Izingwenya ziyizilwane ezivela esigabeni se-Reptilia futhi nazo ziyingxenye ye-Crocodylia order, ehlanganisa nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifana nezingwenya, ama-gharials kanye nezingwenya zeqiniso, okungukuthi, lezo zomndeni wakwaCrocodylidae. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezingwenya ezikhona, qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko.
Izinhlobo Zezingwenya
Okhokho balezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu nezibabazekayo ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi ama-crurotaros futhi ngokuvumelana nazo zonke izifundo zesayensi eziye zenziwa mayelana nalokhu, lezi zilwane zavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-240 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zilwane ezinkulu ezihuquzelayo zafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu futhi zathatha cishe umhlaba wonke.
Naphezu kwalokhu, namuhla kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-23 kuphela ezitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo ezifudumele zomhlaba. Kuwo wonke umlando wabo, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene eziye zahlala emhlabeni zimelela onkulunkulu bokuzala, abadla imiphefumulo enyanyekayo futhi baye babhekwa njengezimpawu zamandla.
Izimpawu Zengwenya
Zonke izingwenya ziyizilwane ezidla inyama kakhulu futhi ezidla ezinye. Ngokulandelayo, lezi zilwane zinendlela yokuphila ye-semi-aquatic lapho zingaphuma emanzini amahora amaningana; Abavamisile ukuba nezinkinga eziningi zokusebenza nokuhamba ngaphandle kwendawo ehlala emanzini. Ngokuvamile, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zingabonakala zibuthana ngamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu zigcagca elangeni, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izingwenya ziyizilwane ezishisayo, okusho ukuthi, zidinga ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze zandise izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo wonke.
Phakathi kwezici zayo ze-anatomical, enye egqama kakhulu isikhumba sayo, esiqine ngokwedlulele, esakhiwe ngezikali futhi singavezwa ngemibala ehlukene efana nensundu, eluhlaza noma emnyama. Lesi sikhumba senza kube lula ukuthi zizifihle lapho zisaphezu kwamanzi lapho zivame ukuhlala khona, lokhu zikwenza ngesikhathi zilindele izilwane ezingase zisondele kuzo.
Izingwenya nazo zinezici ezithile zomzimba ezivumela ukuthi zihlale zisemanzini isikhathi eside, zinamehlo nekhala phezulu kwekhanda lazo, ngale ndlela, izingwenya ziyakwazi ukuphefumula futhi zibuke ukunyakaza ngakunye. okwenzeka eduze kwakho.
Manje, mayelana nokuziphatha kwazo, ziyizilwane ezinobuntu obuhle, nakuba zibusa kakhulu; empeleni, iqiniso liwukuthi izingwenya zingenye yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezimbalwa eziculayo. Ngaphezu kwalesi simo senhlalo, isimo sengqondo sokuzala sabesifazane singagqanyiswa, njengoba bezohlala benakekela wonke amaqanda abo ngendlela ephumelelayo bese, esikhathini esizayo, inzalo yabo encane.
Zihlala kuphi izingwenya?
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, okhokho bezingwenya bahlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-240 edlule futhi kungenzeka ukuthi basakaze cishe yonke iplanethi. Naphezu kwalesi sizinda esikhulu esikhathini esidlule, namuhla inani labantu bakhona lilinganiselwe kuphela ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwekazi lase-Asia, eMelika, e-Oceania nase-Afrika. Phakathi kwalezi zindawo, ngokuvamile zibonakala enkabazwe nasezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho amazinga okushisa ephakeme ngokwanele ukuba zikwazi ukuzalana ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Ngokuvamile, izindawo zemvelo zezingwenya zingamaxhaphozi amakhulu, imifula kanye namachibi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu nakho konke okubangele ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imvelo lapho lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlala khona ziye zaba sengozini kakhulu futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye zanyamalala kancane kancane. Eqinisweni, konke ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela ukuba izinhlobo eziningi zezingwenya ezikhona namuhla zibhekwe njengengozi enkulu yokushabalala.
Zingaki izinhlobo ezikhona?
Lonke uhlelo lwe-Crocodylia lwakhiwe imindeni noma izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingwenya. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ungathola ezinye ezifana nalezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Alligatoridae, noma i-caiman noma izingwenya ezaziwa kangcono
- I-Gavialidae, ebizwa nangokuthi i-gharial crocodiles
- I-Crodylidae, izingwenya zangempela
Okulandelayo, izinhlobo zezingwenya ezingaphakathi kwale mindeni nezici zazo:
izingwenya gharial
I-Gavialidae, noma eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi izingwenya ze-gavial, izingwenya ezihuquzelayo eziyingxenye yomndeni wakwaGavialidae, nakuba bekulokhu kunokungqubuzana okuthile mayelana ne-taxonomy yazo. Izingwenya ze-Gavial zibonakala ngendlela enhle ngokuba namehlo aqhumile kanye nekhala elide kakhulu futhi elincanyana uma liqhathaniswa nelezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zalolu hlelo. Ikhala eliwusizo kakhulu lapho uzingela izinhlanzi, ezihlanganisa cishe konke ukudla kwazo.
Iningi lezingwenya ze-gavial eziye zaba khona zagcina zinyamalale ekuqothulweni okwenzeka ku-Triassic-Jurassic; Namuhla emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezaziwayo ze-gharial ezisele emhlabeni, lezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Tomistoma schlegelii, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi i-False Gavial: Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokuvamile zihlala ezindaweni ezithile zase-Asia, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neMalaysia ne-Indonesia.
- I-Gavialis gangeticus, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Gharial Crocodile: Ihlala nase-Asia, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi zoMfula iGanges, eNdiya.
Ama-Caiman noma ama-alligator
Izingwenya noma ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-alligator, ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjengengwenya, zona ezakha umndeni wonke obizwa ngokuthi i-Alligatoridae. Lezi zingwenya ziyehluka kwezinye izinhlobo ezikhona ngokuba nekhala elibanzi kakhulu nelifushane. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngokungafani nalokho okungenzeka emndenini wakwaCrocodylidae, izingwenya azinazo nhlobo izindlala ezikhipha usawoti, futhi ngenxa yalesi sici esifanayo, zingahlala emanzini ahlanzekile kuphela. Kuwo wonke umndeni wama-alligator, izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ezihluke ngokuphelele zezingwenya noma izingwenya zingatholakala, eziqoqwe ezizukulwaneni ezi-4 ezilandelayo:
- Mi-elanosuchus i-niger, noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Orinoco Black Caiman: Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokuvamile zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukene zemifula i-Orinoco ne-Amazon, eseNingizimu Melika.
- I-Cayman, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Yacarés noma i-Caimans yangempela: Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zalezi zingwenya, iCaimán cocodrilus, iCaimán yacaré kanye neCaimán latirostris, zonke ezihlala eNeotropics kuphela.
- Ingwenya, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi Izingwenya: Kulezi zingwenya kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezihlukene. Enye yalezi zisakazwa kuyo yonke indawo yaseShayina, lesi silwane saziwa ngokuthi i-Alligator sinensis noma ingwenya yaseShayina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola i-Alligator mississippiensis, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ingwenya yaseMelika, okuyizingwenya ezingatholakala kuphela emaxhaphozini nasemifuleni eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States of America.
- I-Paleosuchus, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Dwarf Caimans: Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo ungathola ingwenya, noma njengoba igama layo lesayensi libonisa, i-Paleosuchus palpebrosis; kanye nakuPaleosuchus trigonatus, noma eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi caimán postruso. Zombili izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezahlukene zase-Amazon.
izingwenya zangempela
Manje, umndeni wakwaCrocodylidae uthathwa njengeminye yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingwenya ezikhona. Ngokocwaningo lwakamuva, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zaqala ukuvela e-Australasia ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Eocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-56 edlule. Ngemuva kwalokhu, izingwenya zaqala ukunqoba iMelika kanye ne-Afrika, amazwekazi lapho amanzi ahlanzekile kanye namanzi anosawoti eningi kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezingwenya zangempela kufakwe ezinye zezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu i-Crocodylus niloticus, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ingwenya yeNayile, isilwane esihuquzelayo esingafinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha amahlanu nayisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalezi, izingwenya ziyizilwane eziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, into evamile ukuthi ziphila phakathi kweminyaka engama-50 nengama-80. Ziyizilwane ezinemisipha eqinile futhi emikhulu, ngaphezu komhlathi wazo onamandla amakhulu; futhi, kulo mhlathi ofanayo kuphuma amazinyo abo amakhulu okuthi uma evala umlomo abe ngaphandle ngokuphelele.
Esinye sezici zayo ezigqame kakhulu ikhala layo, elincipha ukusuka phansi liye esihlokweni, ngaphezu kokuba lide kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nelezingwenya. Ngaphezu kwamehlo azo nolimi lwazo, zinezindlala ezikhipha usawoti; ngenxa yalesi sizathu esifanayo, izingwenya zangempela zingatholakala emanzini anamazinga kasawoti aphansi, njengama-delta emfuleni noma amaxhaphozi. Leli khono yisona sizathu esenza ukuthi okhokho babo bakwazi ukuwela yonke iPacific Ocean nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean ngeziqu zezihlahla ezazikhukhulekile ngemva kwesiphepho esinamandla.
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-13 kuya kweziyi-14 kuphela ezihlukene zezingwenya zangempela, izinhlobo zazo eziqoqwe ezizukulwaneni ezintathu ezihlukene. Lezi zinhlobo zimi kanje:
- I-Crocodylus, noma eyaziwa ngokuthi Izingwenya: Lolu uhlobo oluhluke kakhulu olukhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezingwenya, futhi lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-11 ezisatshalaliswa e-Afrika yonke, eMelika, e-Oceania nase-Asia. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu ungathola i-Crocodylus acutus, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ingwenya yaseMelika, kanye ne-Crocodylus niloticus, noma eyaziwa nangokuthi ingwenya yaseNayile, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezivela e-Afrika.
- I-Osteolaemus tetraspis, noma iNgwenya Encane: Namuhla kube nempikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi zikhona yini izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane noma eyodwa nje. Kunoma yikuphi, inani lalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezitholakalayo zihlala e-Afrika kuphela.
- I-Mecistops cataphractus, noma ingwenya ene-Slender-snouted: Lolu uhlobo lwengwenya ehlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika futhi namuhla isengozini enkulu yokushabalala.
izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izingwenya zangempela, noma ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Crocodylidae, zinezindlala ngaphezu kwamehlo azo nangaphezulu kolimi lwazo ezivumela ukuba "zikhale" wonke usawoti ongena emzimbeni wazo. Inkulumo eyaziwayo ethi "izinyembezi zengwenya" ivela kulesi sici, naphezu kokuthi akuzona izinyembezi ngempela, kodwa kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ukugcwala kukasawoti okungenzeka kube emzimbeni wakho. Lesi sici esihle sivumele izinhlobo eziningi zezingwenya ukuthi zingene ngempumelelo olwandle izigidi zeminyaka.
Ingwenya yasolwandle
Ngaphakathi komndeni wakwaCrocodylidae, kukhona uhlobo olwaziwa ngengwenya yasolwandle, lolu hlobo yiCrocodylys porosus, okuyisilwane esihuquzelayo esihlala ezindaweni ezahlukene eNingizimu ye-Asia, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne-Indonesia, iMalaysia kanye nePhilippines. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zivame ukuhlala ikakhulukazi emaxhaphozini, emifuleni, ezichwebeni zamanzi anosawoti kanye nasemachibini, nokho-ke, izingwenya zasolwandle zinamandla amakhulu okubekezelela amanzi anamazinga kasawoti aphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zingabonakala olwandle ukuzingela ezinye izinhlanzi.
I-Thalatosuchians
Kukhona i-suborder ebizwa ngokuthi i-Thalattosuchia, okuyiqembu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezihlobene nezingwenya. Lezi zilwane kwakuyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezazinesimo sesibankwa, amaphiko ezinhlanzi kanye nekhanda lengwenya. Ngesikhathi seCretaceous, lezi zilwane zazihlala ngqo nama-dinosaur futhi zahlala olwandle oluningi lwezwe laze lagcina lishabalele. Ngalesi sizathu, zingahlukaniswa ngephutha njengolunye uhlobo lwe-dinosaur yasolwandle.
Iningi lalezi "zingwenya" zasemanzini anosawoti zazinekhala ende, elifana kakhulu nelezingwenya ze-gharial, yingakho kunenkolelo yokuthi zazidla kakhulu izinhlanzi. Eziningi zalezi zilwane zazifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye neshumi, njengoba kwakunjalo neMachimosaures rex. Ngenxa yokuma kwawo, kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi ama-thalatosuchian ayeyizilwane eziphila ngaphansi komhlaba, ngakho ayekwazi ukuphuma ogwini lolwandle ayoshiswa yilanga noma ayobekela amaqanda awo.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo noma izilwane ezihlukene zomhlaba, kunconywa ukuthi ungashiyi ikhasi ngaphandle kokuthi uqale ufunde esinye salezi zihloko ezintathu:
Izimpawu Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo