Isiko lamaChavín libhekwa ngochwepheshe njengesiko lokuqala elithuthuke kakhulu ePeru yangaphambi kweSpanishi, ithonya lalo lasakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo manje osekusenyakatho yezwe. Bonke ubuciko balesi siko lasendulo iyamangaza izinga layo, elifanele ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile I-Chavin Ceramics.
I-Chavin Ceramics
Izitsha zobumba ze-Chavín zibonisa inguquko yobuciko lesi siko elihlangabezane nayo kuyo yonke le minyaka, isebenza njengethonya kwamanye amasiko.
Isiko leChavín
Isiko lamaChavín lachuma enkabeni nasenyakatho ye-Andes, cishe ngonyaka wama-900 kuya kowama-200 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, okungelinye lamasiko okuqala futhi ayinhloko angaphambi kwe-Inca. Isikhungo sezenkolo sase-Chavín de Huántar sasiyindawo ebalulekile yohambo olungcwele kuso sonke isifunda sase-Andean futhi saba nethonya elikhulu kuwo womabili amasiko angaleso sikhathi nawakamuva kuhlanganise nokusuka eParacas kuya kuma-Inca.
Lesi sikhungo sitholakala ngokuphawulekayo endaweni okuhlangana kuyo imifula emibili engokwesiko elivamile lase-Andean, imifula i-Huachesca ne-Mosna, endaweni ephakeme yomfula i-Marañón, emnyangweni wamanje wase-Áncash futhi yayisetshenziswa iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu. . .
Le ndawo ingamamitha angu-XNUMX ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle futhi ihlanganisa izindawo zokuphila zesiQuechua, iSuni, nePuna. Esikhathini se-pre-Columbian Peru, i-Chavín iyisiko eliyinhloko lenkathi ye-Early Horizon ezindaweni eziphakeme zasePeru, ebonakala ngokuqiniswa kokukhulekela okungokwenkolo, ukuvela kwezitsha zobumba ezihlobene eduze nezikhungo zemikhosi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu ezolimo kanye ukuthuthukiswa kwe-metallurgy nezindwangu.
I-Chavin Art
Ubuciko besiko lama-Chavín bumele owokuqala ukusatshalaliswa e-Andes kanye nezici ezibonakalayo zesitayela sokuqala. Ku-Chavín art izigaba ezimbili ezichazwe ngokuphelele zingabonwa. Isigaba sokuqala sihambisana nokwakhiwa kwe-«Ithempeli Elidala» e-Chavín de Huántar cishe phakathi konyaka we-900 nonyaka ka-500 BC; Isigaba sesibili sihambisana nokwakhiwa "kweThempeli Elisha" endaweni efanayo, isenzakalo esenzeka cishe phakathi kuka-500 no-200 BC.
Ngobuciko be-Chavín, imihlobiso yodonga yethulwa ngendlela yokubaza, izithombe eziqoshiwe, izitsha zobumba. Abaculi bancamela ukuveza izitshalo nezilwane okungezona ezomdabu, njengezingwe nama-eagle. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kubuciko be-Chavín yisithombe sezilwane, esasibaluleke kakhulu ngokwenkolo futhi siphindaphindwa emidwebeni eminingi.
Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zobuciko be-Chavín yizinto ezintathu ezaziwayo: i-Obelisk yaseTello, "amakhanda ameva" kanye ne-Lanson. I-Obelisk yaseTello iyinduku enkulu eqoshiwe enezithombe zezitshalo nezilwane, kuhlanganise nezingwenya, izinyoni, okusanhlamvu, nabantu. Mhlawumbe, isithombe esiku-obelisk sidlulisela indaba yokudalwa komhlaba. Amakhanda e-spike, atholakala kuyo yonke i-Chavín de Huántar, ayimidwebo emikhulu yama-jaguar alunguza phezulu ezindongeni zangaphakathi.
Cishe i-artifact ethakazelisa kakhulu i-Lanson, eyinsika yegwadle engamamitha angu-XNUMX ubude edlula ophahleni lwethempeli. Inomfanekiso kankulunkulu one-fanged (i-jaguar uhhafu, inyoka uhhafu, isigamu somuntu), isidalwa esiyinhloko sehlelo labantu baseChavín. Lapho kuhlolwa izitsha zobumba zikaChavín, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezimbili zezitsha, uhlobo olunezici eziningi ezinomfanekiso oqoshiwe nolunye olupendwe ngombala oyindilinga.
I-Chavin Ceramics
I-Chavín pottery yaziwa kakhulu ngemihlobiso etholakala kumagalari amathempeli e-Chavín. I-tableware ngokuvamile i-monochromatic futhi ingaba bomvu opaque, onsundu noma ompunga. Imikhumbi yayiqinile futhi isindayo ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokuqala.
Amafomu ayinhloko izitsha ezivulekile ezinezinhlangothi eziqondile noma ezikhula kancane kanye nezisekelo eziyisicaba noma eziyindilinga ngobumnene, izimbiza namabhodlela anama-stirrps. Ingaphezulu lingaqoshwa noma lihlotshiswe ngokufaka i-incing, embossing, ukuxubha, i-roulette noma i-serrated rocker stamping, konke okungasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithile ngokungafani nezibushelelezi. Ezinye izitsha zinemiklamo efakwe ngokujulile ebusweni bangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Chavín ceramics yethula izinguquko eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, amapayipi okuqala e-stirrup ayemancane uma kuqhathaniswa, aminyene kakhulu futhi esindayo, eveza i-flange ewugqinsi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-stirrps aba lula futhi ama-spikes abe made; itomu lashwabana lagcina selinyamalele. Izintamo zamaflask zaba nezinguquko ezifanayo.
Umhlobiso kwezinye zalezi zitsha zobumba umangalisa kakhulu; amanye anemiklamo yezimbali ebaziweyo, kanti enye inendawo emangelengele lapho kunochungechunge lwezindilinga eziyindilinga ezigobile ezinopholishi oluphakeme ngokuphawulekayo. Imikhumbi ye-Cupisnique stirrup spout, eminye yayo eyayifaniswe ngezibalo ze-anthropomorphic, izilwane, noma izithelo, kwakuyisiqalo sesiko lokumodela ngokwemvelo ogwini olusenyakatho, olwaqhubeka kuwo wonke umlando walo. Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi, ithoni ephindwe kabili izitsha zobumba zaqala ukusetshenziswa.
Kunendawo enkulu ogwini oluseningizimu yePeruvia enesikhungo sayo eSigodini sase-Ica, lapho kutholwe khona amathonya anamandla avela kusiko lweChavín ngesitayela sobumba saseParacas kanye nezindwangu ezimbili ezipendwe ngesitayela seChavín esimsulwa zisindile esigodini esifanayo. Izitsha zobumba zaseParacas zazihluke kakhulu kwezikaChavín, kodwa izizathu ezihlukahlukene ziye zavumela lezi zitho ezimbili ukuba zihlobene eduze.
I-Paracas yaqala cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-Chavín, cishe inkulungwane BC, futhi yahlala phakathi nesikhathi sayo nangale kwalokho, mhlawumbe ngasekupheleni kwamakhulu amabili BC. Uhlobo oluphawuleka kakhulu lwezitsha zobumba zeParacas kwakuwumkhumbi oyimbulunga ovaliwe onesisekelo esithe ukuba isicaba, esasinezimpophoma ezimbili eziwumngcingo ezixhunywe ibhuloho eliyisicaba, noma kaningi, kube nenhloko yomuntu noma yenyoni eyodwa esikhundleni sayo.
Izitsha ezilula eziyindilinga zazivame kakhulu. Impahla ngokuvamile yayimnyama noma ibe nsundu ngokumnyama kakhulu, futhi ingxenye enkulu yendawo yayimbozwe ngomhlobiso ovezwe ngokusikwa futhi ipendwe nge-polychrome ngemibala eqinile, ecwebezelayo, ekhipha inhlaka ngemva kokudubula. Iphaneli elinobuso bensikazi ekugcineni komkhumbi we-spout-and-bridge lalingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuhlobisa.
Ubuciko beParacas buphinde buhlukaniseke ngezindwangu zayo ezinhle ezifekethisiwe, ezivame ukutholakala kundwangu yabafileyo ababalulekile. I-Embroidery yayidumile ngalesi sikhathi okwathi kamuva yalahleka, kodwa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuluka zazisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zogu.
Izitsha zobumba ze-Chavín ikakhulukazi zaziyi-monochrome, zamodelwa, zapholishwa futhi zasikwa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nemigqa kwenziwa njengendlela yokuhlobisa. Ifomu elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yisitsha esinomzimba oyi-globular onesibambo esimise okwe-stirrup kanye nentamo eyi-cylindrical. Abantu bakwaChavín babazi futhi besebenzisa igolide, isiliva, ithusi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi nabo babazi amanye ama-alloys. Ukuncibilikisa lezi zinsimbi kukholakala ukuthi basebenzisa iziko ezenziwe ngobumba, namalahle njengamafutha.
Indlela eyayisetshenziswa ngezinsimbi yayiyi-wax elahlekile, ukubaza, ukugqamisa nokusika. Izinto ezisansimbi ezitholakala njengamanje yilezi: amathuluzi, okokuhlobisa umzimba, izinto zesintu nezikhali.
I-Chavín pottery yayipholishiwe emnyama, ensundu ngokumnyama, empunga, noma yaba nsundu ngokusikwa, ama-appliqués, nemifanekiso. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-ceramics amabhodlela anezintamo ezinde, amapuleti nezitsha. I-Ceramic enokuhlobisa okuphezulu kokukhululeka ngezinjongo zemikhosi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zobumba ze-Chavín kuveza izikhathi ezintathu:
Isikhathi se-Urabarrie
Isikhathi se-Urabarri sisuka onyakeni wamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kukaKristu siye emakhulwini amabili ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ithempeli laseChavín de Huántar lalisendaweni ezungezwe izindawo zokuhlala ezincane lapho kwakuhlala abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo bezizinikele kakhulu ekuzingeleni kanti kungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-chavine aqala khona ukutshala ummbila namazambane.
Izitsha zobumba zesiteji se-Urabarriu zathonywa kakhulu amanye amasiko. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo obutholakele bubonisa ukuthi phakathi nalesi sikhathi izikhungo zokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba zaseChavín zazihlakazeke kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesidingo esiphansi sabantu esasihlakazekile.
Isikhathi sikaChakinani
Isikhathi sikaChakinani sasiphakathi konyaka wamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu kanye nonyaka wamakhulu amane ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Ngalesi sikhathi izindawo zokuhlala ezizungeze ithempeli laseChavín de Huántar zanda kakhulu ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu njalo. Kwakungalesi sigaba lapho isiko lamaChavín laqala khona ukufuywa nokuzalaniswa kwama-llama, kunciphisa ukuzingela kwezinyamazane. Phakathi nalesi sigaba kwaba nokuxhumana nokuhweba okwengeziwe nezinye izimpucuko ezikude.
Rocks noma Janabarriu Period
Isikhathi seRocas noma iJanabarriu sisuka onyakeni wamakhulu amane ngaphambi kukaKristu siye onyakeni wamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ngalesi sikhathi kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu. Izindawo zokuhlala zaba izikhungo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, ezigodini ezinabantu abaningi futhi eminye imiphakathi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kanye nekhono emsebenzini kuyaqala ukwakheka.
Umkhathizwe wokuqala walandelwa yilokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi inkathi yokuqala emaphakathi. Ukuqala kwe-Early Intermediate kwaphawula ukwehla kwethonya lamasiko e-Chavín kanye nokuzuzwa kweziqongo zobuciko nezobuchwepheshe ezikhungweni ezihlukahlukene, kokubili ogwini nasezindaweni eziphakeme.
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