Izinhlobo zezimpisi zivame ukuhlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngezinja zazo ezinamandla nama-premolars abukhali. Naphezu kokushushiswa abaye babhekana nakho, lezi canids zisekhona, ikakhulukazi e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ezinye zezinhlobonhlobo zawo seziphelile noma zisengcupheni yokushabalala. Kulesi sihloko uzokwazi ukuthola okwengeziwe mayelana Izinhlobo Izimpisi.
Izimpisi
Impisi iyisilwane esincelisayo esidla inyama edlayo kuphela futhi inja yethu yasekhaya (Canis lupus familiaris) iyingxenye yalolo hlobo lwezilwane, naphezu komehluko obi ngosayizi nokuziphatha. Igama lohlobo yi-Canis okusho ukuthi "inja" ngesiLatini. Igama elithi "canine" livela esichasiselweni i-canine ("yenja"), lapho igama elithi izinyo le-canine livela khona. Zonke izinhlobo zezimpisi noma izinja zinamazinyo e-canine afanele, eziwasebenzisa ukubulala inyamazane yazo ezoba uhlobo lwazo lokudla.
Izici Zezimpisi
Ukuba khona kwempisi emhlabeni kuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-800.000 XNUMX edlule. Khona-ke basakazwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zeplanethi, ezifana Melika, Asia naseYurophu. Namuhla, nokho, lokhu sekushintshile, njengoba bevame ukugxila eNyakatho Melika nasezingxenyeni ezithile zaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi izifunda zaseRussia.
Njengengxenye yezici zezimpisi, ukufana kwazo nenja yasekhaya kuyagqama. Zivamise ukuba nesisindo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angama-40 ukuya kwangu-80, kuye ngohlobo, futhi zinomzimba oqinile onemilenze eqinile nenemisipha, ehambisana nemihlathi enamandla enamazinyo abukhali.
Izinhlobo zezimpisi zingakhula ngesivinini esiphakathi kwamakhilomitha ayi-10 kuya kwangama-65 ngehora, futhi zibe nekhono lokugxuma okukhulu, izimfanelo ezibalulekile zokugwema izindawo ezinezintaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibambe inyamazane yazo. Zinomuzwa othuthuke kakhulu wokuhogela kanye nomuzwa wokubona ozenza zikwazi ukubona ebumnyameni, ngenxa yokuthi zine-tapetum lucidum, ulwelwesi oluzivumela ukuba zithuthukise ukubona kwazo ezimweni eziphansi zokukhanya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uboya bawo bukhulu, obukhulu futhi buqinile, obungagcini nje ngokuwavikela esimweni sezulu esibi kanye nokungcola, kodwa futhi bugcina bufudumele lapho kubanda kakhulu futhi busebenza njenge-camouflage. Izimpisi ezingavuthiwe (okungukuthi, lezo ezingakwazi ukuzala) zibizwa ngokuthi amawundlu, futhi iqoqo lawo kusukela esikhathini esifanayo sokukhulelwa kubizwa ngokuthi i-litter.
Izinhlobo Zezimpisi
Kukhona ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezincane zezimpisi ezisatshalaliswe ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kepha ithini inombolo yezinhlobo ezikhona? Ohlotsheni lwe-Canis, izinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha ezihlukahlukene ziye zaqashelwa, kuhlanganise ne-Canis lupus, nayo, eye yaqaphela izinhlobo ezincane ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ngokuhlukahluka okuningi, okungatholakala phakathi kwenja yasekhaya kanye nempisi empunga. . Kukhona, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Canis mesomelas elongae, i-subspecies yezinhlobonhlobo ze-Canis mesomelas, ezingezona izimpisi, kodwa izimpungushe, kanye ne-Canis simensis, okuyi-coyote.
Ngokwalokhu futhi njengoba kungezona zonke izinhlobo eziyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Canis eziyizimpisi, zingaki izinhlobo zezimpisi ezikhona? Ngokusho kwezikhungo ezisemthethweni, izifundo ezihlukahlukene ezenziwa futhi njengoba kubikwe yi-comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD), lezo ezikhonjiswe ngezansi yizona kuphela izinhlobo zezimpisi ezikhona, okukhona kuzo i-subspecies ehlukene:
- canis anthus
- canis indica
- i-canis lycaon
- canis himalayensis
- I-Canis lupus
- canis rufus
Izimpisi zaseYurophu, e-Asia nase-Oceania
Ngezansi sikushiyela ukubuyekezwa kwezinhlobo zempisi ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ezisatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo IYurophu, i-Asia ne-Oceania:
Impisi Emnyama
I-grey wolf (Canis lupus), iyinja ehlala ezindaweni zasendle nezikude zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Iyilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke emndenini wayo, kanti abesilisa banesilinganiso samakhilogremu angama-43 kuye kwangama-45 (amakhilogremu angama-95 kuye kwangama-99) kanti abesifazane banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-36 kuye kwangama-38.5 (amakhilogremu angama-79 kuye kwangama-85). Ahlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ze-Canis ngebala lawo elikhudlwana nezici ezingacacile kangako, ikakhulukazi ezindlebeni nasempumulweni.
Ijazi layo lasebusika libanzi futhi liminyene, umbala ogqamile ompunga onamabala, nakuba lingase libe mhlophe qwa, libomvu futhi libe nsundu ukuya komnyama. Inani labantu emhlabeni wonke lalolu hlobo lwezimpisi lilinganiselwa ku-300.000 abantu. I-grey wolf ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ezifundwe kakhulu, cishe enezincwadi eziningi ezilotshiwe kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zasendle.
Iwukuphela kwenhlobonhlobo ye-Canis esatshalaliswa kulo lonke elase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, eyasuka e-Eurasia ngenkathi ye-Pleistocene, ikoloni eNyakatho Melika okungenani izikhathi ezintathu ezahlukene e-"Rancholabrean" noma i-Pleistocene engasekho. Kuyisilwane esihlala emphakathini, esihamba emindenini yenuzi eyakhiwe ngababili abahlangene, okuhambisana nenzalo yabantu abadala balo mbhangqwana.
Impisi empunga iyisilwane esizingelayo esihlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ochungechungeni lwaso lokudla kulo lonke uhla lwaso. Abantu namahlosi kuphela abawusongo olukhulu kuye. Idla ngokuyinhloko izilwane ezifuywayo ezinkulu (ezihamba ngezinselo), kodwa futhi idla izilwane ezincane, imfuyo, inyama ebolile kanye nodoti. Impisi eneminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala kulinganiselwa ukuthi isindala kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sayo sokuphila esiphezulu siyiminyaka engaba ngu-16.
Common noma European Wolf
Impisi yase-Eurasian, impisi yaseYurophu (Canis lupus lupus), evame ukubizwa ngokuthi impisi evamile noma impisi yasehlathini laseRussia Ephakathi, iwuhlobo oluthile lwempisi empunga edabuka eYurophu kanye nezindawo zamahlathi nezingamaqele zezwe elaliyiSoviet Union. . Ngaphambi kweNkathi Ephakathi, yasakazwa kabanzi kulo lonke elase-Eurasia. Ngaphandle kwerekhodi layo elikhulu le-paleontological kanye nezakhi zofuzo, izilimi zase-Indo-European ngokwesiko zasebenzisa amagama ahlukahlukene ukubhekisa impisi, ekhombisa ubukhona obubanzi besilwane kanye nezimpawu zaso zamasiko.
Babehlonishwa kakhulu emasikweni aseBaltic, Celtic, Slavic, Turkish, Ancient Greek, Roman and Thracian, kuyilapho benedumela elingaqondakali empucukweni yokuqala yaseJalimane. Yinkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezimpisi ezimpunga ze-Old World, ezinesilinganiso samakhilogremu angu-39 (86 lb) eYurophu; nokho, izibonelo ezinkulu ngokungavamile zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-69 kuye kwangama-80 (amakhilogremu angu-152 kuya kwangu-176), nakuba lokhu kungahluka ngokwesifunda.
Uboya bawo bucishe bube bufushane futhi buwugqinsi, futhi ngokuvamile bubomvu tebhu, bumhlophe emphinjeni obungafinyeleli ezihlathini. Ukukhala kwayo kude kakhulu futhi kumnandi kakhulu kunokwezinhlobo ezincane zezimpisi ezimpunga eNyakatho Melika, amagama azo anamandla kakhulu futhi agcizelela uhlamvu lokuqala.
impisi emnyama
Impisi emnyama iyinhlobonhlobo yoboya bempisi empunga (Canis lupus), okungukuthi, ayiyona i-subspecies ye-wolf order. Njengempisi empunga, impisi emnyama itholakala eNyakatho Melika, e-Asia naseYurophu. Lokhu kwehluka kwejazi kuvela ekuguqukeni kofuzo okwenzeka esiphambanweni phakathi kwezinja zasekhaya nezimpisi zasendle. Nokho, kudala kwakunempisi emnyama yaseFlorida (Canis lupus floridanus), okwamenyezelwa ukuthi ayisekho ngo-1908.
Impisi yaseSiberia
Impisi yaseSiberia (Canis lupus albus), iwuhlobo lwempisi empunga edabuka ezindaweni zase-Eurasia tundra kanye nasezifundeni zasehlathini ezisuka eFinland kuya eNhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka, eyabikwa okokuqala ngo-1792 nguRobert Kerr, owachaza kabanzi ngokuthi iwuhlobo oluhlala endaweni. yeYenisei futhi eyayinesikhumba senani elikhulu. Le mpisi yaseSiberia njalo ihlala ezigodini zemifula, ezihlahleni nasezinkangala.
Ebusika idla cishe ama-reindeer asendle kanye nasekhaya kuphela, nakuba ngezikhathi ezithile idla onogwaja, izimpungushe zase-arctic nezinye izinhlobo. I-subspecies enkulu, kanti abesilisa abadala bafinyelela ku-118 kuya ku-137 amasentimitha (46,5 kuya ku-54 amayintshi) ubude futhi abesifazane 112 kuya ku-136 amasentimitha (44 kuya ku-53,5 amayintshi).
Nakuba ngokuvamile kuthiwa likhulu kune-Canis lupus lupus, lokhu akulona iqiniso, njengoba izibonelo ezisindayo zezinhlobo ezincane zakamuva zibhaliwe. Isisindo sabo esijwayelekile singamakhilogremu angama-40 kuye kwangama-49 (amakhilogremu angama-88 kuye kwangama-108) kwabesilisa kanye namakhilogremu angama-36.6 kuye kwangama-41 (amakhilogremu angama-81 kuye kwangama-90) kwabesifazane. Ibonisa ijazi elide impela, eliwugqinsi, elithambile futhi elibushelelezi, elivame ukucaca futhi limpunga ngombala. Ijazi langaphansi linombala ompunga oholayo kanti phezulu kunombala ompunga ngokubomvu.
I-steppenwolf
Izinhlobo zempisi ye-steppe (Canis lupus campestris) ngezinye izikhathi zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili, i-desertorum ne-cubanensis (naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngezinye izikhathi ibhekwa njengento ehlukile yempisi yaseTibet). Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ziyizimpisi ezincane kodwa eziqinile, ezinezinwele ezimpunga ezimfushane, ezikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nempilo emathafeni nasezingwadule zezifunda eziseningizimu yeRussia nasenkabeni ye-Asia.
impisi yaseRussia
Impisi YaseRussia (Canis lupus communis) ibhekwa njengeningi kakhulu phakathi kwezimpisi zaseYurophu futhi leyo esakazwa kabanzi, njengoba ikhona eMpumalanga Yurophu naseRussia, kanye nokusuka eningizimu yeSiberia kuya oLwandlekazi iPacific. .
I-Iberian wolf
Impisi yase-Iberia (Canis lupus signatus) yaziwa nangokuthi impisi yaseSpain. Lezi zinhlobo zezimpisi ziyi-subspecies ephakanyisiwe ye-grey wolf engatholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, okungukuthi, enyakatho yePortugal nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSpain. Kuhlala phakathi kwezi-2.200 nezi-2.500 izimpisi eziye zagcinwa ukuba zingaxubani nezinye izimpisi isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu. Bakha inani elikhulu lezimpisi eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Ngenxa yokulawulwa kwenani labantu kanye nokulimala kwemfuyo, izimpisi zase-Iberia njengamanje ukuphela kwezinhlobo zezilwane eNtshonalanga Yurophu ezingase zizingelwa ngokusemthethweni. Noma kunjalo, eSpain kuphela, unyaka nonyaka zimbalwa izimvume zokuzingela ezinikezwayo, ezisebenza ngokuqinile kuphela enyakatho yomfula iDuero. Kanye nobunzima bokuzingela kwabo ngenxa yemvelo yabo eqaphile kanye neqiniso lokuthi abavamile ukubonakala, bafunwa kakhulu abazingeli abaningi baseYurophu njengomklomelo wezilwane ezinkulu.
I-Levantine Wolf
Impisi yaseLevantine (Canis lupus deitanus) kanye nempisi yase-Iberia, iwuhlobo olwaqanjwa uCabrera ngo-1907, kodwa kulesi senzakalo bekulokhu kunokungabaza okuningi mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwayo, njengoba yabuyekezwa ngokusekelwe ezibonelweni ezimbalwa ezazikhona. ekuthunjweni eMurcia futhi akazange abonwe endle. Izimpisi zamaLevantine zazizincane kakhulu kunezimpisi zase-Iberia, zinezinwele ezimfushane ezibomvu. Ngokunokwenzeka izibonelo ze-Cabrera zazingabantu abangajwayelekile nje bempisi yase-Iberia. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi, azikaze zizwakale kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Iphisi elimalukeke
Impisi yase-Italy (i-Canis lupus italicus), ebizwa nangokuthi impisi yase-Apennine, ingelinye lamakilasi ezimpisi ezikhuliswe njenge-subspecies ye-grey wolf ezalelwa enhlonhlweni yase-Italy. Ihlala e-Apennines nasentshonalanga ye-Alps, nakuba ibilokhu isakazekela enyakatho nasempumalanga. Ngo-2005, inani lezimpisi zase-Italy lalilinganiselwa kubantu abangu-500. Ivikelwe ngokuqinile e-Italy kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-70s, lapho inani labantu lehla lafinyelela okungenani kubantu abangama-100 kuye kwayi-XNUMX. Inani labantu belilokhu likhula, nakuba ukuzingela noshushiso olungekho emthethweni kusalokhu kuwusongo.
Ukubalwa kwabantu okwenziwa ngo-2016 yi-"Istituto superiore per la protezione e la ricerca Ambientale" kwembula ukuthi, okungenzeka ukuthi phakathi kwezimpisi eziyi-1.269 neziyi-1.800 zase-Italy kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2013. ukuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance naseSwitzerland. Nakuba ingaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengezinhlobo ezincane ezihlukene, ine-haplotype ye-mitochondrial DNA ehlukile kanye ne-morphology yogebhezi oluhlukile.
Impisi yase-Italy ivamise ukuba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-25 kuye kwangama-35 (amakhilogremu angama-55 kuye kwangama-77), nakuba amanye amaduna amakhulu esefinyelele kumakhilogremu angama-40 kuye kwangama-45 (amakhilogremu angama-88 kuye kwangama-99). Zilinganisa phakathi kuka-110 no-148 amasentimitha ubude namasentimitha angama-50 kuya ku-70 ukuphakama emahlombe. Uboya bazo buhlale bumpunga ngombala, obuvamise ukubabomvu ehlobo. Isisu nezihlathi zilula ngombala, futhi kunemigqa emnyama ngemuva nasekupheleni komsila, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihambisana nemilenze yangaphambili.
I-Arabian Wolf
Impisi yase-Arabia (Canis lupus arabs) yaziwa njenge-subspecies ye-grey wolf, ehlala eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia. Yimpisi encane kunazo zonke eyaziwayo, enezelwa ukuthi iyisilwane esesijwayele ukuphila ogwadule. Ihlangana njalo emihlambini enesizotha futhi i-omnivorous ngokuphelele ngokwemvelo, idla inyama ebolile kanye nodoti, kanye nezilwane ezincane neziphakathi nendawo.
Kwenye yezincwadi zomagazini ezikhethekile emhlabeni wezilwane, "Izinhlobo Zezilwane Ezifuywayo Zomhlaba" (Izinhlobo Zezilwane Ezincelisayo Zomhlaba) eyahlelwa ngo-2005, kubhekiselwa ngokukhethekile ekuqanjweni okwatholwa impisi yase-Arabia njenge-Canis lupus arabs evela. isazi sezilwane saseNgilandi u-Reginald Innes Pocock ngo-1934. Kwenzeke iziphambano nezinja ezifuywayo, kodwa akucaci kahle ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuyisizathu esenza ukuthi impisi isondelene ngokofuzo ne-Canis lupus lupus. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kokuqothulwa kwenhlanganisela, njengoba izimpisi zase-Arabia zikufanelekela kakhulu ukuphila ogwadule kunezinhlobo ezixubile zezinja zezimpisi.
Kwa-Israel kanye nasezindaweni zasePalestine kunokungavumelani mayelana nesimo esinembayo se-taxonomic sezimpisi. Ososayensi abathile bayaqinisekisa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-wolf subspecies, i-Canis lupus pallipes enyakatho ne-Canis lupus arabs eningizimu. Abonisa ukuthi lawo aseningizimu mancane kunalawo asenyakatho, nawo amnyama nezinwele zawo zinde. Abanye abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi impisi yakule ndawo iyi-Arabian Canis lupus, engenawo umehluko wangempela phakathi kwezimpisi zasenyakatho neziseningizimu. Njengakwezinye izindawo, kukhona ukuzalanisa nezinja zasendle, okwenezela isici sokungaqiniseki.
Impisi yaseTopiya
Futhi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Abyssinian, i-Canis simensis noma impisi yase-Ethiopia empeleni iyimpungushe noma i-coyote, ngakho-ke ayilona uhlobo lwempisi. Ihlala kuphela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-3.000 ezintabeni zase-Ethiopia. Inosayizi omncane ofana nenja, njengoba imvamisa inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20. Ukwengeza, inoboya obubomvu namachashaza amhlophe ngaphansi kwentamo nomsila omnyama. Ibuthana ngemihlambi ehlelwe ngendlela yezigaba. Namuhla, zisengcupheni yokushabalala ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo kanye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu ukuze ziqhelelane nemfuyo.
I-African Golden Wolf
Impisi yegolide yase-Afrika (i-Canis anthus) iwuhlobo lwempisi etholakala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Lesi silwane sisetshenziselwa isimo sezulu esiwugwadule, kodwa sikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinemithombo yamanzi eseduze. Mayelana nezici zayo ezingokomzimba, ubukhulu bayo buncane kunezinye izimpisi, zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-15 futhi zibonisa uboya obunombala omnyama emhlane nomsila noboya obunombala oyisihlabathi emilenzeni nasesiswini.
impisi yamandiya
Impisi yaseNdiya (Canis lupus pallipes) iwuhlobo lwempisi empunga etholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia ukuya eNdiya. Ubukhulu bayo bungatholakala phakathi kobu Tibet kanye nempisi yase-Arabia, futhi ayinalo ijazi lasebusika elijabulisayo langaphambili njengoba lihlala ezindaweni ezipholile. Ama-haplotype amabili ahlobene eduze phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezincane, okuyisisekelo sazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo eziphilayo ze-Canis lupus haplotypes, ngaphandle kozalo lwamadlozi e-Himalayan wolf, ahlonziwe futhi afakwa isiliva njengohlobo oluhlukile.
Ngo-2018, ukulandelana kwayo yonke i-genome yayo yasetshenziswa ukufanisa amalungu ohlobo lwe-Canis. Ucwaningo lukwazile ukuthola ubufakazi bokuxhumana kofuzo phakathi kwezimpisi zegolide zase-Afrika, izimpungushe zegolide kanye nezimpisi ezimpunga (ezivela eSaudi Arabia naseSyria). I-golden wolf yase-Afrika evela eNhlonhlweni yaseSinayi iveze ukuhlangana okuphezulu nezimpisi ezimpunga nezinja zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, egqamisa indima yebhuloho lomhlabathi phakathi kwamazwekazi ase-Afrika ne-Eurasia ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwemvelo.
Kwatholakala ukuthi impisi yegolide yaseNdiya noma yase-Afrika yavela ku-canid ngokombono wezofuzo yayixubene ne-grey wolf engu-72% kanye no-28% wozalo lwempisi yase-Ethiopia.
impisi ye-himalayan
Impisi yaseHimalaya (Canis himalayensis) idabuka eNepal nasenyakatho yeNdiya. Ibuthana ngamaqembu amancane futhi namuhla kunenani elincane kuphela lezibonelo zabantu abadala. Mayelana nokubukeka kwayo, isilwane esincane nesincane. Ijazi lakhe liqinile futhi liboniswa emthunzini okhanyayo we-chestnut, ompunga nokhilimu.
impisi yasetibetan
I-Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) ibonisa umbala ompunga okhanyayo cishe omhlophe, obonisa amathoni ansundu endaweni engenhla yomzimba. Ingatholakala kulo lonke elase-Asia emaphakathi, ifinyelele eMongolia enyakatho nasentshonalanga ye-Himalayas entshonalanga. Ngokwezinga elincane, zingatholakala eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea.
Dingo
I-dingo iyinja edabuka e-Australia, igama layo lezinhlobo namanje kuseyimpikiswano: ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-Canis familiaris, i-Canis familiaris dingo, i-Canis lupus dingo noma i-Canis dingo. Iyinja emsulwa, nakuba izalelwe endle kuphela, noma ngenhlanganisela ye-dingo kanye nenja yasekhaya. Kuyinja enosayizi omaphakathi enomzimba omncane futhi oqinile, elungele isivinini, ukushesha kanye nokumelana.
Imibala emithathu yejazi le-dingo ebalulekile yilena: i-ginger ekhanyayo noma e-tan, emnyama ne-tan, noma emhlophe ekhilimu. Ugebhezi lwekhanda, ingxenye enkulu yesilwane, lumise okwentshiseko futhi lukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomzimba waso. Ihlukaniswa nenja yasekhaya ngendlu yayo ebanzi ye-palatal, ukuphakama okufushane kwe-cranial, kanye ne-sagittal crest ebanzi.
Izinsalela zakudala ze-dingo ezaziwayo zatholakala eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, futhi zihlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni engu-3.450 edlule, okuphakamisa ukuthi ama-dingo afika e-Australia nabahambi basolwandle ngaphambi kwalolo suku. I-morphology yayo ayizange ishintshwe eminyakeni engu-3.500 edlule, okusikisela ukuthi akukho ukukhetha okwenziwe okwenziwe ngaleso sikhathi. I-dingo ihlobene kakhulu nenja eculayo yaseNew Guinea. Uzalo lwabo lwahlukana kusenesikhathi lusuka ohlwini olwaholela ezinjeni zanamuhla ezifuywayo, ezingalandelelwa kusukela e-Malay Archipelago kuya e-Asia.
Inja Entsha Yokucula YaseGuinea
I-New Guinea noma i-New Guinea Highland Singing Dog (Canis lupus hallstromi) iyinja engavamile etholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zesiqhingi saseNew Guinea. Ithathwa njengesihlobo se-dingo yase-Australia, nakuba isimo sayo se-taxonomic sinempikiswano. Ngo-2016, i-New Guinea Highland Wild Dog Foundation yatshela abezindaba ukuthi yona kanye neNyuvesi yasePapua bathole futhi bathwebula izithombe "izinja zasendle eziyishumi nanhlanu."
Isilwane sibonwa ngokuphimisa kwaso okuthile. Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nezinja eziculayo zaseNew Guinea endle, kanti kusukela ngo-2016 zimbili kuphela izithombe ezaziwa ngokubonwa zisesimweni esinjalo: esisodwa sathathwa ngo-1989 futhi senziwa esidlangalaleni encwadini kaTim Flannery ethi “Mammals of New Guinea”, kanti enye yathathwa. ngo-August 2012 ngumqondisi we-adventure u-Tom Hewett endaweni ye-Star Mountains eNtshonalanga Papua.
Ezinye izinhlanga zaseYurophu, e-Asia nase-Oceania
- I-Gansu (Canis lupus filchneri)
- Isi-Romanian (Canis lupus minor)
- I-Tibetan (Canis lupus laniger)
- I-Sicilian (Canis lupus cristaldii (†)
- Kusuka eHokkaido (Canis lupus hattai = Canis lupus rex)(†)
- I-Honshu (Canis lupus hodophilax)(†)
Izimpisi zaseNyakatho Melika
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo sizokwethula incazelo yalezo zinhlobo zezimpisi ezingatholakala endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika:
Impisi yase-Arctic
I-arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos), eyaziwa nangokuthi impisi emhlophe noma i-polar wolf, iwuhlobo oluthile lwempisi empunga edabuka eQueen Elizabeth Islands yaseCanada, ukusuka esiqhingini saseMelville kuya e-Ellesmere. Iwuhlobo oluncane olunobukhulu obumaphakathi, futhi obuhlukile kumpisi yasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ngokuba mncane, mhlophe ngombala, ne-cerebral cortex ebanzi futhi ama-carnassials (amazinyo enyama) amakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1930, kuye kwaba nokuncipha kancane kancane komthamo wezingebhezi zalesi sifanekiso, okungenzeka ukuthi siwumkhiqizo wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezimpisi nezinja.
Ngo-1935, isazi sezilwane esiyiNgisi uReginald Pocock sabela uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane okuthiwa i-Canis lupus arctos (impisi yase-Arctic) esiqhingini saseMelville eQueen Elizabeth Islands, eCanada. Uveze ukuthi izimpisi ezifanayo zingatholakala e-Ellesmere Island. Waphinde waqamba enye impisi yaseGreenland yaseCape York, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGreenland, ngegama elithi Canis lupus orion. Izimpisi ezimbili zibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukene ze-Canis lupus egunyeni le-taxonomic "Izinhlobo Ezincelisayo Zomhlaba" (2005).
Impisi yaseMexico
Impisi yaseMexico (Canis lupus baileyi), nayo ebizwa ngokuthi yimpisi yilabo abasondelene kakhulu nayo, iwuhlobo lwe-grey wolf eyake yazalelwa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Arizona, eningizimu yeNew Mexico, entshonalanga yeTexas nasenyakatho yeMexico. Phakathi kwezimpisi ezimpunga zaseNyakatho Melika, yincane kunazo zonke futhi ifana ne-Canis lupus nubilus, nakuba ihluka ngogebhezi lwayo oluncane noluncane kanye noboya bayo obumnyama, obuphuzi-mpunga, obugubuzelwe kakhulu ngomnyama ngemuva kanye nomsila.
Okhokho babo cishe babeyizimpisi zokuqala ezimpunga ukungena eNyakatho Melika ngemva kokubhubha kwempisi yaseBeringian, njengoba kuboniswa izici zazo eziyisisekelo zomzimba nezofuzo kanye nobubanzi bazo obuseningizimu. Nakuba yake yaziswa kakhulu e-pre-Columbian Mexico, iyimpisi empunga esengozini kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, eyashabalala endle maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX ngenxa yengxubevange yokuzingela, ukucupha, ukufaka ushevu kanye nokukhipha imidlwane yasemgodini. .
Ngemva kokufakwa eMthethweni Wezilwane Ezisengozini ngo-1976, i-United States neMexico zasebenza ndawonye ukuze zibambe zonke izimpisi ezazisele endle. Lo mthetho owedlulele wavimbela ukushabalala kwezimpisi. Izibonelo ezinhlanu zalolu hlobo (abesilisa abane kanye nensikazi eyodwa ekhulelwe) bavaleleka bephila eMexico kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1980 futhi basetshenziselwa ukuqala uhlelo lokuzalanisa abathunjiweyo.
impisi ka-baffin
Impisi yase-Baffin Island (Canis lupus manningi), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-tundra wolf yase-Baffin Island, iwuhlobo lwempisi empunga ehlala e-Baffin Island naseziqhingini ezimbalwa eziseduze. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1943, lapho iqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengezinhlobo ezingaphansi, lapho u-Anderson enikeza khona ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic. Lesi sifanekiso sivunywa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus egunyeni le-taxonomic «Izinhlobo Ezincelisayo Zomhlaba» (2005).
Izimpisi zase-Baffin Island zibhekwa njengezilula ngombala, ngezinye izikhathi ezimhlophe, futhi ezincane ngokungavamile uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-wolf. Kuthiwa incane kunazo zonke izimpisi zase-Arctic. Amarekhodi okuqala kanye nobufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi izimpisi zasentshonalanga yeGreenland zavela esiqhingini sase-Baffin futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziyinzalo yezinhlobo ezingaphansi ze-Baffin Island zezimpisi. Ngo-1966, kwenziwa ucwaningo kulesi sifanekiso, okwakukhona ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini konyaka odlule, eWordie Bay, yiNyuvesi yaseToronto. Bekukhona nabafundi basenyuvesi.
I-Yukon Wolf
I-Yukon Wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus) iyinhlobonhlobo yempisi empunga ethola igama layo kukho kokubili impisi yase-Alaskan Interior e-United States kanye nempisi yase-Yukon eCanada. Lapho ngokuvamile itholakala ezindaweni eziseduze zeBritish Columbia kanye neNorthwest Territories. Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zidabuka e-Interior Alaska nase-Yukon, zakha indawo yokulondoloza indawo ye-arctic coastal tundra.
Le mpisi ibhekwa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus egunyeni le-taxonomic Species of Mammals of the World (2005), lapho yabikwa khona okokuqala ngo-1905 yisazi sezilwane saseMelika uDaniel Elliot njengoCanis pambasileus kanye nehlelo elithi "i-timber wolf". autocrat“, ngokwesibonelo esivela eMfuleni iSusitna, esifundeni saseMount McKinley, e-Alaska.
U-Elliot uhlukanisa lesi sifanekiso ngamazinyo akuyo yomibili imihlathi emikhulu nesindayo, futhi kanye nogebhezi lwekhanda ludlula olwaseCanis lupus occidentalis (impisi yasenyakatho-ntshonalanga) enosayizi womzimba ofanayo. Ngo-1944, isazi sezilwane saseMelika u-Edward Goldman sakhetha le mpisi i-Canis lupus pambasileus enegama elithi "Inland Alaskan wolf".
I-Vancouver Island Wolf
I-Vancouver Island wolf (Canis lupus crassodon) iyinhlobonhlobo yempisi eyakha ingxenye yezinhlobo ze-grey wolf, evamile kulesi siqhingi esiseBritish Columbia, eCanada, evame ukuhlangana nezinye izimpisi, futhi ibuthana ngamaqembu phakathi kuka-5 no-35 abantu ngabanye. Iwuhlobo oseluthatha umhlalaphansi futhi aluvamile ukubonwa ngabantu. Izimpisi endaweni yasePacific Rim National Park Reserve zaziwa ngokuhlasela futhi zibulale izinja zasekhaya ezingagadiwe.
Lesi silwane saziwa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus yi-taxonomic igunya "Izinhlobo Ezincelisayo Zomhlaba" (2005). Ucwaningo olusebenzisa i-DNA ye-mitochondrial luveze ukuthi izimpisi ezisogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska zihluke ngokofuzo kuzimpisi ezimpunga zangaphakathi nezwe, ubufakazi bephethini ebuye yabonakala kwenye i-taxa. Babonisa isixhumanisi se-phylogenetic nezimpisi eziqothuliwe ezivela eningizimu (i-Oklahoma), okubonisa ukuthi laba bantu bayiminonjana yokugcina yeqoqo elake lasakazeka kakhulu elaqedwa kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule.
Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwembule ukuthi izimpisi enyakatho yeNyakatho Melika zaqala ukusabalala zisuka emigodini eseningizimu ngaphansi kwe-ice age Wisconsin ngemuva kokuba iqhwa lincibilike ekugcineni kwe-Last Glacial Maximum. Lokhu okutholwe kuveza ukungabaza ekuhlukaniseni ngokwe-taxonomic kwe-Canis lupus nulibus okuhlongozwe nguNowak. Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi izimpisi zasogwini zaseBritish Columbia zazihlukile ngokofuzo nangemvelo ezimpisini zangaphakathi nezwe, ezazihlanganisa nezinye izimpisi zaseBritish Columbia ezimaphakathi nezwe.
I-Mackenzie Valley Wolf
Impisi yasenyakatho-mpumalanga (Canis lupus occidentalis), eyaziwa nangokuthi impisi yaseMackenzie Valley, impisi yogodo yase-Alaskan, impisi yaseCanada yokhuni, noma impisi yamapulangwe asenyakatho, iwuhlobo lwempisi empunga evela entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Zingatholakala e-Alaska, esigodini esiphezulu soMfula iMackenzie; eningizimu kuya ezifundazweni zaseCanada iBritish Columbia, Alberta, neSaskatchewan, kanye nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-United States.
Lesi sibonelo saziwa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus egunyeni le-taxonomic «Izinhlobo Ezincelisayo Zomhlaba» (2005). Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zabuyekezwa isazi semvelo saseScotland uSir John Richardson ngo-1829. Ngokomthombo othile, ucwaningo lwe-phylogenetic lwezimpisi ezimpunga zaseNyakatho Melika lubonisa ukuthi kunamaqembu amathathu ahambisana neCanis lupus occidentalis, Canis lupus nubilus kanye neCanis lupus nubilus. , ngalinye limelela ukufika okuhlukile eNyakatho Melika kokhokho abahlukahlukene base-Eurasia.
I-Canis lupus occidentalis, i-subspecies esenyakatho-ntshonalanga kakhulu, ivela ezimpisini zokugcina ezimpunga ukuze ziqoqe iNyakatho Melika. Kungenzeka ukuthi yawela eNyakatho Melika ngebhuloho lomhlabathi iBering ngemva kwesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa, isusa abantu baseCanis lupus nubilus njengoba ihamba, inqubo esaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Kanye ne-Canis lupus nubilus, i-Canis lupus occidentalis iyilungu elisakazeke kakhulu lezinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-grey wolf eNyakatho Melika, okungenani ngamagama amqondofana ayisithupha ahlukene.
I-Eastern United States Wolf
Esinye isigaba sezimpisi impisi yaseMpumalanga ( Canis lycaon ), ehlala kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga yeCanada kuya eFlorida. Ikhombisa ijazi eliqinile nelibanzi elinemibala kakhilimu omnyama nolula esakazwa ngendlela engahlelekile emzimbeni wayo. Lolu hlobo lwempisi lugcwala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, lapho ludla khona izilwane ezinomgogodla ezincane futhi zibuthana ngamaphakethe. Kuphinde kube yizilwane ezisengcupheni yokunyamalala ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezihlala kuyo kanye nokuhlukana kwabantu okudalwe yilokhu emihlambini yayo.
Impisi Ebomvu
Ukushiya eceleni i-subspecies ye-grey wolf, i-Canis rufus noma impisi ebomvu nayo iyingxenye yezinhlobo ze-wolf. Ihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile zaseMexico, e-United States naseCanada, njengoba isengozini enkulu yokushabalala ngenxa yokuzingela kwezinhlobo ezivame ukuzondla ngazo, ukwethulwa kwezibonelo eziyinqaba endaweni yayo kanye nomthelela wezokuthutha. imizila eyakhiwe lapho. Impisi ebomvu ivame ukubonakala ngesisindo esingaba ngamakhilogremu angu-35 futhi ibonise ijazi elinamabala, lapho kubhekwa khona izindawo ezibomvu, ezimpunga neziphuzi. Ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa izinyamazane, ama-raccoon namagundane.
Ezinye Izinhlobo Zezimpisi ZaseNyakatho Melika
- I-Hudson's Bay (Canis lupus hudsonicus)
- I-Northern Rocky Mountain (Canis lupus irremotus)
- I-Labrador (Canis lupus labradorius)
- Kusuka e-Alexander Archipelago (Canis lupus ligoni)
- I-Mackenzie River (Canis lupus mackenzii)
- I-Prairie (Canis lupus nubilus)
- IGreenland (Canis lupus orion)
- I-Alaskan (Canis lupus pambasileus)
- I-American tundra (Canis lupus tundrarum)
- I-Giant Kenai (Canis lupus moose) (†)
- I-Newfoundland (Canis lupus beothucus)(†)
- Bernard's (Canis lupus bernardi)(†)
- I-British Columbian (Canis lupus columbianus)(†)
- IFlorida (Canis lupus floridanus)(†):
- I-Cascade Range (Canis lupus fuscus)(†)
- I-Manitoba (Canis lupus griseoalbus)(†)
- I-Mogollon (Canis lupus mogollonensis)(†)
- I-Texan (Canis lupus monstrabilis)(†)
- I-Southern Rocky Mountain (Canis lupus youngi)(†)
inja yasekhaya
Inja yasekhaya (Canis lupus familiaris) ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezisakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ingenye yezilwane ezifuywayo eziyintandokazi. Izici zabo ezingokomzimba ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikhona ezaziwayo ezihlukile, ezibonisa umehluko omkhulu ngobukhulu, umbala kanye nohlobo loboya, isimo sengqondo kanye neminyaka yokuphila, phakathi kokunye.
Ibhalwe njengezinhlobo ezihlukene, ekuqaleni kwayo, ngokwemibono yakamuva, inja esiyaziyo namuhla yayiwumkhiqizo weziphambano phakathi kwezimpisi ze-dingo, izimpisi ze-basenji nezimpungushe. Nokho, eminyakeni engaba ngu-14.900 XNUMX edlule izinhlu zozalo zezinja nezimpisi zahlukana, nakuba kusaqashelwa ukuthi okhokho bazo bavamile. Kusukela kulokhu kuhlukaniswa, uhlobo ngalunye lwaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwalo ngokuzimela futhi inja ingafuywa.
Ezinye izindatshana ezithakazelisayo esizincomayo futhi yilezi: