Imikhomo iyizilwane ezincelisayo ezijwayele ukuphila emanzini futhi ibhekwa njengezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Bavela ezidalwa zasemhlabeni ezabuyela olwandle ngemva kokuphila izigidi zeminyaka emhlabeni. Ukuze zigcine uhlaka lwazo olukhulu kufanele zidle ngobuningi ezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu zasolwandle. Thola ngezansi mayelana Nezinhlobo Zemikhomo.
Izinhlobo Zemikhomo
Kusengumbono omangalisayo ukucabanga okokuqala ngeqembu lemikhomo enkululekweni. Ngaphezu kokumangala, umuntu uyengeka lapho ebuka indlela lezi zilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo ezihamba ngayo ngobukhosi obunjalo olwandle. Lezi yizikhathi lapho siqaphela khona ukuthi asibalulekile nokuthi lo mhlaba ungaba mncane kangakanani ezilwaneni ezinkulu kangaka ezibhekwa njengezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
I-Etymology
Igama elithi whale, elivela kwelesiLatini elithi ballaena, elijwayele igama lesiGreki elithi phalaina, linemvelaphi engaqinisekile ye-etymological. Incazelo yayo ibingeke ingaziwa uma iphuma kolunye ulimi lwasendulo lwaseMedithera, noma uma idabuka e-Indo-European, mhlawumbe i-Illyrian, mhlawumbe ibingabhekisa kusimo esiyisilinda noma esikhulu esijwayelekile salo mndeni. Lawa ma-cetaceans ayaziwa nangokuthi i-Cetus, inhlanzi enkulu, i-Leviathan noma i-monster yasolwandle. I-baleen, njengoba ibizwa kanjalo amashidi e-keratinous awenza akwazi ukuhlunga ukudla emanzini, abizwa nangokuthi imikhomo, kanti ngesiNgisi abizwa ngokuthi ama-baleens.
Incazelo ye-Taxonomic
Umkhomo uyisilwane esincelisayo somndeni we-cetacean, lapho amahlengethwa nama-porpoise abuye aqoqwe. Igama elithi “whale” yigama elingacacile kakhulu elingaholela ekudidekeni, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, i-orcas, ebizwa ngokuthi imikhomo ebulalayo, empeleni ayiwona imikhomo kodwa amahlengethwa. Ngokuvamile noma iyiphi i-cetacean enkulu ibizwa ngokuthi "umkhomo", okungalungile. Ukulibeka ngendlela efanele, leli gama libhekisela kubantu ngabanye bomndeni wakwaBalaenidae noNeobalaenidae, kuyilapho ama-cetaceans omndeni wakwaBalaenopteridae abizwa ngokuthi imikhomo emincane.
Konke lokhu kwenza umuntu adideke, ngakho ukwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kube lula, imikhomo ihlukaniswa ibe imikhomo ye-baleen, eyingxenye ye-mysticete suborder, kanye nemikhomo enamazinyo, eyingxenye ye-odontocete suborder. Ama-Mysticetes yikilasi lemikhomo enobukhona obukhulu kakhulu, njengoba ihlanganisa ingqikithi yemindeni emine ehlukene nezinhlobo eziyi-15:
Umndeni wakwa-Balaenidae:
- Ubulili be-Balaena:
- I-Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
- Izinhlobo ze-Eubalaena:
- Umkhomo waseNingizimu noma waseNingizimu (Eubalaena australis)
- I-Glacial noma i-Northern Right Whale (i-Eubalaena glacialis)
- I-North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica)
Umndeni wakwaNeobalaenidae:
-
- I-Pygmy Right Whale noma i-Dwarf Right Whale (i-Caperea marginata)
Umndeni wakwa-Eschrichtiidae:
- Izinhlobo ze-Eschrichtius:
- Umkhomo Ompunga (Eschrichtius robustus)
Umndeni we-Balaenopteridae:
- Izinhlobo ze-Balaenoptera:
- I-Fin Whales (i-Balaenoptera physalus)
- I-Boreal noma i-Northern whale (i-Balaenoptera borealis)
- Umkhomo ka-Bryde (Balaenoptera brydei)
- I-Tropical Fin Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
- I-Fin whale noma i-Blue whale (i-Balaenoptera musculus)
- I-Aliblanco noma i-Minke Whale (i-Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
- Imikhomo yase-Austral (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
- Umkhomo ka-Omura (Balaenoptera omurai)
- Uhlobo lwe-Megaptera:
- I-Humpback Whale noma i-Yubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi njengengxenye ye-suborder ye-odontocetes kukhona amahlengethwa nama-porpoise ngaphandle komndeni olandelayo:
I-Physeteridae yomndeni:
- Uhlobo lwe-Physeter:
- I-Sperm Whale (iPhyseter macrocephalus)
Izici
Kokubili ukwakheka kwawo kanye nesimo sokwakheka kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, yingakho bekwazi ukuphila emanzini. Kungenxa yezimpiko zazo ze- pectoral kanye ne- dorsal ukuthi zikwazi ukunyakaza emanzini futhi zikwazi ukugcina ibhalansi yazo. Futhi zinezimbobo zokuphefumula engxenyeni engenhla yemizimba yazo, lapho zihosha khona umoya, ukuze kamuva zicwile ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esithile, ngaphambi kokuba zikhuphukele phezulu ukuze ziyothola omunye umoya. Lesi isici semikhomo esibenza bahluke ngokuphelele ezintweni eziningi eziphila emanzini.
Isici esihluke kakhulu semikhomo ukuthi, ngaphandle kwemikhomo yesidoda, iyizidalwa ezingenamazinyo. Iningi labo linentshebe ekwazi ukusefa amanzi lifuna ukudla kwalo. Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi, ama-cetaceans ahlala enemisila yawo evundlile. Ukuba ne-caudal fin ngale ndlela kuwusizo olukhulu, njengoba kanye nemisipha yayo enamandla, ingahlakulela isivinini esikhulu futhi ilondoloze imashi eqhubekayo phakathi nokufuduka kwayo okuthatha isikhathi eside.
Njengoba ziyizilwane ezincelisayo, azijwayelani nokuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho kufanele zihlale phezulu ukuze zithole umoya. Bakwazi ukuphefumula ngamakhala abizwa ngokuthi ama-spiracles, atholakala phezulu ekhanda. Ama-Mysticetes ngokuvamile ane-spiracles amabili nama-odontocetes eyodwa. Imikhomo ifuduka ngokuvumelana nesikhathi sonyaka, ehlobo iya ezigxotsheni ukuze iyodla futhi ebusika yehlela emanzini ashisayo ukuze ithole isigaba sokuzala.
Esinye isici esiphawuleka kakhulu ungqimba olukhulu lwamafutha oluzungeza wonke umzimba wawo. Lamafutha atholakala ekudleni futhi asebenzela ukukugcina ufudumele. Njengoba eyizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, amafutha akha ungqimba oluphelele azivikela ngalo emakhazeni abandayo lapho efika emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Imikhomo nama-cetaceans ngokufanayo yizilwane ezihlala njalo ezivame ukuhamba ngamaqembu abantu abambalwa.
Kungani imikhomo ine-baleen?
Imikhomo, ngaphandle kwe-sperm whale, ine-baleen yokuhlunga ukudla kwayo. Ngokukhula kwayo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umhlathi wayo ongaphezulu uye wagoba ukuze uvule izintshebe ezicwilisiwe ezenziwe nge-keratin, kanye nezinzipho zomuntu nezimpondo zezilwane ezithile. Lezi zintshebe zinemiphetho ephukile, zimise okwenxantathu futhi zibushelelezi futhi zithambile. Ngokuvamile zihlelwa emlonyeni womkhomo zibe imigqa emibili ehambisanayo, njengekama, ukuze zihlungwe kangcono. Zingaqukatha ama-baleen ayi-100 kuye kwangama-400 kuye ngezinhlobo zomkhomo.
I-Baleen ibalulekile ukuze imikhomo izondle. Lapho zibhukuda, zigcwalisa imilomo yazo ngamanzi futhi kamuva, ngosizo lwemisipha yomphimbo nolimi, zikhipha amanzi emlonyeni ukuze ukudla kuvaleleke phakathi kwe-baleen. Imininingwane enelukuluku ukuthi imibungu ye-baleen inamazinyo, kodwa lawa aphinde athathwe futhi athathelwe indawo yi-baleen ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
Idlani imikhomo?
Imikhomo idla ikakhulukazi ama-krill nama-crustaceans anesizotha njengama-copepod nama-amphipod, nakuba ukudla kwawo kungase kuhluke phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Badla kanjani?
Ngokuyinhloko basebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezindlela zokuphakela, ukugoba nokukhipha amagwebu. Esokuqala sivame kakhulu phakathi kwama-fin whale, anesikhumba esigoqekayo ngaphansi kwemihlathi eyivumela ukuba ivule imilomo yayo kancane futhi ngaleyo ndlela igwinye inani elikhulu lamanzi nokudla. Njengoba sesishilo, ngemva kokuvala umlomo baphoqa amanzi ukuba aphume phakathi kwama-barbs abo ukuze ukudla kuvalelwe phakathi kwama-barbs.
Ukukhihliza amagwebu kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu imikhomo elungile. Zidla ngokuhamba kancane emanzini, ziphoqelela izifufula zamanzi ezindongeni zazo ezinde. Ngokuphambene nokugoba, lapho zidla khona emgodleni owodwa, ukukhihliza amagwebu kuwukudla okungapheli. Eminye imikhomo isebenzisa zombili izindlela zokudla, nakuba ukugwinya kuyiyona eyisebenzisa kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-sperm whale, angama-odontocete, azingela inyamazane yawo ukuze adle, ingwane edumile eyi-giant squid.
Kungani imikhomo icula? Bakwenza kanjani lokho?
Ukuthi kungani becula namanje akwaziwa, kodwa kubhekwa ukuthi bacula njengendlela yokuxhumana, okungukuthi, bacula ukuze bahlanganyele nontanga yabo, ikakhulukazi ukukhethwa kwabalingani bobulili. Ama-Mysticetes awanakho ukwakheka okungawavumela ukuthi akhulume njengoba kwenza ama-odontocetes, ngakho-ke akwaziwa ukuthi akhiqiza kanjani imisindo. Ngokusobala le mikhomo iyakwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo ngomphimbo wayo, nokho, ayinazo izintambo zezwi, ngakho kuseyimpicabadala indlela eyenza ngayo imisindo.
Njengoba umuzwa wabo wokubona ungasebenzi kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-cetaceans, okuyizidalwa zomphakathi, athembele kakhulu emsindweni ukuze axhumane. Ikakhulukazi bacula, ngoba emanzini, umsindo usebenza kahle kakhulu kunomoya, ukuze lo mkhakha uthande ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu abahlukaniswe amakhilomitha amaningana. Imikhomo ikhiqiza uchungechunge lokuhuba, ukuklabalasa, amakhwela, nokukhala uchungechunge, futhi le mikhomo ifinyelela amabanga amade ngaphansi kwamanzi kunamaza aphezulu.
Imvamisa yemisindo ekhishwa imikhomo enamazinyo isuka ku-40 Hz iye ku-325 kHz, kanti leyo ye-baleen whale isuka ku-10 Hz iye ku-31 kHz. Labo abahlala ezindaweni eziseduze bavame ukucula izingoma ezifanayo, kanti imikhomo ezindaweni ezikude ikhiqiza imisindo ehluke ngokuphelele.
Eqinisweni, ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwembula ukuthi imikhomo eminingi isebenzisa indawo yekholomu yamanzi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-oceanographers ngokuthi "isiteshi se-SOFAR", ukuze uxhumane phakathi kwabo, ngendlela yokuthi imisindo yabo ingafinyelela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. Le ndawo isebenza njengomhlahlandlela wamagagasi omsindo, ukuze imisindo edlula kulo mzila isakazeke kalula kulo lonke ulwandle.
Zizala kanjani?
Imikhomo izalana ngokocansi kanye nazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo. Badinga ukuthintana kocansi phakathi kwezihloko ezimbili zobulili obuhlukile kanye nokuzala kwangaphakathi ukuze kwenzeke. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukuzala kuncike esikhathini sonyaka kanti kwezinye, njengemikhomo ye-baleen, kuzoncika ekufudukeni. Ekugcineni, kubo bobabili ubulili kukhona ukwanda komsebenzi we-hormonal lapho usondela ezindaweni zokuzalanisa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kobude bosuku noma ekushiseni kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yezindleko ezinkulu zamandla ukukhulelwa okushiwo kumfanekiso wesifazane, into evamile kakhulu ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwemikhomo ye-baleen kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-odontocete anezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zokuzala, ngaphandle kwemikhomo yesidoda, kanye nemikhomo ye-baleen, evame ukuzala njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu noma ngaphezulu, njengoba ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezingu-18 kanti abasha be-sperm whale bayazala. bahlale nonina isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile.
Alukho uhlobo lwe-cetacean olune-monogamous, abesilisa bangahlangana nabesifazane abahlukene ngosuku olulodwa. Ngokuvamile kuba nokuqhudelana okuningi phakathi kwabesilisa phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa. Abesifazane abazona izidalwa ezingenzi lutho, kodwa banamandla okuzikhethela umngane wabo womshado futhi benqabe ukuya ocansini nendoda abangayithandi.
Njengemininingwane enelukuluku, ngokungafani neminye imikhomo ye-baleen, kuncane kakhulu ukuncintisana phakathi kwama-right whale uma kuziwa ekuzaleni. Bancika endleleni enokuthula, esikhundleni sokungqubuzana ngokomzimba, balwa nesidoda. Iqembu labesilisa likhwelana nensikazi eyodwa, uma lithanda, bese lilinda isidoda sazo sincintisane ukuze sibone ukuthi ubani ofika kuqala eqandeni.
Ngokufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isidoda sakhe sinethuba lokuvundisa iqanda lensikazi, abesilisa be-right whale banamasende amakhulu kunawo wonke ezilwaneni, ngalinye lifinyelela kumakhilogremu angu-500 ngesisindo. Ngendlela yokuthi, ngokuba nesidoda esikhulu, kubenza bakwazi ukufaka isidoda sabo kwabesifazane abaningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amathuba okuvundisa iqanda. Uma sezizelwe, "izingane" ngokuvamile aziluphuzi ubisi ngaphezu konyaka.
Ukuziphatha
Omunye wemidlalo emangalisayo yemikhomo ukugxuma kwayo okuyingqayizivele. Leyo “egxumayo” kakhulu imikhomo okuthiwa i-humpback. Nakuba ingaziwa injongo yalokhu kweqa, kuye kwahlongozwa imibono eminingana, njengokuxoshwa kwezilokazane, ukuxwayisa abangase bangene, ukuheha ontanga, noma enye indlela yokuxhumana.
Okunye ukuziphatha okuvamile ukukhombisa amaphiko e-pectoral emanzini, bese ushaya amanzi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngawo. Zike zabonakala zishaya amanzi ngezimpiko zomsila. Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha siyimpicabadala ephelele futhi siphendula imibono efanayo nokugxuma.
Ukuziphatha okunelukuluku kakhulu okubonisa imikhomo ethile kuwubunhloli. Kwesinye isikhathi bavele bakhiphe amakhanda abo emanzini ukuze babone ukuthi kwenzekani eduze kwabo. Njengoba ukubonakala emoyeni kungcono kakhulu kunangaphansi kwamanzi, le nqubo iwavumela ukuba ahlole abantu okusolakala ukuthi bangabahlaseli abazulazula endaweni, njengokubona i-pod yemikhomo ebulalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo ebulalayo ngokuvamile ikhipha amakhanda ayo ifuna amaphengwini nezimvu zamanzi ezingase zitholakale eqhweni.
Kungani zibhajwa emabhishi?
Imikhomo ibaleka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ikwazi ukufika iphila noma ifile, iyodwa noma ngamaqembu ogwini. Izinkinga ezinjalo zingaba yizici ezihlukahlukene:
- Iningi lazo livame ukudliwa olwandle, ngendlela yokuthi lapho lifika ogwini, lifike lihudulwa yimimoya nemisinga, lisantanta ngenxa yamagesi okubola. Ezimweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile kuba ngabantu ababodwa.
- Imicabango ehlanyiswa kakhulu icabanga ukuthi bangokuzibulala noma bazama ukubuyela emsuka wabo wasemhlabeni.
- Uphenyo olujulile, lwesayensi, kanye nolunengqondo kakhudlwana lubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane ezinezinga eliphezulu lokunqamuka yilezo ezihlala ngamaqembu kude kakhulu nogu. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zilwane ziye zaphishekela inyamazane yazo ogwini, lapho ukungakwazi kwazo ukukhululeka ogwini kungase kube yisici esicacile.
- Esinye isizathu okungenzeka kube amaphutha "kuhlelo lwakho lokuzulazula". Lokhu kungabangelwa, isibonelo, izifo noma izifo ezingase zithinte ukubambisana, indawo kanye nebhalansi ye-cetaceans.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhululeka ogwini kudlala indima engaphezu kwemvelo, njengoba isisekelo esiningi senzeka ezindaweni zokuthambekela okuphansi, okulinganiselwa ukuthi zingaphazamisa "izinhlelo zokuhamba" kanye ne-echolocation.
- Okunye okucatshangelwayo okucutshungulwayo ukuthi, njengezimfudu zasolwandle, imikhomo isebenzisa amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba ukuze iziqondise nokuthi, lapho inqamula izindawo ezinozibuthe okungalungile, ilahlekelwa ukuma kwayo futhi igcine ivaleleke emabhishi.
- Ngeshwa, esinye sezizathu ezivame kakhulu ezisikiselwayo namuhla ukusekela ngenxa yezingoma zezempi kanye nokumba uwoyela, okudala imisindo enamandla kangangokuthi kudideke futhi kuphule lonke uhlelo lokuqondisa olulinganiselayo noluthambile ngaphakathi.
Kungani imikhomo ifuduka?
Inhloso ebaluleke kakhulu yokufuduka ukufuna izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokudla nokuzalanisa. Ngaphandle komkhomo wasezindaweni ezishisayo ohlala unyaka wonke emanzini afudumele kanye nomkhomo waseGreenland ongaziqhelelanisi namanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo, yonke imikhomo ye-baleen ifuduka isuka enyakatho naseningizimu.
Imikhomo ngokuvamile ifudukela ezindaweni ezishisayo ehlobo ngoba ukuncibilika kweqhwa kubangela ukuqhuma kwempilo kulawa manzi. Njengengxenye yaleyo mpilo ukudla okuyintandokazi kwemikhomo, ama-krill nama-copepods, inani lawo labantu likhula ngokwedlulele kuyo yonke inkathi eshiwo.
Ekuqaleni kobusika, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezilwandle ezishisayo kuyancipha, okubangela ukuba imikhomo iqale ukuthuthela emanzini afudumele eningizimu, ukuze iqale umjikelezo wayo wokuzala. Izifunda lapho iningi labo lizala khona azaziwa neze, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kwenzeka emanzini afudumele, ashisayo najulile. Omama abanamathole asanda kuzalwa bahlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezishiwo ukuze ithole liqine futhi likhule ngokwanele ukuze likwazi ukubhekana nokufudukela enyakatho okuthatha isikhathi eside.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-baleen whale awondli kulo lonke uhambo, okusho ukuthi kunezindleko ezinkulu zamandla. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi abesifazane abanezingane ezincelisayo balahlekelwa kufika ku-50% wesisindo sabo somzimba. Lo mhlatshelo wamandla wenziwa ukuze kuzuze ukuzala, njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi amankonyane azalwa futhi akhuliswe kangcono emanzini afudumele, njengoba enkathini yasebusika kukhona ukudla okuncane okutholakala emanzini asezintabeni.
Kodwa-ke, imikhomo, imikhomo ebulalayo, ama-beluga nama-narwhal ayawakhulisa amaphuphu awo kula manzi, okuholela ososayensi ukuba bazibuze ukuthi imikhomo ingase ifuduke ukuze izale kude kangakanani namanzi asezintabeni ukuze ivimbele imikhomo ebulalayo, engafuduki, ingahlaseli futhi idlise ukudla. ematholeni.
Yiziphi Izilwane Ezidla Imikhomo?
Imikhomo ebulalayo kanye noshaka abathile kubhekwa njengezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu ezidla imikhomo, futhi, ngokusobala, kubantu. E-Arctic, amabhere ase-polar angahlasela imikhomo eba stranded. Ama-Killer whale ngokuyinhloko ahlasela amathole, ahlele ngamaqembu ukuze ahlukanise umama nethole futhi ngaleyo ndlela enze ukuhlasela okungcono kwethole. Kwezinye izikhathi, bangahlasela nabantu abadala uma bebona ukuthi akhona amathuba okuphumelela.
izinhlobo zemikhomo
Nalu uhlu lwezinhlobo zemikhomo lapho sichaza khona izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zasemanzini:
I-Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Imikhomo eyi-Bowhead inomzimba omkhulu oyisigqiki ngaphandle kwe- dorsal fin. Zinemihlathi emikhulukazi ezivumela ukuba zigcine izintshebe ezinde ezingaba ngu-300, ezingaba ngamamitha amathathu ubude. Umzimba wayo wonke umnyama ngaphandle kwendawo encane emhlophe esilevini. Ihamba ngamaqembu anesizotha abantu abangadluli ku-3, kodwa ezindaweni zokudla bangakha amaqembu amakhulu.
Iwukuphela kwezinhlobonhlobo zemikhomo echitha ukuphila kwawo konke emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Kungenzeka impela ukuthi, ngokuhlala emanzini anjalo abandayo, umzimba wayo wehlisa ijubane, okubangela ukuba ibe uhlobo olunesikhathi eside esikhona kuze kube manje, lufinyelele iminyaka engaba ngu-200 yokuphila. Ubukhulu bomkhomo we-bowhead buyahlukahluka kuye ngokobulili, abesilisa bancane kancane kunabesifazane, bafinyelela kumamitha angu-20 ubude, kanti abesilisa banobude obungamamitha angu-18 kuphela.
Abantu abadala bangafinyelela isisindo esingafika kumathani ayi-100. Amancane azalwa angaba ngamamitha ama-4 ubude futhi anesisindo esingaba yithani elilodwa. Badla ama-crustaceans anesizotha njenge-krill, nama-mollusc amancane. Njengemikhomo ye-baleen, idla ngokuhlunga amanzi nge-baleen yayo futhi isebenzisa indlela yokugoba, noma ngokulandela ulwandle inyakazisa udaka ngemisila yayo ifuna ama-crustaceans nama-mollusc.
Njengoba sesishilo kakade, ahlala unyaka wonke emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo, ikakhulukazi emanzini ase-arctic, kuyo yonke indawo eyindilinga, okungukuthi, e-Arctic, enyakatho yeCanada nase-Alaska, enyakatho yeGreenland, nasenyakatho yeRussia. Ukufuduka kwabo kukhawulelwe ekuhambisaneni nokuhamba phambili nokuhlehla kweqhwa unyaka wonke befuna ukudla. Ngokusho kwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature, ama- bowhead whales afakwe ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini.
Umkhomo waseNingizimu noma waseNingizimu (Eubalaena australis)
Isici esihluke kakhulu se-southern right whales ukuba khona kwama-calluses ekhanda. Lezi zisebenza ngendlela yezigxivizo zeminwe, njengoba ingekho imikhomo emibili enama-calluses afanayo. Lezi zikhula ngesikhathi sokukhula kwengane, futhi zigcwele ama-amphipod nama-barnacle crustaceans. Umsebenzi wama-calluses anjalo awaziwa.
Imikhuba yabo yenhlalo ayaziwa kancane, ogwini ngokuvamile babonakala bebodwa futhi ngababili, noma njengamaqembu. Zinebala eliyingxenye engunxantathu futhi zimpunga-mnyama ngombala, zinama calluses ampunga-mhlophe ahlukile, futhi ngaphandle kokuba khona kwephiko lomhlana. Umlomo wayo omkhulu unentshebe engu-450, ngayinye iphakathi kwamamitha angu-2 no-2.5 ubude.
Ubukhulu be-southern right whales bungamamitha angu-16, kanti abesifazane bangafinyelela amamitha angu-17 ubude futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvamile ukuthola abesilisa abangase bafinyelele kumamitha angu-15 ubude. Abantu abadala bafika benesisindo esingamathani angama-40 kuye kwangama-60. Lapho befika emhlabeni, abasha abalinganisi isilinganiso samamitha angu-4,5 ubude futhi isisindo sabo singamathani amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ama-Southern right whale adla ama-krill nama-copepods ngokuhlunga amanzi awazungezile.
Njengoba igama lawo libonisa, ahlala eningizimu nenkabazwe. Singazithola eNingizimu Atlantic, eSouth Indian, naseNingizimu Pacific. Ukusuka emanzini apholile ukuya emanzini ase-Antarctic, ngaphandle kokufika emanzini ashisayo eduze nenkabazwe. Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokufuduka kwazo, futhi isiphetho sazo phakathi nenkathi yokudla enkulu akwaziwa. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ibala i-southern right whale njengohlobo olungakhathazeki kangako.
I-Glacial noma i-Northern Right Whale (i-Eubalaena glacialis)
Njengezihlobo zabo eziseningizimu, imikhomo eyiqhwa ibonakala ngokuyinhloko ngochungechunge lwama-calluses emakhanda awo. Emlonyeni wayo singathola izintshebe ezingaba ngu-300 ezingamamitha amathathu ubude ngayinye. Naphezu kokuba izinhlobo ezahlukene, i-glacial right whale inomzimba ofana, ocishe ufane, nomkhomo oseningizimu. Ibala layo linonxantathu ngokwengxenye, ayinawo umsila womhlane futhi inombala othize mnyama kunalawo ase-austral, ngokuvamile amnyama, kanti amanye anamabala amhlophe esilevini nasesiswini.
Ziye zaba olunye lwezilwane eziye zathola isijeziso esikhulu kunazo zonke phakathi namakhulu eminyaka zizingela, kangangokuthi bezilokhu zisonqenqemeni lokuqothulwa ezikhathini ezingenakubalwa. Njengamanje, ziyizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ukwenza izinto ezimbi ngenxa yokushayisana nemikhumbi. Ubukhulu be-glacial right whale busukela kumamitha ayi-14 kuye kwayi-18 ubude, futhi isisindo sawo siyahlukahluka kusuka kumathani angama-30 kuye kwangama-70. Ezisikazi zivame ukuba zinkulu kunabesilisa. Abancane balolu hlobo bazalwa benobukhulu obungamamitha angu-4 nesisindo sethani elilodwa nesigamu. Badla i-zooplankton, njengama-copepods nezibungu zezinhlanzi, kanye ne-krill.
Ngendlela efanayo nesihlobo sayo esiseningizimu, ihamba amabanga amade ibhukuda kancane futhi ihlunga amanzi ukuze ithole ukudla. Bahlala emanzini ashisayo napholile eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, kusukela ogwini oluseningizimu yeGreenland kuya ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Afrika, futhi kusukela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States nasogwini olusentshonalanga yeYurophu (iNorway, iGreat Britain, iFrance neSpain. ), ngaphandle kokudlula inkabazwe. I-glacial right whale isohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
I-North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica)
I-North Pacific right whale uhlobo olulingana ne-glacial right whale. Inomzimba omkhulu, oyisitokisi onombala omnyama noma ompunga okumnyama. Ibonisa uhlobo olufanayo lwama-calluses njengezinye izinhlobo ze-right whale. Ayinayo i-dorsal fin futhi inamabala amhlophe alandelanayo esiswini.
Umkhomo waseNyakatho Pacific ungakala cishe amamitha angu-18 ubude nesisindo esingamathani angu-90. Njengeminye imikhomo, abesifazane bavame ukuba mikhulu kunabesilisa. Ekuzalweni, amaphuphu anobude obungaba amamitha amane futhi anesisindo esingaba yithani. Zidla ama-crustaceans anesizotha njenge-krill nama-copepods ngokuhlunga ngokubhukuda eduze nendawo. Njengoba igama lazo lisho, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zihlala eNyakatho Pacific.
Njengoba inani labantu bakhona selinciphe kakhulu, ukusatshalaliswa kwalo akwaziwa ngokunemba. Bacatshangelwa ukuthi bahlala endaweni yoLwandle iBering kanye neGulf of Alaska, naseqenjini elincane elima mpo ukusuka eNhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka kuya eJapane. Isimo sokulondoloza i-North Pacific right whale sibi kakhulu, sichazwa yi-International Union for the Conservation of Nature njengohlobo olusengozini yokunyamalala. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu bakhona alifinyeleli kubantu abayi-1000.
I-Pygmy Right Whale noma i-Dwarf Right Whale (i-Caperea marginata)
I-pygmy right whale iwumkhomo ongaqondakali, okunzima kakhulu ukuwuthola, ngakho alukho ulwazi mayelana nalolu hlobo. Njengama-fin whale, inomzimba omude futhi ozacile, lapho iphethe iphiko elincane lomhlana. Umbala womzimba wayo unompunga obumnyama emhlane kanye nompunga okhanyayo esiswini. Naphezu kokuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-pygmy right whale, lo mkhomo awubonisi ama-calluses ajwayelekile aboniswa ezinye izinhlobo ze-right whale.
Kuyo yonke imikhomo eyaziwayo ye-baleen, i-pygmy right whale, kuze kube manje, incane kunawo wonke. Abantu abadala cishe bangamamitha ayisikhombisa ubude futhi banesisindo esingamathani amane. Imininingwane ngesisindo nobukhulu benzalo yalolu hlobo ayaziwa. Njengemikhomo eminingi ye-baleen, ukudla kwayo kwenziwa ama-krill nama-crustaceans anesizotha. Akwaziwa futhi ukuthi le mikhomo idla kuziphi izifunda.
Atholakala eningizimu nenkabazwe, njengoba abonakale eningizimu ye-Argentina e-Tierra del Fuego, Namibia naseNingizimu Afrika, futhi ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Australia naseNew Zealand. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayinayo idatha eningi yokulinganisa isimo sokulondolozwa kwenani le-pygmy right whale.
Umkhomo Ompunga (Eschrichtius robustus)
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu semikhomo empunga ukuthi imizimba yabo imbozwe ama-barnacles namanye ama-crustaceans angama-parasitic, anezelwa kuwo izibazi eziningi. Zinebala eliqinile futhi elikhudlwana kunalelo lama-rorquals kodwa lizacile kunelemikhomo elungile. Azinawo umphiko womhlana, futhi ikhanda lawo litshekele phansi kancane. I-baleen ye-gray whale ayifinyeleli ingxenye yemitha ubude.
Esinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinde kakhulu ezifudukayo, sisuka eMexico siya e-Alaska, esomkhomo ompunga. Ngokwezifundo ezihlukene zamangqamuzana kanye ne-DNA, i-gray whale ingatholakala eduze kwama-fin whale kunemikhomo. Imikhomo empunga ifuna ukwazi kangangokuthi inesibindi sokusondela kakhulu ezikebheni. Ziyakwazi ukukala cishe amamitha angu-15 ubude futhi zibe nesisindo esingamathani angama-20, lapho ezinsikazi zithe ukuba zinkulu kuneziduna.
Lapho zizalwa zilinganisa cishe amamitha angu-4,5 futhi zinesisindo esingaba ithani nengxenye. Azibonisi ubuhle obuningi uma kuziwa ekuphakeleni, kuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezidla ngokuqondile esihlabathini nodaka, lapho zimunca khona ama-benthic crustaceans kanye nenani elikhulu lodaka namanzi eziwaxosha kamuva phakathi kwe-baleen. Cishe zonke zidla zilele ngohlangothi lwazo lwesokudla. Ezikhathini zasendulo ayetholakala olwandle i-Atlantic nePacific, kodwa namuhla ahlala kowakamuva kuphela, ikakhulukazi ogwini olusenyakatho namaphakathi nePacific.
Olwandle lwasePacific kunamaqembu amabili ahlukene emikhomo empunga, elilodwa lingatholakala phakathi kwamanzi aseJapan, eKorea naseNhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka kanti elinye lihlala phakathi kwe-Alaska neBaja California. Isimo sayo sokulondoloza singahluka, njengoba imikhomo empunga yasogwini olusempumalanga yePacific ihlukaniswa ngokuthi “inkathazo encane”, futhi leyo yasogwini olusentshonalanga isengozini yokunyamalala ngokwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature. .
I-Fin Whales (i-Balaenoptera physalus)
Isici esivelele kakhulu se-fin whale umbala wawo, njengoba ingxenye yawo engaphezulu inombala ompunga okumnyama kuyilapho isisu sawo sinombala ofanayo kodwa sithi silula. Okwenza umbala wayo ugqame ukuthi inebala elimhlophe ngezansi kwesokudla sekhanda, kanti ohlangothini lwesobunxele inombala ompunga omnyama noma omnyama.
Njengoba iwumkhomo, iveza uphiko oluncane lomhlana futhi, kusukela esilevini kuya enkabeni, inesikhumba esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kuya kwezingu-80 esisivumela ukuba sinwebe isikhumba futhi sikhulise umthamo womlomo wawo ukuze sigwinye ukudla okwengeziwe. . Umuntu omdala unezintshebe ezingama-300 kuya kwezingama-400 ezikala amasentimitha angama-70 ubude iyinye. Kunamarekhodi abonisa ukuthi ama-fin whale anganweba ukuphila kwawo kuze kube yiminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu.
Ngemuva kwe-blue whale, i-fin whale ibhekwa njengesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke eziphilayo. Izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamitha angaba ngu-20, kanti abesilisa bancane kancane. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abadala bangaba nesisindo esingamathani angama-70. Amathole e-Fin whale angamamitha angu-6.5 ubude ngesikhathi ezalwa futhi anesisindo esicishe sibe ithani nengxenye. Ukudla kwabo kwakhiwe izikole zezinhlanzi ezinesizotha, izingwane, nama-crustaceans amancane njenge-krill. Ngesikhathi sokudla bavula imilomo yabo futhi babhukude ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze, uma sebegcwele, baqhubeke nokuyivala futhi bakhiphe amanzi nge-baleen yabo.
Kwezinye izimo, uma izikole zihlangene kakhulu, umkhomo uvame ukutshuza ukuze uhlasele ngaphansi. I-Fin whale iyinhlobonhlobo ehlukahlukene kakhulu ye-baleen whale, singayithola emanzini ase-polar kanye nasemanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi ukusuka ogwini kuya olwandle oluphakeme lwazo zonke izilwandle zeplanethi, nasentshonalanga yesifunda saseMedithera. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ihlukanise i-fin whale njengezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yokuzingela kanye neziteleka zemikhumbi.
I-Boreal noma i-Northern whale (i-Balaenoptera borealis)
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu somkhomo i-minke izibazi ezimhlophe emhlane wawo. Umzimba womkhomo i-minke ubonisa umbala ompunga omnyama ngemuva kanye nompunga okhanyayo esiswini. Izisu zazo zimfushane ngokwedlulele futhi ziyimizuzu emincane, nentshebe yazo izacile kunokuvamile. Kunokwaziswa okuncane ngalo mkhomo njengoba ungezona izilwane ezisogwini futhi ukutholakala olwandle olwandle kunzima impela, futhi cishe lonke ulwazi oluqoqiwe luvela embonini yokudoba imikhomo.
Umkhomo we-boreal wumkhomo ophakathi nendawo, lapho amadoda awo amadala afinyelela amamitha angu-18 kanti abesifazane angaba ngamamitha angu-20. Isisindo esijwayelekile somuntu omdala sibalwa phakathi kwamathani angama-20 nama-30. Encane ekuzalweni inobude obungamamitha amane kuya kwamahlanu afinyelela isisindo sethani elilodwa noma amabili.
Njengama-right whale, imikhomo e-bowhead ivame ukubhukuda phezu kwamanzi ibamba inyamazane yayo, ama-krill nama-copepods, kunokuba ihlasele inyamazane yayo njengoba kwenza imikhomo eminingi. Zingatholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle ezinkulu zeplanethi, emanzini ashisayo, apholile, namanzi angaphansi kwe-subpolar. Okungcono emanzini ajulile kakhulu. Ichazwe njengesengcupheni yokunyamalala ngokwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Umkhomo ka-Bryde (Balaenoptera brydei)
Akukho okuningi okungashiwo mayelana nezici zalolu hlobo, njengoba i-whale eyaziwa kancane futhi okunzima kakhulu ukuyithola endle. Bahlala eduze nogu. Ukubukeka kwayo kwe-morphological kufana kakhulu nokomkhomo we-boreal. Inekhanda elibanzi nelifushane elinemigoqe engama-40 kuya kwangama-70 esikhunjeni sayo ukuze yandise umlomo wayo, kanye nephiko lomhlana. Amaphiko ayo e-pectoral anesizotha futhi anesitayela.
Umbala wayo ngemuva unombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mnyama futhi isisu sayo simpunga noma ukhilimu. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi kucatshangwa ukuthi umkhomo Bryde kanye tropical whale zakha uhlobo olufanayo, kodwa izifundo zakamuva zofuzo baye babonisa okuphambene, ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezihlukene. Ubukhulu bayo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15 ubude futhi bungaba namathani angama-40, kunomehluko omncane phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Lapho bezalwa, ama-pups afinyelela kumamitha angu-4, futhi kulinganiselwa, kodwa akwaziwa ngokuqondile, ukuthi isisindo sawo sicishe sibe ithoni. Ukudla kwayo kuhlanganisa izinhlanzi ezinesizotha, ama-squid nama-crustaceans, evula umlomo wayo lapho ibhukuda, ukuze iwuvale kamuva ngokukhipha amanzi phakathi kwentshebe yawo. Zitholakala emanzini asogwini anesimo sezulu esipholile futhi ashisayo azo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba. Alukho ulwazi olwanele lokuhlola kahle isimo sokulondolozwa komkhomo we-Bryde.
I-Tropical Fin Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
Kanye nomkhomo we-Bryde, ulwazi oluncane olutholakalayo mayelana nomkhomo wasezindaweni ezishisayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi kuze kube muva nje ububhekwa njengezinhlobo ezifanayo. Inebala elincane elimnyama elimpunga ngemuva kanye nesisu esimhlophe. I-pectoral fin mancane futhi yenziwe isitayela, futhi i-dorsal fin ibukeka njenge-sikela. Izibalo ezithile zemikhomo yasezindaweni ezishisayo azifuduki noma uma zifuduka zifushane kakhulu, zihlala unyaka wonke endaweni efanayo. Ungowesibili umkhomo omncane kunawo wonke, ofinyelela abantu abadala awo cishe amamitha angu-12 ubude nesisindo esingamathani angu-12.
Alukho olunye ulwazi mayelana nobukhulu nesisindo sabantwana bawo lapho bezalwa. Ama-Fin whale asekela ukudla kwawo ezinhlanzini, kuma-crustaceans, nama-cephalopods. Njengemikhomo eminingi, ukuyidla ihlasela inyamazane yayo ivule umlomo, ukuze kamuva ikhiphe amanzi asele phakathi kwe-baleen. Atholakala emanzini afudumele, ashisayo olwandle lwePacific, Indian, kanye ne-Atlantic. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayinayo idatha eyanele yokuhlukanisa kahle isimo sokongiwa komkhomo wasezindaweni ezishisayo.
I-Fin whale noma i-Blue whale (i-Balaenoptera musculus)
Ngokungangabazeki isici esiyinhloko somkhomo i-blue whale ukuthi ubhekwa njengesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona ngokomlando wezinsalela. Umzimba wayo omkhulukazi omude nowenziwe isitayela umpunga ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nokucaca okukhulu esiswini. Umhlane wayo onamabala ambozwe amabala anombala okhanyayo. Zinentshebe engama-300 kuya ku-400 ohlangothini ngalunye lomlomo, intshebe ngayinye ilinganiselwa imitha ubude nengxenye yemitha ububanzi. Ngaphansi komlomo anesikhumba esigoqekayo esingama-60 kuye kwangama-90. Lapho ziphumela phezulu, indiza yomoya eziwukhiphayo ingaphakama cishe ngamamitha ayi-10.
Lolu hlobo luphakathi kwemikhomo ephila isikhathi eside kakhulu, ephila iminyaka engu-90 kuya kweyikhulu. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, imikhomo ebulalayo kuphela enesibindi sokuyihlasela. Njengomniningwane othakazelisayo, ulimi lwalesi silwane lungaba nesisindo esifana nesendlovu, futhi inhliziyo yaso ingaba nesisindo esilingana nesemoto ephakathi. Ukwengeza kulokhu, kuvele ukuthi imithambo emikhulu ibanzi kangangokuthi umuntu angabhukuda kuyo.
Njengoba sekushiwo, umkhomo uyisidalwa esiphilayo esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Ngokwesilinganiso bafinyelela ku-25 kuya ku-27 wamamitha, lapho abesifazane bebakhudlwana kunabesilisa. Irekhodi elikhulu kunawo wonke eliqinisekisiwe kube elomfanekiso ofinyelele ku-29 metres, nakuba sekushiwo, kodwa akuzange kuqinisekiswe, ukuthi ama-specimens angaphezu kwamamitha angu-30 atholakele. Maqondana nesisindo, ngokwesilinganiso imikhomo endala eluhlaza ivamise ukuba nesisindo esingamathani ayi-100 kuya kwangu-120, irekhodi elikhulu kunawo wonke elesampula lensikazi edotshwayo enesisindo esingamathani angu-180.
Intsha yalolu hlobo ingamamitha angu-8 ubude ngesikhathi izalwa futhi inesisindo esingamathani amathathu. Zijwayela indlela efanayo nama-rorquals amaningi, zihlasela inyamazane yazo ngokuvula umlomo wazo omkhulu, futhi kamuva ngosizo lwemisipha yomlomo nolimi, zikhipha amanzi emlonyeni nge-baleen, zibamba phakathi. izinkulungwane zezibonelo ze-krill, ukudla abakuthandayo.
Zitholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba ngaphandle kwe-Arctic kanye nolwandle olungezansi njengoLwandle iMedithera. Le mikhomo ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezijulile emanzini. Umkhomo oluhlaza usengozini yokushabalala ngokusho kwedatha ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
I-Aliblanco noma i-Minke Whale (i-Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Isici esiqashelwa kakhulu somkhomo i-minke ukuba khona komugqa omhlophe kumaphiko amabili e-pectoral, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezindaweni ezithile ayikho imithende enjalo. Imikhomo i-Minke inomhlane omnyama kanye nesisu esimhlophe, kuyilapho izinhlangothi zayo zimpunga ngombala.
Inezintshebe ezingama-200 kuya kwezingama-300 ezingamasentimitha angama-25 ubude kanye nesikhumba esigoqekayo esingama-30 kuya kwangu-70 emlonyeni wayo ukuze ikhulise amandla ayo lapho idla. Eqinisweni, i-minke whale iyimikhomo esinda kakhulu eyaziwayo. Umkhomo i-minke wumkhomo omncane kunawo wonke, ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-7 kuye kwayi-10, lapho abesifazane bebakhudlwana, banesisindo esingamathani ayi-7.
Lapho ezalwa, amazinyane akala cishe amamitha amabili nengxenye kanti isisindo sawo asifinyeleli kuthani. Imikhomo i-Minke idla ama-crustaceans anesizotha afana ne-krill nama-copepod, iwabamba ebaleen yawo ngokukhipha amanzi emilonyeni yawo. Atholakala oLwandlekazini iPacific, i-Atlantic, kanye ne-Indian, esifundeni esihambisana nenkabazwe esenyakatho. Ngokwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature, i-minke whale ayisona isilwane esisengozini futhi ihlukaniswa njengohlobo olungakhathazeki kangako.
Imikhomo yase-Austral (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
I-southern minke whale iqhathaniswa ne-minke whale, kanti lesi sakamuva singatholakala enyakatho yezwe, i-southern minke whale itholakala kuphela eningizimu yezwe. Ezikhathini zasendulo zazibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezifanayo, ngakho-ke alukho ulwazi olwanele mayelana nalolu hlobo. I-austral whales ibonisa umzimba omncane kunezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo. Umhlane wayo umpunga/omnyama kanti nesisu simhlophe.
Ingenye yemikhomo emincane kakhulu ehlala olwandle lwethu, futhi, njengomkhomo i-minke, ifinyelela ubude obusuka ku-7 kuya ku-10 nesisindo samathani angu-5 kuya kwangu-9. Njengakuwo wonke ama-fin whale, ezinsikazi zazo zikhulu kunabesilisa. Amancane amamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu ubude ngesikhathi ezalwa futhi anesisindo esingangethani.
Imikhomo i-Minke isekela ukudla kwayo kuma-krill nama-copepods amancane. Ngesikhathi sokudla, iwagwinya kanye namanzi amaningi, abese ewakhipha ngentshebe. Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ama-minke whales angatholakala eningizimu yezwe, e-Atlantic, e-Indian, emanzini asePacific futhi, ngokusobala, emanzini ase-Antarctic. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayinayo idatha eyanele yokuhlola kahle isimo sokongiwa kwabantu bayo.
Umkhomo ka-Omura (Balaenoptera omurai)
Umkhomo ka-Omura uwuhlobo olusanda kutholwa. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi kudidaniswa nomkhomo we-Bryde, kodwa ngo-2003, ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kofuzo lwezibonelo nezinhlanzi eziboshwe, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi kwakungewona imikhomo kaBryde, kodwa izinhlobonhlobo ezingaziwa ukuthi zaziqamba igama lomkhomo. . Ngenxa yobusha bayo, alukho ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemikhomo ka-Omura.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ziyizilwane ezizimele zodwa ezinebala lesici se-fin whale, ezinde futhi ezenziwe ngesitayela ezinomhlane omnyama kunesisu. Umkhomo ka-Omura omdala awudluli amamitha angu-12 ubude. Alukho olunye ulwazi mayelana nesisindo sabantu abadala noma ubukhulu nesisindo sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Ngenxa yobukhona be-baleen, kucatshangwa ukuthi badla ama-krill nama-copepods amancane basebenzisa indlela efanayo nezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo.
Okubonwayo nokuthwebula kurekhodiwe emanzini ase-Indonesia, Thailand, China nase-Japan. Ngokuvamile, le mibono yenzeke ogwini oluseNtshonalanga yePacific. Akwaziwa ukuthi ukufuduka kwazo kulandela muphi umzila, nokuthi yiziphi izindawo zokudla nokuzalanisa. Njengoba kuwuhlobo olusanda kutholwa, alukho ulwazi olwanele lokufanelekela isimo sokulondolozwa kwenani lemikhomo ka-Omura.
I-Humpback Whale noma i-Yubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Isici esihluke kakhulu semikhomo yama-humpback amaphiko awo amakhulu amhlophe e-pectoral, okuyiwona abanzi kunawo wonke ama-cetaceans. Zinomzimba oyisigqiki, ikhanda eligcwele amaqhubu kanye ne-dorsal fin esezingeni eliphansi ekugcineni komzimba wazo. Umzimba wayo uveza umbala omnyama ngemuva kanti isisu singaba mnyama, simpunga noma sibe mhlophe.
I-caudal fin imnyama ngenhla futhi imhlophe ngezansi, inamachashaza amaningi endaweni emhlophe, akha amaphethini angenakuphindwa. Abacwaningi basebenzisa la maphethini ukuze babone imikhomo yama-humpback. Imikhomo yama-humpback inesikhumba esigoqekayo esiyi-15 kuya kwezingu-25 ngaphansi komlomo kanye nama-baleen angama-200 kuya kwangu-400 ohlangothini ngalunye lomlomo.
Yimikhoma okuthe ngokombono wesayensi, sekucwaningwe kabanzi ngenxa yobuningi bayo kanye nemvelo yayo enelukuluku, okuholele ekutheni isondele emikhunjini ukuze iyohlola. Njengomniningwane onelukuluku, ngenxa yale mikhomo ibhizinisi selisungulwe ngokuzungezile lapho liyibona, kusukela ekubeni imikhomo "egxumayo", ukweqa kwayo okukhulu nokuvamile kubhekwa njengento eheha izivakashi.
Umkhomo we-humpback ufinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-11 kuya kwayi-16 futhi unesisindo esingamathani angama-35, lapho ezinsikazi zinkulu kunezinduna. Imikhomo yama-humpback esanda kuzalwa ingamamitha angu-4,5 ubude futhi inesisindo esingaba yithani elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ku-krill nezinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Uma kukhulunywa ngokudla, basebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Okumangalisa kakhulu yi-stun enomsila kanye ne-bubble net.
Okumangalisayo kulele ekushayeni amanzi nge-pectoral noma i-caudal fins, ukuze umsindo abawenzayo uthuse izinhlanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuzibamba. I-bubble net iwukuhlasela kweqembu, isampula eyodwa noma ezimbalwa zibhukuda eduze nesikole sezinhlanzi, zizisonge ngenethi eliyigwebu elixoshwa imikhomo. Lapho isikole sesihlangene kahle, imikhomo eminingana iphuma ekujuleni ilandelane futhi imilomo yayo ivulekile igwinye sonke isikole sezinhlanzi ngokuluma kanye.
I-humpback whale iyinhlobonhlobo ehlukahlukene kakhulu, ngoba ingatholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, kokubili eduze nogu futhi kude nazo. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature iye yabala imikhomo yama-humpback njengohlobo olungakhathazeki kangako.
I-Sperm Whale (iPhyseter macrocephalus)
Isici esivelele kakhulu se-sperm whale ukuthi inobuchopho obukhulu kunazo zonke embusweni wezilwane futhi iyi-odontocete cetacean enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo. Iphinde ibe nesihloko sokuba isidalwa esinamazinyo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanye nesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezifinyelela ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu. Ikhanda laso lingesinye isici esimangalisayo se-sperm whale, njengoba libonakala lingabonakali ngenxa yobukhulu balo kanye nomhlathi walo ophansi omncane kakhulu nozacile uma liqhathaniswa nekhanda lawo elikhulu. Imikhomo yesidoda inamazinyo angama-20 kuya kwangama-30 ohlangothini ngalunye lomhlathi ongezansi.
Umzimba wayo uveza umbala ompunga nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ungase ubonakale unsundu. Umzimba wayo ugcwele izibazi okungenzeka zibangelwa inyamazane yayo, i-squid enkulu. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwe-sperm whale silinganiselwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-70. Njengama-odontocete amaningi, isebenzisa i-echolocation ukuze ibone inyamazane kanye nokuzulazula. Imikhomo yesidoda inesitho esaziswa kakhulu imboni yokudoba imikhomo, i-spermaceti, imisebenzi yayo engachazwanga, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi ihlobene ne-buoyancy kanye ne-echolocation.
Ama-sperm whale amadala angaba amamitha angu-15 kuya kwangu-20 ubude, anesisindo esingamathani angama-55. Ngokungafani nemikhomo ye-baleen, imikhomo yesilisa yamadoda mikhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Amancane, lapho ezalwa, angakala cishe amamitha amane, enesisindo esingaba ithani nesigamu. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ezinhlanzini zasolwandle olujulile kanye nama-cephalopods. Yisilwane esizingelayo esibaluleke kakhulu se-squid esikhulu esidumile.
Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi zizingela kanjani, kodwa ngokwezibazi ezikhona emizimbeni yazo, kubhekwa ukuthi ukubhekana kwazo nenyama yazo kukhulu kakhulu. Imikhomo yesidoda ingatholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba nasoLwandle iMedithera, kokubili eduze nogu futhi kude nalo. Ngokuvamile, bakhetha amanzi athokomele futhi ashisayo, nakuba kungenzeka ukubona isifanekiso eduze kwezigxobo. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ihlukanisa i-sperm whale njengezinhlobo ezisengozini futhi ezisengozini.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Izigidi zeminyaka, imikhomo isichithe ukuphila kwayo konke emanzini, nokho-ke, kubhekwa ukuthi la ma-cetaceans ake akwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni. Le nkolelo-mbono isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi ziyizilwane ezincelisayo kanye nesimo sokuthi kuye kwatholakala izinsalela eziningi zokhokho bemikhomo. Eminingi yale mikhomo yangaphambi komlando ifana ngezindlela eziningi nemikhomo yanamuhla, nokho ngokungangabazeki izidalwa ezinjalo zazinamandla okuhamba emhlabathini, kanye nokuhamba emanzini.
Izimo zomhlaba bezingabaphoqa ukuthi baphile isikhathi eside emanzini. Kungenzeka ukuthi babenenkinga yokuthola ukudla emhlabathini, ukushisa kwakungesinye isimo, imikhomo ayinabo uboya, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi amanzi ayeyinikeze indawo yokuzipholisa ukuze ithole ukudla ukuze iphile. Ngenxa yesikhathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amaphethelo awo ashintshwa, okuwanika amandla amakhulu okulawula ukunyakaza kwawo emanzini.
Ezikhathini ezithile zonyaka, amanzi ayebanda kakhulu ukuba imikhomo ikwazi ukuphila njengoba iyizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, ngakho yayiba nendlela yokufuduka. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi imikhomo yake yaba nezinzwane nezinselo, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungadingi lezi zakhi, yaba into engayisebenzisa.
Okhokho bemikhomo ngokungangabazeki babezinze emhlabeni. Ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa balokhu ukuthi banamaphaphu futhi badinga ukuphefumula umoya osemkhathini. Obunye ubufakazi besikhathi esidlule sayo sasemhlabeni sitholakala kuhlaka lwamathambo ayo, lapho amaphiko ayo asesifundeni asenamathambo esici esitho sasemhlabeni, afana nezandla. Ukwengeza, emikhombeni yanamuhla ungakwazi ukubona isitho se-vestigial ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo kwakuyithambo le-pelvic (okubonisa ukuthi kukhona izitho zangemuva).
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi imikhomo ibe khona iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-50, imikhomo yokuqala yesimanje ye-baleen yavela phakathi neMiocene ephakathi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-15 edlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-odontocete esimanje avela kancane ngaphambili, ekuqaleni kwe-Miocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-20 edlule.
Okuningi kwalokho esikwazile ukukubonisa mayelana nokuvela kwemikhomo kuhlangene eminyakeni engu-25 edlule, ngenxa yophenyo lwe-paleontologist uPhil Gingerich, owathola izinsalela zezingebhezi kanye namathambo abaluleke kakhulu abe nesandla ekuqinisekiseni le mfundiso. mayelana nokuvela kwemikhomo. Amarekhodi ezinsalela ayaqhubeka nokubhalwa phansi, ukuze ulwazi olunjalo luhlukaniswe.
Kusekuningi esingakwazi mayelana nokuvela kwemikhomo. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akuyona yonke into oyifundayo endabeni enembayo futhi ingase ishintshe njengoba kufundwa ulwazi olusha kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha butholakala. Ukufunda mayelana nokuvela kwemikhomo kuyindlela enhle yokufunda kabanzi mayelana nemikhomo ngokuvamile, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi ubeke eceleni isikhathi esithile sokuhlola okwengeziwe.
Imboni Yakudala Yokudoba
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, imboni yokudoba imikhomo ibe nomlando omude noyimpikiswano. Kunemibhalo egciniwe kudala ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikude zeplanethi yethu kakade zazisizakala ngemikhomo eyayiboshelwe ukudliwa abantu. Kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lapho kwasungulwa khona imboni yokudoba imikhomo.
Isikhathi saso esibi kakhulu kwakuyikhulu lama-1200, lapho isidingo semithombo ye-whale sakhula kakhulu, sibeka engcupheni isibalo salezi zilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Ngempela, okwamanje, izakhamuzi zisaqhubeka nokululama ekubulaweni kwabantu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuhweba kokuqala kwemikhiqizo ethathwe emikhomo kwaqala ngonyaka ka-XNUMX ogwini lwaseSpain naseFrance, kanti amaBasque ikakhulukazi abe amavulandlela ekuboneni amandla aleli bhizinisi.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, iBrithani, iNetherlands, i-US, nezinye izizwe zase zilwela ukulawula izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokudotshwa kwemikhomo. Ayikho ingxenye yemikhomo eyayinganakiwe. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko futhi owawunenzuzo kakhulu kwakuwuwoyela womkhomo owawutholakala ngokushisisa amafutha awo, inzuzo yawo yayizuzisa kangangokuthi ngalezo zikhathi wayaziwa ngokuthi “igolide eliwuketshezi” lemboni yokudoba imikhomo.
Lawa mafutha ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo engapheli efana nezinsipho, amapende, izinto zokuthambisa zemishini, ama-shampoos, njll. Ukwengeza, kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhanyisa izibani zikawoyela ezazikhanyisa izindlu zangaleso sikhathi. Omunye umkhiqizo obalulekile owatholwa emikhomo kwakuyi-baleen, eyayisetshenziswa futhi emikhiqizweni eminingi njengamabhulashi, izigxobo zesambulela, izinti zokudoba, njll.
Imfashini yekhulu le-XIX ibingeke ibe njengoba yayinjalo, ukube bekungengenxa ye-baleen ye-whales, efakwe njengokuqinisa kuma-corsets, eziketini, futhi yaze yasetshenziswa njengento yobuhle bezinwele njengosizo. ukuqinisekisa nokugcina izinwele zezinwele eziyinkimbinkimbi zangaleso sikhathi. Inyama yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini yayingadliwe kakhulu eYurophu, ngaphandle kwasezikhathini zendlala, noma njengangezikhathi zempi, ngakho iningi layo lalisetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane.
Isikhumba sasisetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo, izihlalo, izikhwama, izicathulo, njll. Igazi laliyingxenye efanele yamasoseji, umanyolo nezinamatheliso. Umkhiqizo owaziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-ambergris, uketshezi olunamakha olwakha emathunjini e-sperm whale futhi oluyikhipha ngokwemvelo. Ehlanganisa ngokuyinhloko i-ambrein, into efana ne-cholesterol, okuthi, lapho ivuliwe emoyeni, ikhulise futhi intante, ngakho ukuqoqwa kwayo kulula kakhulu.
Ukuthola i-ambergris kwakufana nokuwina ilotho, njengoba kukhokhwa izindodla zemali ngayo. Yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni izifo ezihlukahlukene, njengokungagayeki kokudla, kodwa yaziswa kakhulu njengesithasiselo kumakha nezimonyo. Amathambo nawo awazange akhululwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-post-mortem, abadobi abafanayo bachitha isikhathi sabo beqopha futhi bewahlobisa, futhi benza izingcezu ze-chess, izinkinobho, izibalo zokuhlobisa, imigexo, njll. Njengeqiniso elimangalisayo, abantu baseScandinavia basebenzisa amathumbu esikhundleni sengilazi yefasitela.
Ukudoba Umkhomo Kwamanje
I-whaling namuhla ingaphansi kokulawulwa nokulawulwa kakhulu kunakudala. I-International Whaling Commission yadalelwa le njongo. Ukuqala kwale nhlangano kwaba nesiphithiphithi, selokhu baqala ukukhangisa le mboni, okwadala ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zinyamalale. Ngenhlanhla, kamuva bathuthela emgomweni wokuvikela imikhomo futhi ngo-1982 baxazulula ukumiswa okungenamkhawulo embonini yokudotshwa kwemikhomo, nakuba bashiya izinto eziningi zingalawulwa.
Izizwe ezithile zaboMdabu ezinjengama-Inuit eCanada, neminye imiphakathi emincane yase-Alaska, Indonesia naseRussia, ziye zavunyelwa ukuzingela inani eliphakeme lemikhomo ngonyaka, njengoba le miphakathi enesizotha iphila ngemikhomo futhi ithembele kuyo ukuze iziphilise. ukusinda. Njengoba abaningi sebeyazi kakade, amazwe amakhulu ezimbonini abamba imikhomo yiNorway, i-Iceland, iJapane, neDenmark, ikakhulukazi iziQhingi zaseFaroe.
Ngaphandle kwaseziQhingini zaseFaroe, lapho kudotshwa khona imikhomo emkhosini obizwa ngokuthi i-grindadráp, amanye amazwe okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambilini azingela imikhomo kuphela. INorway yayimelene kakhulu nokumiswa, futhi njengoba sesishilo, lokhu kumiswa kwashiya izinto eziningi kulindile, ngakho-ke ukuphikisa, ngokwemithetho yekhomishana, kugunyazwe ukuzingela imikhomo ngokusemthethweni. Izilinganiso zonyaka zaseNorway zingaba ngu-500 imikhomo, ikakhulukazi imikhomo.
Ekuqaleni, iJapane nayo yayimelene nalokhu kumiswa, kodwa kamuva yaphinde yasungula ukuzingela kwayo njengokuthwebula "izifundo zesayensi", ukuze isebenzise elinye ithuba elingokomthetho le-International Whaling Commission, i-lophole eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzingela i-indeterminate. inani lemikhomo “enezinjongo zesayensi”. Ngenxa yalokhu, iJapane ingakwazi ukudoba imikhomo eyifunayo, ilinganisela izinhlanzi ezibanjwa minyaka yonke ngezibalo ezingaba ngu-400, ezihlukahluka unyaka ngamunye futhi okufanele kwengezwe kuzo izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe ezihambisana nabadobi bemikhomo abangekho emthethweni kanye nezinhlanzi ezingashiwongo.
Ikakhulukazi zidoba izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zemikhomo nama-sperm whale ngenhloso "yokuhlaziya indima yazo ku-ecosystem", kodwa yonke leyo nyama etholiwe iphelela emakethe. INorway neJapan yizizwe ezihamba phambili zokudoba imikhomo, kodwa kusukela ngo-2008 i-Iceland yajoyina leli phakethe ngokuqalisa kabusha ukudotshwa kwemikhomo ngama-quotas onyaka ayi-100 minke kanye ne-150 fin whale. Njengamanje, le mikhiqizo elandelayo itholakala emikhomoni:
- Amafutha omkhomo asetshenziswa ezimbonini
- Ama-ambergris ngamakha
- inyama ezodliwa ngabantu
- I-Spermaceti yemboni yezimonyo
- Izindlala ze-Endocrine nesibindi sezidakamizwa, uvithamini A, amahomoni, njll.
Imikhomo Ekuthunjweni
Kunemikhomo ephila isikhathi eside futhi ejabule ekuthunjweni. Eziningi zalezi zindawo zenza kube lula kubacwaningi ukuthi baqonde kabanzi mayelana nalezi zidalwa, ukuze bakwazi ukulandela kangcono ukuziphatha kwazo kulolu hlobo lwendawo. Ezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo zigcinwa zivalelwe ukuze zisize ukwandisa isibalo sazo njengoba ezinye bezizingelwa zacishe zashabalala, futhi lokhu kuyinqubo edla isikhathi kakhulu.
Kwabaningi bethu akumangalisi ukwazi ukuthi kunemikhomo evalelwe, ezindaweni ezinjengama-aquariums, izindawo zokuvakasha ezidumile ezivumela izingane kanye nabantu abadala ukuba bacabange ngalezi zidalwa ezingavamile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo baqonde ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze bazivikele. Akubona bonke abantu abatusa ukulondolozwa kwemikhomo ekuthunjweni, abaningi abakuboni njengokulungile ukuyigcina ivalelwe ngezinhloso ezinjalo.
Izazi eziningi ziye zacabangela ukuthi ngobuchwepheshe obukhona, imikhomo ingacwaningwa endaweni yayo yemvelo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi, ngisho nangesimo esihle kakhulu sokuthunjwa, ukuziphatha kwabo kushintsha kakhulu. Imikhomo ayikubonisi ukuziphatha okufanayo ekuthunjweni eyayingakubonisa endle, nokufuduka okungenye yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinkulu kakhulu ezingakwazi ukuphinda ziphindwe ekuthunjweni.
Imikhomo ibhekwa njengethwala isidingo sokufuduka ngaphakathi kwayo, ngakho ayikwazi ukuzala kalula ekuthunjweni. Olunye udaba ukuthi baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale ngamaqembu angaguquki ekuthunjweni hhayi ngokuthanda njengoba bebengenza ngokwemvelo. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zilwane ziyalimala, futhi zingase zingaziphili ngokwazo. Ngokubagcina ekuthunjweni isikhathi esithile sinenye indlela yokubabuyisela ngempumelelo endaweni yabo.
Abanye bazobhubha ngempela uma bebuyiswa ngaphandle kokwelashwa okuhlala njalo futhi kufanele bahlale ekuthunjweni izimpilo zabo zonke. Izingane, ngezinye izikhathi, zilahlwa ngenxa yokushona kukanina futhi, uma zingafakwanga ekuthunjweni, zingase zife. Awukho umzamo owenziwayo wokulondoloza imikhomo evalelwe endaweni efana nemvelo njengoba ibonisa ukungajabuli esimweni esinjalo, ukuyeka ukudla nokukhwelana.
Olunye ucwaningo luveza ukuthi ukuthunjwa kungaba yingozi emikhomeni njengoba maningi amathuba okuthi izobhubha uma ihlaselwe amagciwane. Ngempela, ukuba khona komkhomo kungafushaniswa amashumi amaningi eminyaka ngokungabi bikho endle. Kubiza kakhulu ukuba nomkhomo ovalelwe. Eziningi zalezi zinhlangano zinikeza ukubuka imikhomo ngisho nemibukiso. Kuqoqwa imali ukuze kungene ukuzobuka lezo zindawo ezikhangayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindleko zokunakekela lezo zidalwa. Ezikhathini eziningi, izindleko zokudla kuphela zingakhuphukela ezinkulungwaneni zamaRandi ngosuku.
Ezinye izinhlelo zisekelwe kwiminikelo kanye neminikelo yangasese okukhandwa ngayo izindleko. Uzokwazi ukufunda ukuthi imali eningi itshalwa emizamweni yokugcina imikhomo ithunjiwe. Ingxabano isaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele noma okungafanele benzelwe yona. Ingabe siyayinikezela imizamo yethu yokuzigcina endaweni yazo ziphephile ekudotshweni ngokungekho emthethweni? Noma ingabe siyazama ukubavikela ngamanani aphansi ekuthunjweni?
Vikela Imikhomo Ukuze Uvikele Iplanethi
Imikhomo yaziwa njengezilwane ezinkulu nezihlakaniphe kakhulu olwandle. Namuhla, ongoti bezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle baveze ukuthi baphinde babambe amathani ekhabhoni emkhathini, usizo onenani lezomnotho lomhlaba wonke lama-US $ 1 trillion, ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe yi-International Monetary Fund.
Lolu cwaningo lwenoveli lubonisa ukuthi isikhuthazo semali siyengezwa ekongiweni kwemikhomo, njengoba ikhono layo lokubamba ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ekhiqizwa abantu lakha ikhambi elifanele lemvelo lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. "Ikhono lokuthunjwa kwekhabhoni lemikhomo liyamangalisa ngempela," kuphawula ababhali bocwaningo. “Izilinganiso zethu ezilinganiselayo zibeka inani lomkhomo omkhulu, ngokwemisebenzi yawo ehlukahlukene, lingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zamaRandi aseMelika, kanye nenani elikhona lemikhomo emikhulu lingaphezu kuka-US$2 billion,” banezela.
Lawa ma-cetaceans amakhulu agcina ikhabhoni emizimbeni yawo kukho konke ukuphila kwawo, okungahlala iminyaka engama-200. Njengoba bebhubha, behlela phansi olwandle futhi bathathe yonke leyo CO2 bahambe nayo. Ngokocwaningo, umkhomo ngamunye ubamba amathani angaba ngu-33 esikhutha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isihlahla singagcina kuphela u-3% waleso sibalo.
Endaweni lapho kutholakala khona imikhomo, kuzophinde kube ne-phytoplankton. Lezi zidalwa ezinesizotha zikhiqiza okungenani u-50% wawo wonke umoya-mpilo osemkhathini. Aphinde abambe amathani angaba yizigidi ezingu-37.000 XNUMX esikhutha, okungukuthi, aliphinda ngokuphindwe kane ingqikithi yokuthunjwa kwamahlathi ase-Amazon. Ubulongwe bomkhomo bunomthelela wokuphindaphindeka ku-phytoplankton, njengoba benziwe ngensimbi ne-nitrogen, izingxenye ezidingwa yi-phytoplankton ukuze zikhule; okusho ukuthi lapho imikhomo iba miningi, i-oxygen iyanda.
“Okushiwo ucwaningo lwe-International Monetary Fund kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuxhumana okumangalisayo phakathi kwezidalwa ezincane nezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wethu, kanye nokubaluleka kokuqonda izinhlangano zazo eziyinkimbinkimbi, hhayi nje ngenxa yenani lazo elingaphakathi, kodwa nangenxa yendima yazo ebalulekile abantu,” kusho uDoreen Robinson, uchwepheshe wezilwane zasendle e-United Nations Environment Programme.
Izibalo zemikhomo namuhla ziyingcosana yalokho ezaziyikho ngaphambili. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zilinganisela ukuthi kunabantu abangaphezudlwana kwezigidi ezingu-1,3 olwandle, ingxenye yesine yalokho okwakuvame ukuba khona ngaphambi kokuba umkhomo uqhume. Izibalo zezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, njenge-blue whale, zehliswe zaba ngu-3%. Ukuze silondoloze futhi sivikele lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu, kumelwe sinciphise izingozi ezibhekana nazo.
Enye indlela yokwenza lokhu kungaba ukusebenzisa imodeli yohlelo lwe-UN-REDD lokuvikela amahlathi. Lesi sinyathelo sinikeza izizwe izikhuthazo zokonga amahlathi azo njengendlela yokuvimbela isikhutha emkhathini. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kubangela u-17% wokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yanamuhla.
'Ngokufanayo, izindlela zezimali zingasungulwa ukukhuthaza ukugcwaliswa kwenani lemikhomo emhlabeni,' kuphawula ababhali bocwaningo. “Izinxephezelo zemixhaso noma ezinye izinxephezelo zingasiza labo abangase babhekane nezindleko ezinkulu ngenxa yokuvikela imikhomo. Isibonelo, izinkampani zemikhumbi zinganxeshezelwa ngezindleko zokushintsha imizila yazo ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokushayisana”, bayaphikisana.
Ngemiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu yokwanda komfutho kanye nemvamisa, izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kufanele zithathwe ukuvimbela noma ukubuyisela emuva umonakalo owenziwe kubantu balezi zidalwa. Abacwaningi babala ukuthi, ngaphandle uma izindlela ezintsha zokulondoloza imvelo zitholakala, kungase kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ukuphinda kabili inani lemikhomo namuhla. "Umphakathi kanye nokusinda kwethu akukwazi ukulinda isikhathi eside kangako," kuphawula ababhali.
Umkhomo Kwamasiko
Mhlawumbe indaba eyaziwa kakhulu ngemikhomo ivela eBhayibhelini. Endabeni kaJona nomkhomo, uJona uthukuthelele uNkulunkulu futhi uyamfulathela, uthukuthele ngenxa yokuntula umusa kubantu bakhe. Lapho esemkhunjini namanye amatilosi, uJona uthuka isivunguvungu esibi esidelela ukuba khona kwawo wonke umuntu ogibele.
UJonás uphonswa emanzini esengozini yokufa, kodwa ugwinywa umkhomo omkhulu ozohlala phakathi kwawo izinsuku ezintathu. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uJona ebona khona ukuthi uJehova uye wasindisa ukuphila kwakhe nokuthi unethuba lokushintsha ukuziphatha kwakhe. UNkulunkulu enelisekile ngalokho uJona ayekunqumile, ucela umkhomo ukuba umkhafulele ngaphandle.
Khona-ke uJehova uthumela uJona ohambweni lwabantu bakhe, ukuba ashumayele ngensindiso kaNkulunkulu nendlela engcono yokuphila ukuphila kwabo. Kuningi esingakufunda endabeni kaJona nomkhomo, ukubekezelelana nesihe, ngesihe saphezulu kanye nomthelela kaNkulunkulu kunoma iyiphi into noma isimo.
Kwezinye izindaba mayelana nemikhomo, aziboniswa njengabasindisi, kodwa njengosongo. Kunezigameko ezingenakubalwa zokuthi imikhomo ilinyazwe yimikhumbi emikhulu ababelana ngayo nolwandle, kwezinye zalezi zindaba imikhomo ifuna ukuziphindiselela. Ingabe bakwenza ngenxa yentukuthelo? Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bemikhomo bufana nobobantu. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi kuhlobene nokucabanga kwabo, futhi baqaphela isikebhe njengosongo, okuyinto entsha kuma-cetaceans njengoba ingenazo izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzoqaphela ukuthi akukhona konke okuyiqiniso uma ufunda imibhalo ye-whale. Kodwa-ke, kumelela ithuba elikhulu lokuphenya eminye imibono yesikhathi esidlule, uhlole izici ezaholela emibonweni enjalo esikhathini esidlule, futhi bazokwazi ukwenza eyabo imali ebanjwayo mayelana nenani elikhulu lolwazi.
Umkhomo ubulokhu uboniswa kithi njengenunu yasolwandle ehlasele amadoda ekulandiseni kwamasiko ehlukene. Udlame ngendlela efanayo umkhomo ovela kunovelini ethi Moby Dick (obuye aziwe ngokuthi Mocha Dick) oba nomdlandla womlingiswa okuleyo ndaba. Nokho, siye sawuqaphela futhi njengohlobo okufanele umuntu alukhathalele. Namuhla, kunezinhlangano eziningi ebeziphethe ukuvikela nokunakekela lawa ma-cetaceans. Ngo-2016, i-Argentina yakhipha umthethosivivinywa we-200-peso onesibalo se-southern right whale.
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