Umhlaba wezitshalo ubanzi kakhulu futhi uqokonyiswa yisintu, lapho kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene ukwazi izimo eziwuthintayo nalabo abawuthandayo, kulokhu kuvela isikhunta, kumuntu simelela umthombo wezakhiwo ezinkulu zokwelapha. , ake sifunde okwengeziwe mayelana Nezinhlobo Zokhunta Ezitshalweni.
amakhowe
Igama elithi isikhunta livela ku-Latin fungus, lihambisana ne-eukaryotic organisms (Izinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngamaseli nama-nuclei) okuyingxenye yombuso wesikhunta, enye yezimpawu zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi zitholakala ezikhunjini, imvubelo nanoma iyiphi into ephilayo. amakhowe Ukwakha iqembu elingenalo idlozi phakathi kwamalungu, ngokuvamile athathwa njengezimuncagazi ezifika ziphile ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.
Zingahlukaniswa njengombuso ohluke ngokuphelele ezitshalweni, izilwane kanye nama-protists, njengoba zihlukaniswa nezitshalo ziyizinhlobo ze-heterotrophic (izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwa zibe izakhi kanye namandla) futhi izilwane zinezindonga zamangqamuzana ezakhiwe nge-chitin ebuye ibe ne-cellulose.
Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isikhunta sihlobene nezitshalo, ngaphambili izinhlobo zezitshalo zazithathwa njengesikhunta, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabonakala ukuthi empeleni zonke izinto eziphilayo ezithathwa njengesikhunta ziphuma kulawo madlozi anamandla okuguqula isimo. i-chitin cell wall.
Isikhunta sinokudla okwaziwa nge-osmotrophy, lapho zonke izakhamzimba zazo zimuncwa ezinto ezincibilikisiwe; ukugaya kwayo kungaphandle futhi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza wonke ama-enzyme. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono layo lokubhidliza zonke izinto ezifile ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Ngenxa yalesi sici esingavamile, isikhunta sinendima ebalulekile ye-biogeochemical esintwini.
Isikhunta singabhekwa njengohlobo lwezinambuzane ezivame ukunamathela ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni, ezithinta ukukhula nokukhula kwazo, njengoba zingakwazi ukujwayela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo futhi zivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi eziluhlaza. Isikhunta ngokuvamile siwusizo size sitheleleke nasezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, okubangela ukungalingani okukhulu kwangaphakathi futhi kuzenze zigule.
Izinhlobo zamakhowe
Isikhunta singaba khona kunoma yiziphi izingadi, lokhu kungenxa yezimpawu zazo lapho zikwazi khona ukuba nezigaba ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho zinikezwa ithuba noma izimo ezivuma kakhulu zokuhlasela izitshalo. Ngokuvamile, isikhunta esiningi sivame ukuba nomthelela ezitshalweni, njengoba siyizidalwa ezincane ezingabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi ngeso lomuntu.
Cishe zingaba ngu-100.000 izinhlobo zesikhunta ezingabonakala, lapho kungabhekwa ukuthi u-50% ungakhiqizela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo kubantu, ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zingathinta izilwane, kodwa cishe izinhlobo ezingu-15.000 zesikhunta zingadala umonakalo ezitshalweni.
Zonke izitshalo ezitholakala emasimini amakhaya noma imikhakha yasemadolobheni zingahlaselwa yisikhunta, zigcizelela ukuthi isikhunta singabhekwa njengama-parasites angathinta izitshalo, kulokhu kuyadingeka ukukhumbula izinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhunta ukulwa nazo. ngempumelelo:
Isikhunta samaqabunga ezitshalweni
Isikhunta se-Foliar ezitshalweni sihambisana ikakhulukazi nalabo abanesibopho sokuhlasela amaqabunga, ngisho nokuthinta isiqu, ama-buds abanye, amagatsha amancane ngisho nezimbali. Ziwuhlobo lwesikhunta esithinta izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zokuhlobisa ezingadini, ikakhulukazi lezo ezitholakala kumswakama ophezulu, umoya ophansi futhi ezingaphansi kokuniselwa njalo kuze kube yilapho zikhiqiza ukucindezeleka okunamandla esitshalweni, masifunde kabanzi mayelana nesikhunta se-foliar esivamile. :
Isikhunta se-Powdery
Ihambisana nohlobo lwesikhunta oluvame kakhulu emasimini, ikakhulukazi uma lunikeza izimo zomswakama ophezulu, umoya ophansi kanye nomthunzi omncane. Ivamise ukuvela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isenzo sayo siba namandla enkathini yasehlobo nasekwindla. Izimpawu zayo ezinkulu zibangelwa amachashaza ayindilinga namhlophe, njengoba amabala eqhubeka, avame ukumboza izindawo ezinkulu zesitshalo.
Izindawo ezihlaselwe i-ear fungus ngokuvamile ziyiziqu, amagatsha ngisho nezithelo ezisakazeka ngokushesha. Uthuli oluvela kulesi sikhunta ngokuvamile lubangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhubazeka, ikakhulukazi ezibonwa kakhulu emaqabunga nama-buds, ezingavimbela ukuqhakaza kwesitshalo, ngaphezu kwalokho, izithelo zivame ukungenwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziqhekeke ukuvimbela ukukhula kwazo okuvamile.
Roya
Ukugqwala kuhambisana nesifo esibangelwa ukhunta, ukwelapha lesi sifo kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu futhi kuvame ukuvela ngezikhathi ezinomswakama futhi kuvame ukukhiqiza izimo ezithile ezivumayo, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasekwindla, okuvame ukuba nomswakama kakhulu. Ngokuvamile zigqama kakhulu ngokuba nombala osawolintshi ekuqaleni konyaka, kanti phakathi nonyaka zivame ukuba nsundu.
Ukugqwala kungafika ngezinhlobo ezihlukene ezinombala ohlukahlukene njengomnyama owaziwa ngokuthi i-Puccinia, onsundu obizwa nge-Uromyces, ophuzi okwaziwa nge-Gimnosporangium sabinae kanye nowolintshi obizwa nge-Phragmidium, lokhu okugcina kungavamile kakhulu ekuhlaseleni izihlahla zama-rose. Ngokuvamile kulula kakhulu ukuzibona ngoba ziveza uchungechunge lwezigaxa eziwolintshi ezitholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga engxenyeni engemuva, kanti amanye amachashaza aphuzi ngokuvamile avela ohlangothini olungaphezulu.
Amaqabunga athintekayo ngokuvamile awa futhi isitshalo sigcina sibuthakathaka. Amagatsha awo kanye namahlumela amasha angazalwa enamabala abomvu avela kukhunta. Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokulwa nazo ingokwelapha okwenziwa isikhunta se-foliar (i-Oidium ne-Mildiu), ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemikhiqizo ethile emakethe yokwelapha i-Rust.
Isikhunta
I-Mildiu ihambisana nesifo sokukhunta esivame ukuhlasela kakhulu ngesikhathi sasehlobo, nakuba singabonakala nasentwasahlobo ngenxa yokwanda komswakama kanye nokuba khona kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ingahlasela izitshalo eziningi kodwa okungcono kakhulu lezo ezisezincane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivame ukukhula ezindaweni ezinomswakama.
Ekuqaleni, amachashaza aluhlaza ngokukhanyayo ngokuvamile avela, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engenhla yamaqabunga, kuyilapho engxenyeni engezansi ngokuvamile ehlakulela i-fuzz emhlophe empunga ethathwa njengesikhunta futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibe nsomi. Ngokujwayelekile amaqabunga angaphenduka aphuzi bese ethatha umbala onsundu, angadideka ne-powdery mildew ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ezifanayo kakhulu, kuhle ukunaka izici zayo zomzimba.
Isikhunta sooty noma i-Negrilla
Isikhunta se-Sooty sihambisana nesikhunta esingeyona i-parasitic, sivame ukubhekwa njengobukhona bempushana eyomile emnyama etholakala engxenyeni engenhla yamaqabunga, iziqu kanye nezithelo. Ukulimala kwawo kuvame ukuba yinhle kakhulu, kodwa ngendlela efanayo kuvame ukukhawulela ukungena kokukhanya kanye nomoya wamaqabunga, okuthinta amandla okuvamile ezitshalo, kuze kube sezingeni lokuzenza buthaka. Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta ngokuvamile luhlala phezu kwe-molasses, luhambisana nento enoshukela engakhishwa ama-aphid, ama-mealybugs kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe.
I-Botrytis
I-Botrytis cinerea ihambisana nesikhunta esibulala izimbali, izithelo, amaqabunga neziqu ezithambile, bese ifaka izimuncagazi zayo izibulale. Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lungakwazi ukuphila kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesitshalo, noma luphila noma lufile, ngakho-ke, izinhlamvu zaso zivame ukutholakala emoyeni. Ingakhiqiza ukubola okuthambile noma okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukubola okumpunga, imvamisa ibonakale kuqala njengokushwabana kwazo zonke izitho ezithintekile, bese zibonakala zixhuga, ziphuzi noma ziluhlaza okotshani; ukukhiqiza imikhumbi ye-necrotic engxenyeni yezisekelo zamaqabunga neziqu.
Ukukhula kwayo kuvame ukuvunywa ezimeni ezivumayo zomswakama, ungathola ukubona ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene isikhunta esinakho, ikakhulukazi ngesimo sezihlahla ezincane ezinombala ompunga nokubukeka okuyimpuphu. Ukuhlasela kuvame ukuba phezu kweziqu, kukhule ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho isitshalo sibulawa, ukuhlasela kwaso kuvame ukuba mnene, okuholela ekufeni kwengxenye yesitshalo esithintekile.
Kuyadingeka ukuyilawula ngale ndlela, kuvame ukuvinjelwa ekuhlaselweni okuba nolaka futhi kubangele ukusakazwa ngokushesha, kuthandwa umswakama owedlulele emvelweni, kuyadingeka ukuqeda izingxenye ezifile kanye nalezo ezithintekile esitshalweni, ukuthi kuyinto, Kunconywa ukuthi ushiye izicubu ezinempilo kuphela.
I-Anthracnose
Ihambisana nesikhunta esiningana esingabangela i-anthracnose futhi zonke izimpawu zayo zingahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo futhi ezingakhiqiza uhlobo lwesikhunta. Izimpawu zaso kuvame ukuvela kwamanye amachashaza ansundu atholakala ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yamaqabunga futhi azungeze imizwa yesitshalo. Uma ihlaselwe yilesi sifo, amaqabunga awo athambekele ekubeni ome futhi akhiqize ukubola kwe-primordial entwasahlobo nasehlobo.
Kungathinta kakhulu iziqu, ama-buds kanye nezithelo, kubangele ukuthi zome ngokuphelele futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu kungabangela ukufa kwaso sonke isitshalo.
i-banana anthracnose
I-Apiognomonia veneta ihambisana nesikhunta esingavela ezihlahleni zikaBhanana (i-Platanus) kungakhathaliseki ubudala uma nje sinezinga lokushisa elifanele. Lesi sifo sinezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko; Eyokuqala iphathelene nokwakheka kwama-cankers lapho iqala khona ukuba nomthelela esitshalweni, bese kuba ukufa kwamahlumela futhi ekugcineni ukufa kwamaqabunga. Ingahlasela amaqabunga, ingaphinde ithinte amahlumela namagatsha amancane, ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa ama-cankers, izilonda zabo zezilonda zivame ukujula futhi zisakazeke.
Lesi sifo singasakazeka kalula, ngisho noma izihlahla ezinempilo zithenwa ngalawo mathuluzi asetshenziswa ezihlahleni ezinegciwane. Zonke izihlahla zingathinteka, zivame ukuba buthaka zize zilahlekelwe amaqabunga amancane ngisho namahlumela amancane ayafa, lezo ezikwazi ukumelana nokuhlasela zivame ukuzwela kakhulu kwamanye ama-agent, njenge-Oidium ne-Oidium.Ingwe ye-Banana.
Ezikhathini zasentwasahlobo zivame ukuvela kulawo maqabunga anamabala ansundu endaweni yezimbambo, zivame ukugoba futhi zome, ehlobo zivame ukuwa. Endabeni yamagatsha namanye ama-buds, ngezikhathi zasentwasahlobo amanye amaphuzu okufaka ngokuvamile abonakala emaqabunga, ama-cankers aze abangele ukufa kwamagatsha amancane. Esikhathini sasebusika zivame ukuba mancane ezinamachashaza amnyama emagxolweni amagatsha afile ngonyaka odlule. Ngisho ukuza ukukhiqiza malformations in the glass.
I-Platanus orientalis ihambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinokumelana okukhulu nalesi sifo, kanti i-Platanus hispanica ingase ibe uhlobo oluzwela kakhulu. Ukwelashwa kwayo akukwazi ukwenziwa ngemikhiqizo ejwayelekile yokufuthwa kwamakhemikhali, kulokhu kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene ze-endotherapy, kuqukethe enye indlela yokwelashwa kwezihlahla nge-phytosanitary, umjovo esiqwini sento enomsoco.
i-chestnut anthracnose
I-Chestnut anthracnose ivamise ukwaziwa nge-Mycosphaerella maculiformis futhi ihambisana nesikhunta se-foliar esingathinta izinhlobo ezifana ne-Oaks kanye nama-Chestnuts. Ezikhathini zasentwasahlobo nasehlobo, ngokuvamile kubonakala emaqabunga, atholakala ngaphansi noma futhi ohlangothini olungaphezulu, amabala ansundu avela enomngcele ophuzi ovame ukusabalala phezu kweqabunga ngendlela ye-mosaic. Ukuhlasela kwawo kuvame ukuba namandla kuze kube yilapho ewa emaqabunga nezithelo. Ngokufanayo, zingelashwa nge-endotherapy ngento enomsoco.
Isikhunta semithambo
Zonke isikhunta semithambo singangena emithanjeni yegazi yazo zonke izitshalo ezihlaselayo zize zibangele ukubuna nokufa kwesitshalo, noma ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye yaso kuphela. Ukwazi ukuthi ngabe yibo laba abathinte isitshalo, kuphoqelekile ukwenza ukuhlaziya kwaselabhorethri, ngoba bathambekele ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana namanye ama-ejenti, ngakho-ke ukuxilongwa kwabo kungaba nzima kakhulu, ukulwa ne-endotherapy, ake Yazi ezinye zesikhunta semithambo engavamile kakhulu:
i-verticillium wilt
I-Verticilosis ihambisana ne-vascular fungus (i-Verticillium) evame ukuhlasela izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, okubangela ukuguquguquka kwamaqabunga nokugoqeka, ngisho nokubulala izitshalo. Ingathelela izitshalo ngisho nezihlahla, isakazeke ithinte izimpande. Zonke izihlahla zingathinteka zize zikhiqize amahlamvu amancane ngisho namagatsha afile. Ama-Buds angathinteka aze ahluleke ukuvula ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo.
Zonke izihlahla ezinalesi sifo zingase zingabonisi izimpawu iminyaka eminingi zize zivele futhi esitshalweni. Izihlahla zingakwazi ukuphila iminyaka kuyilapho ezinye zifa ekuhlaselweni kokuqala. Ukwelashwa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwayo ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu, i-Endotherapy ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni kwayo, ukwethulwa kwento enomsoco esitshalweni.
I-Elm graphiosis
Kuyisifo esibangelwa isikhunta semithambo i-Ceratocystis ulmi, esibhekene nokuhlasela uhlobo olwaziwa nge-Ulmus minor, Ulmus glabra kanye neZelkova. Ingasakazwa isinambuzane esaziwa ngokuthi i-elm borer. Ukwelapha kwaso kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kungaholela ekufeni kwesihlahla. Wonke amaqembu ezihlahla angatheleleka ngezimpande.
Isibonakaliso saso esiyinhloko yilawo maqabunga aphuzi atholakala emqheleni, ngokuba khona kwamagatsha omile ombala obomvu obomvu neqembu lamaqabunga aphikisiwe. Ngokuvamile, lapho usika amagatsha, izindandatho ezinamabala amnyama avame ukubonakala. Kudingekile ukuthi ukuze ulwe nabo, ukulwa okuhlanganisiwe kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa indlela ephumelelayo, naphezu kwabo, ukwelashwa kwabo kungaba nzima kakhulu.
Isikhunta Sezinkuni
Isikhunta sezinkuni yiqembu elikhulu lezikhunta zezitshalo eziphila nge-lignin kanye ne-cellulose yokhuni futhi zibizwa ngokuthi i-xylophagous fungi noma i-ejenti yokubola. Wonke amanxeba awo athambekele ekuthelelekeni ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kungaba ngokwemvelo ngenxa yesichotho, isithwathwa, izinambuzane, phakathi kokunye, noma ngenxa yokuthena okungenziwanga kahle, njengokudala imisele, izinguquko ezingeni lomhlabathi, phakathi kokunye. Amakhowe ezinkuni angahlukaniswa abe izitayela ezintathu eziyinhloko, yilezi ezilandelayo ukugqamisa:
ukubola okumhlophe
Iningi lesikhunta se-xylophagous esitholakala ezihlahleni eziphukayo singabangela ukubola okumhlophe, lokhu kungenxa yokuwohloka kwe-lignin kudala ngaphambi kwe-cellulose, ngakho-ke izinkuni zithola umbala ophuzi.
ukubola okunsundu
Isikhunta esibangela ukubola okunsundu sitholakala engxenyeni ephansi kunokubola okumhlophe, kanti iningi lezinhlobo ze-coniferous yizona ezihlaselwa kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta ngokuvamile luhlasela i-cellulose futhi luhlala okhunini olunsundu kuze kube yilapho ludala ukubola futhi i-lignin iguqulwa ngokuphelele.
ukubola okuthambile
Imbangela yokubola kwesikhunta ngokuyinhloko i-cellulose, eshiya zonke izinkuni ezithambile ukuze zenze izimbotshana ezincane kakhulu. Kuwuhlobo lwesikhunta okunzima kakhulu ukulihlukanisa ngoba lifana kakhulu nokubola okumhlophe.
Ungabona kanjani ukuthi kukhona ukuhlasela kwe-wood fungus?
Umphakathi wakhiwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ezidingekayo ezindlini nasezindlini zansuku zonke, ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zokuhlobisa eziwusizo kakhulu zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa nobuhle bemvelo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ayikhululwa ekungenweni ezinye izifo ezingathinta isimo sayo, kulokhu, igqamile ukuhlaselwa yi-xylophagous ejenti engaholela ekuboleni nasekuhlaseleni umuhlwa, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impahla yemvelo yemvelo engonakaliswa kalula, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesikhunta se-xylophagous: i-chromogenic (idla okuqukethwe kwamaselula ezinkuni) nokubola (zibangela ukulahlekelwa ukumelana nokhuni).
Kunezindlela eziningana zokukhomba ukuthi ukhuni lunohlobo oluthile lwesikhunta, lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ngokubheka ubukhona bamakhowe, imigodi evulekile, ubufakazi bokubola kanye nomsebenzi noma izidleke zezintuthwane, esimweni lapho isitshalo sivezwa izimo eziphakathi. izimo zemvelo, izinyoni noma izilwane ezincelisayo zizobhekwa okhunini olubolile.
Ukwelashwa kwesikhunta sezinkuni
Iqoqo lezindlela lingasetshenziswa ukwenza ukwelapha isikhunta esivame ukuhlasela izinkuni. Uhlobo lwesikhunta luvame ukuhlonzwa kanye nezinga lokutheleleka elizosekela izinqumo zokwelashwa kwezinkuni, kuhle ukuba kwenziwe ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesitshalo ukuze kuqedwe ukhunta. Kulokhu, into etuseka kakhulu ukuvimbela, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuthena kanye nokugcinwa kwezitshalo.
isikhunta esikhiqiza umdlavuza
Ama-cankers ezitshalweni abhekwa njengezilonda noma amanxeba avulekile akhona eziqwini futhi ikakhulukazi emagatsheni. Kubhekwa njengesifo esibangelwa isikhunta esibangela ukukhubazeka ngisho nezigaxa emaqabunga. Zivame ukukhiqizwa ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe ezifana nezindawo ezifile ze-trunk noma emagatsheni. Izimpawu zayo ngokuvamile ziyizifo ezibangelwa izinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta, nakuba zingase futhi zibangelwa amagciwane, avame kakhulu ezihlahleni zezithelo. Ake sazi okuvelele kakhulu kuleli cala:
I-Nectria galligena
Ihambisana nesikhunta esingatholakala ezihlahleni zama-apula, izihlahla zamapheya, amabalazwe, izihlahla ze-beech, izihlahla ze-walnut, nasezihlotsheni ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Prunus sp., Quercus sp. kanye noSalix sp.
I-Cryphonectria parasitica
Kubhekwa njenge-chestnut canker (Castanea sativa) engathonya futhi ilimaze izinhlobo ezaziwa nge-Acer ne-Quercus.
I-Phytophthora
Igama layo livela kwelesiGrikhi elithi "Phytón" elisho isitshalo futhi elithi "Phthorá" lisho ukubhujiswa, igama layo lifana nomonakalo omkhulu abangawenza ezitshalweni. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zalolu hlobo lwesikhunta ezingathinta ingxenye yasemoyeni kanye nezimpande zezitshalo, ezimele umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhlasela intamo yezimpande kanye ngqo empandeni. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lungahlala emhlabathini futhi lusebenzise ukuchelela noma amanzi emvula kuze kube yilapho luthola izimo ezifanele zokuhlasela izimpande zesitshalo.
I-Seiridium cardinale
Ngokuvamile zithinta ama-cypresses (Cupressus), kanye ne-Cupressocyparis x leylandii, i-Thuyas sp., Juniperus sp., Chamaecyparis sp. kanye ne-Cryptomeria japonica. Ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu othangweni kanye nasezifanekisweni ezingazodwa futhi ingathelela isitshalo nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesilonda esincane, ngisho nokulunywa yizinambuzane esitshalweni.
Ama-cypresses kufanele aqaphele kakhulu, aphuzise futhi avundiswe, evezwe ekuvezeni noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezilonda zemvelo ezibangela ukusabalala kokutheleleka ngalesi sikhunta. Lapho ama-cypresses angakhula emhlabathini owomile futhi ompofu angase abe namandla amancane ngakho-ke angase angavezwa kancane kukhunta. Umswakama wemvelo ungaphezu kwama-80% futhi ungenza kube lula ukukhula nokukhula kwesikhunta esiyisinambuzane. Amaheji alokhu ethenwa nawo angaba lula kakhulu.
Gum
Kuthathwa njengokuphuma kwenjoloba, okuyizinto ezibonakalayo ezinombala we-amber, ekuqaleni ithambile futhi ingaba lukhuni uma ihlangana ngqo nomoya, okubonisa ukuthi isitshalo kungenzeka ukuthi sibhekene noshintsho oluthile ngaphandle kwalokho okukhona. okulindelekile.okuvamile, lokhu kungabonakala kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa ubisi oluvame ukwenza isitshalo sibe buthaka, konke lokhu kungabangelwa yizimo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuba khona kwezinye isikhunta, amagciwane ngisho nezinambuzane ezinamathele esitshalweni.
- Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi noma ukushoda kwemisoco.
- Ubuningi bamanzi.
- Ukuthena okungalungile.
- Amagrafti ampofu.
I-Citrus gummosis ingabangelwa ikakhulukazi i-Phytophthora futhi ngokuvamile ivela phansi kwesiqu, ngokuvamile lezi zihlahla zingathola umonakalo ovela kunoma iyiphi indawo yesiqu. Ngokuvamile kuyaliwa kodwa kuyadingeka njalo ukuhlonza i-ejenti eyidalayo.
Ukubaluleka Kwamakhowe
Isikhunta singabolisa izinkuni futhi sicekele phansi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezibalulekile, naphezu kwalokhu, umuntu ukwazile ukusizakala ngesikhunta esithile esizosetshenziswa emphakathini nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngoba singanikeza amaprotheni namavithamini anjengamakhowe, ama-chanterelles namakhowe noma nalezo ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi imvubelo ngisho nakweminye imikhuba yenkolo engasetshenziswa emikhubeni.
Amanye amakhowe angaba ama-hallucinogens asetshenziselwa izinjongo zezokwelapha kakhulu ngezikhathi ze-psychotherapeutic, asetshenziswa kakhulu amasiko athile afana nelase-Asia, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni izifo, ngoba athathwa njengama-probiotic organisms asebenzisana nezidakamizwa. ukubuyiselwa kwenhlalakahle kanye nokulinganisela komzimba, ngale ndlela kungafinyelela i-immune system treatise.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekudleni kwamanye amasiko nasezingxenyeni zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhowe e-pleurotus, lapho inani labo lokudla okunempilo liboniswa ngokuqukethwe kwawo okuphezulu kwama-carbohydrate angenayo isitashi kanye ne-fiber yokudla, okuqukethwe okuphezulu. ye-chitin kanye nekhono labo lokumunca amafutha emgudwini wokugaya ukudla. Olunye ucwaningo lungakwazi ngisho nokuvimbela ukwakheka kwesimila noma ukukhula okuthuthukile ngaphakathi kwemizimba ethintekile.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi indlela yayo yokwenza iwukuthuthukisa amangqamuzana angaba nomdlavuza futhi awasuse ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umphumela. Kubuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi banganciphisa izinga lamafutha acid egazini kanye ne-cholesterol esibindini. Ukusebenzisana nokuvimbela isifo senhliziyo ngokugwema ukuqina kwemithambo.
mycoculture
Ucwaningo lwesikhunta luholele ekulinyweni okukhethekile okuzothuthukiswa ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kungaba ngokwenzuzo yezomnotho noma yesayensi, zivame ukuthuthukiswa ukuze kusetshenziswe isikhunta kanye nalezo ezinezakhiwo ezinjengama-antibiotics athuthukiswayo e-penicillin, kanye nemvubelo ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nophuzo oludakayo olubilile.
Amakhowe angatshalwa njengesikhunta esivamile sokupheka njengama-truffles namakhowe, athuthukiswa ebumnyameni obuncane futhi nasezindaweni ezinomswakama kakhulu. Isikhunta singabuye sifundwe kanye nokukhula kwabo kalula, okungenani ekhaya, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ungabi nokuxhumana okuqondile ngenxa yokusabela kwabo okungenzeka ngokuthinta isikhumba.
Izinhlamvu eziphuma kusikhunta, uma zihogele, zingadala izinkinga zokuphefumula kumuntu. Kunconywa ukwenza izifundo kanye ne-mycologist, ngamanye amazwi nochwepheshe besikhunta, ngoba kunezinhlobo ezingaba yingozi kakhulu futhi zibe yingozi empilweni yomuntu, okubangela ukungezwani komzimba okukhulu noma ngisho nokufa.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: