultural nakho kudinga ukususwa kwe-peat ephilayo ukuze kufinyelele endaweni efile engezansi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-peat iyinsiza ekhula kancane kakhulu, le ndlela ayinakusimama.
I-coconut fiber: Eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-coconut peat", i-coconut fiber ithathwa njengenye indlela esimeme ye-peat. Futhi, yenziwe ngamafayibha kakhukhunathi acutshunguliwe futhi inikeza ukukhanya okufanayo okulingisa i-peat. Kodwa-ke, ayisebenzi, ngakho ayinikezi izitshalo uhlobo olufanayo lwezakhi njenge-peat nomhlabathi. Ngokufanayo, kungashiwo ukuthi, nakuba kudinga izithasiselo zokudla okunomsoco, inikeza inani elihle lokungena umoya nokugcinwa kwamanzi.
Igobolondo likakhukhunathi: enye indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabalimi be-aroid. Zigcina inani elifanelekile lomswakama ngokwazo, kodwa uma zingaxubene nenye i-substrate, zingadinga ukubuyiselwa emanzini kaningi. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esimahhadla, sinikeza izimpande zezitshalo indawo enhle yokunamathisela kanye nokungenisa umoya kangcono. Njenge-coir, iyi-substrate engasebenzi, ngakho-ke imisoco izodinga ukwengezwa ukusekela ukukhula kwesitshalo okunempilo.
i-sphagnum moss: Ivela esitshalweni esifanayo ne-sphagnum peat. Nakuba i-peat moss iwugqinsi olufile olutholakala ngaphansi kwesitshalo esiphilayo ezigodini, i-sphagnum moss iyingqimba ephezulu (okungukuthi isitshalo esiphilayo ngokwaso). Uma isesitolo, ngokuvamile isivele yomile futhi inzalo. I-fluffy ngakho ikhuthaza ukujikeleza komoya futhi, okungenani i-sphagnum yekhwalithi ephezulu, ingamathanda amade apakisha kumabhulokhi acindezelwe.
Lapho icwiliswa emanzini, igcina amanzi amaningi ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi ngisho nalapho ikhishiwe, ibamba umswakama isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yezinga layo lokukhula elihamba kancane, ithathwa njengesisetshenziswa esinomkhawulo. Kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, sebenzisa kabusha i-sphagnum moss inqobo nje uma ingakaze isetshenziselwe isitshalo esinegciwane. Ngakho-ke, cabanga ukuthi lolu hlobo lwemithombo yezitshalo engcolile lungabiliswa kuhhavini ye-microwave ukuze luphinde lufakwe inzalo.
Ukuze uthole amanzi kanye nokujikeleza komoya
Amagxolo e-Orchid: iyindawo ewugqinsi, evamise ukuba namahlebezi ekhuthaza ukugeleza kwamanzi ngendlela efanele ukuze amanzi nomoya kudlule kalula ezimpandeni zesitshalo. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa izitshalo ze-orchid namanye ama-epiphyte, kodwa ingasetshenziselwa ezinye izitshalo ezishisayo ezizuza ekuxubeni okuphuma kahle. Amagxolo angavela ezihlahleni ezihlukene, kuye ngendawo yangakini noma lapho inkampani ikhipha khona amagxolo awo. Amagxolo ngokuvamile avela ku-spruce noma ezinye izinhlobo zokhuni oluqinile.
Amalahle: Kuphinde kube yikilasi lama-substrates ezitshalo awusizo ukunikeza amanzi angcono kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesitshalo onaso. Khumbula ukuthi inekhabhoni engasebenzi futhi ayiqhekeki njengamagxolo, ngakho-ke kuhle ukugcina izingxube nama-substrates kuxege futhi kungaminyana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwengeza, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi njengoba ine-porous ngokusesilinganisweni, ingasiza ukugcina amanzi, kuyilapho futhi yenza kube lula ukumuncwa kwezakhi.
I-pearlite: itholakala ezitolo eziningi futhi ngokuvamile iyisithako emithonjeni ekhulayo yezitshalo ezifakwe emanzini. Kuyi-organic material (ingilazi yentaba-mlilo) eshiselwa ezingeni elithile lokushisa elibangela ukuba ifuthe. Izinto ezinwetshiwe zinezikhala ezincane ngaphakathi ezisiza ukuthi zigcine amanzi amaningi ngenkathi zinikeza nokukhipha amanzi. Ayinikezi izakhamzimba, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa yodwa, kodwa njengokuchitshiyelwa kwamanye ama-substrates.
Yize i-perlite iyingxenye enkulu yezimpahla ze-houseplant hobbyist, ngiyazonda ukuyisebenzisa. Intekenteke kakhulu futhi izingcezu ezinenkani ze-perlite phansi kwegumbi lami lokuhlala zicoleka kalula zibe yimpushana lapho zinyathelwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ilula kakhulu, ijwayele ukukhuphukela phezulu kwe-substrate ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-perlite encane esatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ebhodweni nasengxenyeni engaphansi iholela ekucineni (kanye nokugeleza komoya okuncane) emgqeni.
i-vermiculite: Yenziwe ngezinto ze-silicate futhi ngaphansi kokushisa. Uma ifakwe emanzini, ikhula njenge-accordion futhi ibambe amanzi amaningi kune-perlite. Leli klasi lama-substrates ezitshalo liwusizo uma izitshalo zakho zidinga i-substrate ehlala inomswakama futhi engasiza ukulawula amanzi nemisoco. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngaphambi kokuthenga lolu hlobo lwe-substrate yezitshalo, ukuthi alunikezi amanzi amaningi njengamanye abezindaba.
Ama-Inorganic Substrates
I-LECA: Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-hydroton" ezitolo ze-hydroponic, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-coco puffs" ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo. Avame ukutholakala njengamabhola ansundu abushelelezi, avuvukele, nakuba angabuye abe nombhalo oqinile ompunga noma o-beige. Yenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukushisa ukuze kwandiswe ubumba. Njengomthombo ongasebenzi, i-LECA idinga izithasiselo zemisoco encibilikayo ukuze isitshalo sakho sichume.
Nokho, amaphakethe ayo amahle avumela ukumuncwa kwamanzi izimpande ezizowamunca njengoba kudingeka. Futhi ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo okungalungile, inikeza ukujikeleza komoya lapho isetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Njengoba ingenamhlaba, ungakwazi ukubona kalula impilo yesistimu yezimpande zesitshalo sakho. Ukuntuleka kwezinto eziphilayo nakho kunciphisa izinambuzane ezivamile, okuyinzuzo. Njengenothi eseceleni, njengoba izinsizakusebenza zamanzi ezisebenzisa i-LECA zihlala zimanzi, kuncane ukuqagela uma kuziwa ekuniseleni.
BHEKA: Iwuphawu oludumile oluthi “Owl-Pon”, kungolunye uhlobo lwe-inorganic medium eyakhiwe ngezithako ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa idwala le-lava, itshe le-pumice, ne-zeolite (eyakhiwe nge-silicon ne-aluminium compounds, phakathi kwezinye. izinto zokwakha). Njengangaphambili, ayisebenzisi inhlabathi futhi incike esenzweni se-capillary yesenzo sokwenza ukugcina nokuqondisa amanzi ezimpandeni zezitshalo, njengoba kudingeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idinga futhi isithasiselo sokudla okunempilo ngoba iyi-substrate engasebenzi. Le substrate inikeza ukungena komoya, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okulawulwayo kanye ne-drainage eyanele.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko mayelana nama-Substrates Ahlukene Wezitshalo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde ezinye izindatshana eziqukethe izihloko ozithakaselayo kulezi zixhumanisi ezilandelayo: