Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zezihlahla ezifunwa umuntu ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, okuqokomisa phakathi kwazo i-Pine, uhlobo lwesitshalo oluyingqayizivele ngenxa yokuma kwayo kwe-cone, ukujiya okuphezulu nokuchichimayo; eyaziwa ngokhuni lwalo lwekhwalithi ephezulu olusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo eminingi kanye nezindawo zokwelapha eziphikisana nobunzima bokuphefumula. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizofunda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphayini atholakala emhlabeni wonke kanye nezici zawo eziyinhloko.
Iphayini
Izitshalo zibonakala ngokuzalanisa iplanethi yonke yomhlaba kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezivumelana nezimo zezulu nezindawo, phakathi kwezinye izimo ezinikezwa ezwenikazi elisuka kulo, ngenxa yalokhu kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezindawo zemvelo ezingase kubhekwe njengobuhle obuyingqayizivele nobukhethekile. Phakathi kwazo, izihlahla zigqama njengezitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, ukwenza inqubo ye-photosynthesis nokuba yingxenye yemihlobiso yasemadolobheni.
Ezinye zezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu amaphayini, izihlahla ezinhle ezinomumo wepyramidal namaqabunga enaliti enaliti. Igama elithi pine livela kwelesiLatini uphayini, iqukethe uhlobo lwesihlahla somndeni wamaconifers, izinhlobo ezifika zibe nokuma kwesigaxa nakuba zikhona ezinesimo esiyindilinga, esibanzi nesicindezelekile. Ineqoqo lamagatsha anamagatsha anomthethonqubo omncane. Imbewu inesakhiwo esifana nesikaphayinaphu, ihlukile kuloluhlobo lwesihlahla.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke ezinezici eziningi, lezo zaseNyakatho nenkabazwe zithathwa njengamaphayini omdabu afana ne-Jack pine, zingabonakala naseNingizimu Melika njengophayini waseCaribbean. Ukuqokomisa iqiniso lokuthi ziyizihlahla ezinokubaluleka okukhulu emphakathini njengengxenye yokuhlobisa ikhaya, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sikaKhisimusi, ngakho banencazelo yendabuko ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso, izinkanyezi, amabhola, iminsalo nezibani ezikhanyayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi, okugqamisa umnotho, lapho izinkuni zikaphayini ziqukethe impahla eluhlaza efanele ezicini ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi inokuqina nokumelana okwanele, okuye kwasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa izitsha eziyisisekelo ezifana namatafula, izihlalo, umbukiso, phakathi kokunye. Njengamanje, yonke imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokusekelwe kuyo ibhekwa njengekhwalithi ephezulu.
Ibuye ibe nezakhiwo zokwelapha, isebenze kahle ezinkingeni zokuphefumula noma izifo zesifuba, ngoba iyakwazi ukwehlisa ama-bronchial spasms. Inezimiso zokulwa namagciwane ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-tannins, yingakho kubhekwa njengomuthi ophumelelayo wokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-mucous ku-bronchi noma ukuba khona kwama-microorganisms; Inikeza ngisho ne-expectorant, i-antiseptic kanye nemigomo ye-antipyretic, ekwelapheni izifo ezinamandla emzimbeni womuntu.
Izinhlobo zikaphayini
Iphayini yizitshalo ezinama-vascular zomndeni wakwaPinaceae, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwama-conifers kutholakala khona, kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezikhangayo kakhulu futhi zaziswa ngokombono wamahlathi, ngoba imele impahla eluhlaza eyisisekelo ekwakhiweni nasekucacisweni kwemikhiqizo yezitshalo. ikhaya, futhi limelela iphuzu elibalulekile lokongiwa kwenhlabathi, njengoba lisebenzisa umsebenzi njengabavikeli bezinye izakhi zemvelo eziwohloza isimo sazo semvelo.
Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lubonakala kakhulu emasimini, okuthi ngaphezu kokumelela uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwezokwelapha nezemvelo, lubuye lubukeke kakhulu futhi lufunwa njengendlela yokuhlobisa. Lokhu kugqugquzele ukusabalala kwawo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuqashelwa kwawo ezindaweni eziningi, ngakho ahlukaniswa ngokwembewu yawo kanye nenani lamahlamvu, ahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ezichazwe ngezansi:
I-Subgenus Strobus
Iqukethe uhlobo lwezihlahla ezaziwa ngokuthi amaphayini amhlophe adabuka eNyakatho Melika, zinezikali ze-seminiferous ezinezivikelo ezithile zokugcina, izifunda ezinkulu ezibonakala kuzo zisesiqhingini saseNewfoundland eMinnesota naseziNtabeni Zase-Appalachian kuze kufike esigabeni saseGeorgia. . Izinhlobo eziyinhloko phakathi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa i-Pinus Ayacahuite, i-Pinus Armandii, phakathi kwezinye.
I-Subgenus Ducampopinus
Lawa amaphayini anamazenga nezihlangu zomhlane, ngaphezu kokuba namaphiko ezinhlamvini zawo ahlukene phakathi, anemicu emaqabunga. Baziwa nangokuthi yi-Piñon, Balfourianae kanye ne-Lacebark Pines; ziqukethe uhlobo olubonakala kakhulu eMexico, e-Asia Ephakathi naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, ezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko okufanele zigqanyiswe yilezi ezilandelayo, uPinus Arista, uPinus Gerardiana, uPinus Nelsonii, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Subgenus Pinus
Eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Yellow Pines, inezikali ze-seminiferous ezinokwakheka kwezihlangu zasemuva kodwa ngaphandle kwebhande lokuvala, ngaphezu kwalokho inamaphiko ayo embewu ecacile, enezinqwaba ezimbili ze-fibrovascular emaqabunga. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo lubonakala kabanzi eYurophu, e-Asia ngisho naseMelika. Isibonelo, i-Pinus Pinea, i-Pinus Kesiya, i-Pinus Mugo, i-Pinus Nigra iyagqama, phakathi kwabanye.
Izimpawu zikaphayini
Izihlahla zikaphayini ziwuhlobo lwesihlahla esihlanganisa iqoqo lezitshalo ezinemithambo, lapho ama-conifers agqama khona, abonakala phakathi kweqembu lezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ezinobukhulu obukhulu. Banomsebenzi omkhulu emphakathini ngenxa yokhuni lwabo, luhambisana nohlobo lwempahla eluhlaza ebalulekile yokucubungula izitsha zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ngokulandelayo sizokwazi izici eziyinhloko zephayini:
- Anamagxolo awugqinsi, amaqabunga amise okwenaliti kanye nembewu efana nekaphayinaphu.
- Zinezakhiwo zokwelapha ezikhishwe emagxolweni azo, amaqabunga nezithelo.
- Ayithinteki ngezinkathi zonyaka, ngakho ihlale igcina umbala wayo oluhlaza.
- Iyaziwa ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu.
- Zinazo zombili izitho zokuzala (owesilisa nowesifazane) ngakho zizalana ngokwazo.
- Izitho zabo zokuzala zitholakala kuma-cones wesakhiwo sabo, yingakho igama labo liyi-conifers.
- Amaqabunga ayo anezakhiwo zama-macroblasts nama-branchiblasts.
Izinhlobo eMelika
EMelika, kuye kwabonwa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo eziyingxenye yomndeni kaphayini, okubhekwa njengezwekazi elinenani elikhulu lezibonelo ezitholakala emhlabeni; amazwe anezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kakhulu yiMexico neChile.
Izinhlobo Ezidumile e-Mexico
I-Mexico iyizwe lezwekazi laseMelika elinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zophayini emhlabeni. Zingezinye zezinhlobo ezinezifundo eziningi, ezigqamisa ubuhlakani besayensi e-National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), lapho zihlonze khona cishe ezingama-231 ezitholakala eMexico kuphela, ezihlanganisa ama-40% ezwe lonke. Okuhambisana kakhulu kugqanyiswe ngezansi:
I-Ayacahuite Pine noma i-Viking Pine
Kuthathwa njengesihlahla somdabu saseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, sibonakala kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme cishe amamitha ayi-1500 kanye ne-3600 ukusuka enkabeni yezwe ukuya eningizimu sifinyelela eHonduras, sikhula emhlabathini ongenalutho, ezindaweni ezibandayo kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Ifinyelela kumamitha angu-40 ubude, inegxolo elimpunga elinokwakheka okubushelelezi njengoba isencane kakhulu, lapho ikhula iba mahhadlahhadla futhi ibe bomvu ngombala.
Amanye amagama ayo ajwayelekile iPinabete, iCahuite, i-Ocote, ne-Acalohuite. Ithathwa njengomunye wamaphayini adume kakhulu esizweni saseMexico ngokhuni lwawo oluthambile futhi oluthambile, olusetshenziselwa ukunethezeka kwezinto eziyisisekelo ezifana nefenisha nezakhiwo. Isetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kabusha kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, imelela uhlobo lwezinkuni ezisezingeni elihle.
I-Pinus Cembroides noma i-Stone Pine
Ibhekwa njengezilwane ezihlala eMexico futhi ngokusakazwa okukhulu kakhulu esifundeni sonke, ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zayo inesiqu esifushane kakhulu (cishe phakathi kwamamitha angu-5 no-10 ukuphakama) nakuba kwezinye izimo ingafinyelela amamitha angu-15 ukuphakama. Ngaphezu kokuba namahlamvu aphakathi kuka-5 kuya ku-6, ikhula emithambekeni yamagquma kanye nemithambeka eyomile neyamatshe, etholakala ngaphansi kwezintaba. Inamahlamvu aluhlaza ngokumnyama futhi ayincane kakhulu.
Ibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezisatshalaliswe kakhulu eMexico futhi isetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi ezindawo ezomile nezisagwadule ezisethafeni elimaphakathi neMexico, igqamisa abantu abanjengoZacatecas, Durango, Coahuila, Nueva León, phakathi kwezinye amazinga okushisa nezindawo.
I-Pinus Montezumae noma i-Pino Chamaite
Kungumuthi womndeni wakwaPinaceae ongafinyelela kumamitha angu-20 ngisho nangamamitha angu-35 ukuphakama, odume kakhulu ezifundeni zaseMexico ikakhulukazi eJalisco, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Puebla, Veracruz, Zacatecas, phakathi kwabanye; futhi ngisho nokunwetshwa kwayo kubonakala kuze kuyofika eGuatemala. Ihlala emahlathini apholile nasezintabeni, amagxolo ayo anombala onsundu ngokubomvu, iphinde ibe nenhlaka evuthayo efunwa ukuze ikhishwe futhi ukhuni lwayo olumhlophe lusetshenziselwa ukwenza izitsha. Phakathi kwamagama aziwa kakhulu yi-Ocote Blanco, i-Pino Real noma i-Pino Montezuma.
Izinhlobo ezidumile e-Chile
Esifundeni esiseningizimu yezwekazi laseMelika, iChile igqama kakhulu ngezandiso zayo zamasimu kaphayini, asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwezitsha zokwakha izwe, ezinye zezinhlobo ezifunwa kakhulu zigqanyiswe ngezansi.
I-Araucanian Pine
Kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlala njalo zezwe laseChile, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sasePehuén, kungokomndeni wakwa-Araucariaceae kanye ne-coniferous genus Araucaria; igama layo lesayensi yi-Pinus araucaria arucana noma i-Pino Pehuén. Idabuka eningizimu yeChile nase-Argentina, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yezintaba ze-Andes kanye nokhahlamba lwezintaba ezisogwini lwaseChile. Yaziwa ngokuba ngolunye lwezinhlobo eziphila isikhathi eside kunawo wonke emhlabeni njengoba kunezibonelo zeminyaka engaphezu kweyi-100 yokuphila.
Imelela uhlobo lwesihlahla olufunwa kakhulu ngokhuni lwaso oluhle kakhulu nokuhlinzeka ngekhwalithi enhle yokwakha nomsebenzi wokubaza. Ngaphezu kokuba nokuhambisana komlando kanye ne-ethnobotanical, ngoba imbewu yayo imelela umthombo obalulekile wama-carbohydrate namandla kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
I-Radiata Pine
Kuwuhlobo lwe-arboreal oludabuka e-United States kodwa lwethulwa e-Chile ngo-1888 ngu-Arturo Junge Sahr, oluzivumelanisa kalula nendawo yokuhlala futhi lukhula ngokushesha esifundeni, lolu hlobo lungafinyelela amamitha angamashumi amane nanhlanu ubude kanye namagxolo alo. inamapuleti amnyama ampunga. Ukufika ukuze uthole isithakazelo sekhwalithi yokhuni lwazo kanye nezindawo zalo zemvelo ezivumela ukunciphisa ukuguguleka nokuphulukisa ukuguguleka; amanye amagama yiMonterey Pine kanye neCalifornia Pine.
i-pinea
Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pino Piñonero, i-Pino Doncel noma i-Pino Albar; lolu hlobo lwegama luvela embewini yalo enkulu futhi ethandwa ukudliwa isintu. Ifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angamashumi amathathu, amagxolo aminyene, umbala obomvu kanye nemifantu evelele kakhulu ngendlela yamapuleti. Yaziwa ngokumelana nesomiso isikhathi eside kanye nokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye nokumelana nenhlabathi enomswakama omncane.
Lolu hlobo selukhona ezweni laseChile cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseCoquimbo naseLos Lagos. Uma kucatshangelwa isihlahla sendabuko esinikeza izithelo kusukela kudala, namuhla izithelo zaso zisetshenziselwa i-confectionery, amaqebelengwane enziwe, amaswidi, ama-ayisikhilimu, phakathi kwabanye, beza ukuzomela isici esifanele emnothweni wezifunda zezwe.
Izinhlobo zePine eYurophu
IYurophu ibonakala ngokuba nezinhlobo zikaphayini ezivelele kakhulu ezifunwa umphakathi, yingakho beze bazokhuthaza ukutshalwa kwazo ngendlela yamahlathi avikelwe ukuze zilondolozwe futhi zisetshenziswe njengempahla eluhlaza. Ibhekwa ezindaweni ezithile zezwekazi lonke, njengeSpain.
Izinhlobo ezidumile eSpain
ISpain ibonakala ngokwenza ukutshala kwezinhlobo eziningi zephayini lapho kunezinhlobo ezingaba yisishiyagalombili ezihlala khona (eziyingqayizivele kuleso sifunda), lapho amahlathi anothe ngezinhlobo zikaphayini aye alondolozwa khona. Ezinye ezidume kakhulu zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
UPinus Sylvestris
I-Pinus Sylvestris yaziwa futhi ngamagama ahlukene afana nalawa: uPino Serrano, uPino del Norte, uPino Bermejo, phakathi kwabanye. Kuyi-conifer ebonakala ngokufinyelela amamitha angamashumi amane ukuphakama, isiqu sawo siqonde ngokuphelele futhi sinemihuzuko endaweni engezansi, amagxolo awo anombala obomvu endaweni engenhla kodwa lapho ehla athola umbala onsundu ngokubomvu. Iyakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi okwethulwa ngezikhathi zasebusika ngisho neqhwa, ngakho abonakala ezindaweni eziphakeme njengeCatabric Mountain Ranges, Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada kanye ne-Central System, iphinde ifunelwe izinkuni zayo zekhwalithi ephezulu.
I-Pinus Halepensis noma i-Aleppo Pine
Amanye amagama aso ajwayelekile i-Aleppo noma i-Pino Carrasco, iqukethe uhlobo lwesihlahla esitholakala ezindaweni zaseMedithera ezweni laseSpain, ikakhulukazi e-Levante, singafinyelela amamitha ayishumi nambili ubude futhi ezindaweni ezinomswakama sifinyelele kumashumi amabili- amamitha amahlanu ubude.ubude, ziyakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi zimelane nezikhathi zesomiso. Inesiqu esiwugqinsi nesiqinile, esinamagxolo ampunga amhlophe futhi umqhele wayo unomumo ongajwayelekile; imbewu yayo incane futhi i-pedunculated, iwuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu ukulwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
iphinifa
Iwuhlobo lukaphayini onomumo oyindilinga, yingakho waziwa ngamanye amagama afana ne-Pino Rodeno, i-Pino Resinero, i-Pino Negral noma i-Pino Marítimo. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane lusabalele kulo lonke elaseSpain, okuhlanganisa iPortugal, France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria kanye neMalta. Ngaphakathi kwezwe laseSpain, izifunda lapho kubonakala khona kabanzi yiCuenca del Duero, Catalonia, Albacete nezinye; Ziyizindawo ezinamamitha angu-30 ubude, ezinye zize zifinyelele kumamitha angu-2000. Isiqu sawo siqonde ngokuphelele, sinegxolo elibomvu eliwugqinsi futhi eliqhekezekile esisekelweni.
Ifunwa kakhulu ngumuntu ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokwelapha ngenxa yesithako esisebenzayo i-leukocyanidol, esetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-antihemorrhagics kanye ne-vitamin P; Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-tannins kanye ne-turpentine iyisinqandakuvunda kanye ne-astringent, ngokumelene nomgudu wokuphefumula.
I-Christmas Pines
UKhisimusi ungomunye wamasiko ayinhloko alandelwa emhlabeni wonke, amazwe amaningi enza imihlobiso eshayayo emakhaya abo, emigwaqweni, emigwaqweni, emigwaqweni futhi enze imicimbi eyingqayizivele yalesi sikhathi, enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu umhlobiso wesihlahla sikaKhisimusi, okuvame ukuba yi-fir kodwa amaphayini nawo asetshenziselwa le njongo, izinhlobo ezihlotshisiwe ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezwe kanye nesifunda lapho umkhosi wenziwa khona.
Lolu hlobo lomkhuba luqukethe ukuhlobisa isihlahla ngezibani ezikhanyayo, i-backstage, iminsalo, izimbali, phakathi kweminye imihlobiso, ngokuvamile imibala igolide, emnyama nomhlophe, nakuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imihlobiso yayo iye yanda, ukuhlobisa kuwumkhuba ovamile. , lapho izipho nezipho zibekwe ngaphansi kwawo.
Enye yezinhlobo ezithengiswa kakhulu emakethe amaphayini aseNyakatho Melika afana ne-Pino Silvestre noma i-Pino Blanco, lezi nazo zifunwa kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Europe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-Mexico izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka, ezidume kakhulu i-Viking Pine, i-Pino Prieto noma i-Pino Piñonero kuye ngokuthi isifunda umcimbi senzeka kuphi.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo Ezimnandi