I-Los izinhlobo zememori kubantu bazibonakalisa ezimweni nasezimweni ezihlukahlukene, bavumela abantu abaningi ukuba benze izenzo ezinembe kakhulu nezisheshayo, babazi kangcono ngokufunda isihloko esilandelayo.
Izinhlobo zememori
Izinkumbulo nezinhlobo zazo zisebenza ngokuzimela kumuntu ngamunye, nokho izinqubo ezenziwa yizo zivumela ukusungula izinqubo ezifanayo kakhulu nokusebenza okuthile. Nokho, inqubo ngayinye izimisele ukubheka ukukhumbula njengenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa ingqondo yethu.
Kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho noma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi lubhalwa ngekhodi futhi lugcinwe. Ngokuya ngesikhathi nobukhulu bayo, singase sithi kukhona inkumbulo ekhulisiwe nencishisiwe. Ukongiwa kwezinkumbulo kungesinye sezimo eziyisisekelo zobuchopho bethu.
Kodwa-ke, uma sicabangela ezinye izindlela, ochwepheshe basungula okuguquguqukayo okunqumayo izici nezinhlobo zenkumbulo engokwengqondo ukuthi zikhona ngempela. Bacabanga ukuthi kunqunywa imiqondo esekelwe esikhathini, ukunikeza isikhala emiqondweni yenkumbulo yesikhashana kanye nenkumbulo yesikhathi eside.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa futhi kususelwa emqondweni owazi noma oqulekile, kanye nohlobo lolwazi olucutshungulwayo. Ngakho-ke, njengoba sibona, kunomehluko othile ohlobene nezinhlobo zenkumbulo lapho, ngokwezimo zabo kanye nezinhlobo zazo, izimo zokucatshangelwa kwazo ziyasungulwa.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhombisa izinhlobo zenkumbulo ngokwezigaba zazo, isikhathi, kanye nomsebenzi, kuyindlela yokuchaza ukuthi zilucubungula kanjani ulwazi nokuthi ingqondo yethu ihloseni. Kubalulekile ukukhomba inqubo ngayinye kanye nokusebenza kwayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Kuya ngezinga lokuqaphela noma ukuquleka
Izimo zokwazi nokuquleka zisungulwa engqondweni lapho umuntu esesimweni somzimba esisebenzayo noma sokungasebenzi. Kusho ukuthi kunomqondo oqaphelayo uma umuntu ngaleso sikhathi esenawo wonke amandla akhe omzimba asebenzayo. Ngakho ngaleso sikhathi uthuthukisa zonke izenzo zakho zansuku zonke.
Endabeni yenkumbulo engazi lutho, isungulwa lapho umuntu elele, elahlekelwe ukwazi noma engakwazi ukulawula izinzwa zakhe. Umuntu ugcina isimo sokuzola ngokomzimba kodwa imicabango yakhe iyaqhubeka nokusebenza, nakuba ngenxa yesimo somzimba isebenza ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo zibonisa izici ezihlukene lapho ngayinye yenza khona imisebenzi esekelwe ekuziphatheni nasezinqubweni ezibizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo esobala kanye nenkumbulo esobala. isihloko esilandelayo ukudla kwenkumbulo, Ivumela ukugcwalisa ulwazi oluhlobene nalesi sihloko.
sobala
Kuyindlela yokwethula izinkumbulo ezingekho emqondweni oqaphile.Kulokhu, izinqubo zemikhuba yokucabanga ehlobene kakhulu nolwazi lwethu ziyabonwa. Kuleli qembu kunezinqubo esizenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukuziveza ngamagama.
Lolu hlobo lwesenzo luhlobene nemisebenzi efana nokubhala, ukwesatshiswa yimuphi umsindo, ukugibela ibhayisikili, ngamafuphi, noma yisiphi isenzo esivamile esingadingi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzindla ukuze sifeze. Ihlobene nohlobo lwenkumbulo ochwepheshe abalubiza ngokuthi "inkumbulo yenqubo" eyenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Kube sobala
Lesi sigaba senkumbulo sithi sitholakala ngesikhathi sokucabanga futhi sinquma ukukhumbula izinto esikhathini esimaphakathi. Isebenza ngokwesibonelo mayelana nendlela yokuzama ukukhumbula izinto ezisendaweni ethile. Ihlotshaniswa nezinkumbulo ezintsha kanye nezinkumbulo zangaphambili ezisungula ubudlelwano obuncane, ubude bayo buyisikhashana.
Ngokusekelwe endaweni yesikhashana
Iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo olusekela imicabango yalo yesikhumbuzo ngesikhathi nendawo, okungukuthi, isetshenziselwa ukukhumbula abantu nezenzakalo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo enalezi zici futhi ingenye esetshenziswa kakhulu njengoba umuntu ehlala enyakaza futhi eshintsha indawo.
Uhlobo lwe-retrospective
Ivumela ukukhumbula amaqiniso, abantu namagama atholakala kudala, amanye angakwenza ngemininingwane emincane kuyilapho amanye ebonisa amaqiniso e-semantic kuphela, iziqephu zesikhashana, imicimbi yakhe kanye nezimo zohlobo olusobala. Cishe zonke izinkumbulo nezinkumbulo zikulolu hlobo futhi kusivumela ukuba sibeke imicabango yethu enkathini ekhethekile yokuphila kwethu.
uhlobo olulindelekile
Kuyinkumbulo esebenzisa inkumbulo enomsebenzi wokukhumbuza izinto okufanele zisetshenziswe ngokushesha. Ulwazi kumele lukhunjulwe esikhathini esizayo, kubalulekile ukusungula ukuthi kufanele lwenziwe ngesikhathi esithile nasendaweni ethile.
Kwesinye isikhathi ingalahleka ngesikhathi idingeka futhi ikhunjulwe kamuva, okubangela isicefe, nokho inkumbulo ezokwenzeka iwusizo kakhulu ekugcineni ingqondo imatasa.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo zibhekwa njengezizimele, nakuba eyodwa ingaxhunywanga kwenye, kodwa kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izici ezithile zokubheka emuva ukuze kugcinwe okulindelwe. Futhi nakuba bekwazi ukuxhuma, abanalo uhlobo lobuhlobo phakathi kwabo. Kulesi sici, lapho omunye wabo elahlekile, akuthinti omunye nganoma yisiphi isizathu.
Ngokwesikhathi sayo
Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lungenye eyaziwa kakhulu ngakho-ke isetshenziswa abantu abathile ukwenza izenzo. Iqukethe ukucubungula ulwazi olugciniwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Idatha esiyiqoqayo igcinwa engqondweni isikhathi esifushane ngisho nesikhathi eside. Bese zicutshungulwa ngokwezidingo zomuntu ngamunye.
Ngendlela yokuthi kumele kwenziwe umzamo wokukhumbula izinto zesikhathi esidlule neziyizimo zesikhashana ezinyamalala ngamahora ambalwa nje. Lesi sikhathi sincike ezingeni lokubaluleka umuntu alunikezayo olwazini. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlala kwayo njalo kunquma isikhathi esifushane, esimaphakathi noma eside sobude bayo. Kodwa ake sibheke ngayinye yazo.
ubuncane bezinzwa
Ingenye yezimfishane ingqondo ezicubungulayo, ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine ulwazi isikhashana uma isisusa sesinyamalele. Isikhathi esiningi sizithola sithola ulwazi lwazo zonke izinhlobo, sihlaselwa nsuku zonke ngezinkulungwane zedatha ubuchopho bethu obucubungulayo. Ulwazi lufakwa futhi ngokwezidingo futhi luvela obala ngezenzo zezinzwa.
Esimeni esihambisana nathi, inkumbulo encane yezinzwa icubungula ulwazi oluhlungiwe futhi emva kwalokho ilahlwe, ishaya indiva idatha ethile engabalulekile, ithola abanye ukuthi iyacubungula, igcine isikhathi esithile. Leyo datha yobuchopho imele ukubaluleka okuthile kodwa engabalulekile futhi ingeyenkumbulo yezinzwa.
Ibonakala ngokushukumisa okubukwayo okubizwa ngokuthi i-iconic memory, esimweni sokuvuselela kokuzwa inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-echoic memory futhi lezo zohlobo oluthintayo zibizwa ngokuthi i-haptic. Kulezi zimo, inkumbulo ayidingi ukunakwa okuqaphelayo, ibhekwa njengokuzibophezela, yenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokwemvelo kusukela ezenzakalweni zangaphambilini.
Ngendlela efanayo iyancipha ngokushesha futhi ulwazi luqedwa ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izimo akuhlali ngisho nomzuzwana enqubweni yokucabanga nokukhumbula ingqondo. Kodwa-ke, inkumbulo yezinzwa yokuzwa yahlala isikhathi eside futhi igcinwa imizuzwana embalwa.
Incane kangangokuthi abanye bayibheka njengengxenye yenqubo yokubona hhayi ingxenye yenkumbulo. Kodwa-ke, kufakazelwa ukuthi ihlala futhi idlula ebuchosheni ngokuphazima kweso, okusiholela ekubeni sicabangele ukuhlala kwayo isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ekugcinweni kwengqondo.
Inkumbulo yezinzwa ingaya kwelinye izinga uma umuntu ekhombisa ukunaka isimo sezinzwa. Ngakho ukufaka inkumbulo yesikhashana kuba nokudingekayo Lalela. Lokhu kuyisimo sabanye abafundi lapho bengagxili khona ukunaka kwabo kokunye okuqukethwe futhi bangalokothi bakukhumbule, bevumela ulwazi ludlule, ngakho-ke kubo akumeli noma yiluphi uhlobo lokunaka.
Isikhathi esifushane
Ebizwa nangokuthi inkumbulo yokusebenza, inqubo lapho ulwazi lubuyiselwa khona okwesikhashana, lunomthamo olinganiselwe futhi luthatha imizuzwana embalwa ukuya kumzuzu. Ngokufundwa kwesihloko esihlobene ne i-mint agility Uzokwazi ukufunda amasu ahlobene nesihloko.
Inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane isivumela ukuba siqonde, isibonelo, okuqukethwe kokufunda ngenkathi sifunda omunye umusho, ukugcina inkumbulo yombono odlule kugcinwa kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe okufundwayo kunikezwa isimo nomongo.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, le nkumbulo inomthamo olinganiselwe kakhulu, icubungula ulwazi oluncane bese iyalulahla, ngokusobala inomkhawulo wezinto ezingeqile ku-5. Nokho, kubhekwa ukuthi ingandiswa kuye ngokuthi ukuqeqeshwa esikutholile. anganikeza ubuchopho bethu
Kukhona ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kwengqondo okusiza ukuvuselela lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo. Enye yazo ihlanganisa ukuqoqa izinombolo ezinde ngamaqembu ababili noma abathathu, bese uzikhumbula kamuva. Baphinde bahlobanise amagama nezimo zokuphila futhi igama lingakhiwa ngokukhumbula isikhathi.
Ulwazi olucutshunguliwe luhlala isikhashana futhi aluhlali isikhathi eside ngaphandle uma senza umzamo omkhulu wokuzama ukugcina leyo mibono ezingqondweni zethu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze ulwazi ludlulele kwinkumbulo yesikhathi eside, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinqubo lapho idatha ebaluleke kakhulu iphindaphindiwe futhi ihlotshaniswa.
Kuyisimo lapho umuntu kufanele ahlale egqugquzelekile futhi enesithakazelo kudatha ezayo ngezitho zezinzwa. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi inkumbulo yesikhashana iyafana nenkumbulo yesikhathi eside.
Nokho, udaba lusaxoxwa futhi kuye ngezidingo zomuntu, ungakhumbula izimo noma izinto ngaleso sikhathi ozidingayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkumbulo yokusebenza ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukwaziswa engqondweni yakho okungekho ekuphileni kwangempela.
Ngokufanayo, sungula ukukhohliswa kwale datha ukuze uguqule izinqubo ezifana nolimi nokucabanga okunengqondo. Njengesibonelo sithi, yilo elisebenza ukuhlela, ukucabangisisa, ukuthatha izinqumo, ukusabela ezenzakalweni ezithile, njll.
Isikhati eside
Uma kunezinkumbulo ezihlala kukho konke ukuphila kwethu, kuthiwa siphambi kwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Nokho, le nkumbulo inezici ezihlukile kwezinye. Isibonelo kuthanda ukuwohloka ngokushesha okukhulu kanye nokugcina ulwazi olungenamkhawulo kuphela.
Izinkumbulo azidingi umzamo ongako, futhi akumele zicubungule idatha emile. Isebenza ngokuvuselela ulwazi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, izinkumbulo ze-static-type zigcina zikhulisiwe. Zibuye zibuyekezwe futhi zivuselelwe ngombono wokuzibamba ngekhanda nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi ziyidatha ebalulekile yabantu kuphela.
Lezi zinkumbulo zigcinwa enkumbulweni yesikhathi eside njengoba zihlanganiswa ngezinqubo ze-neural ezivumela ukuthi zilungiswe unomphela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bangase bashintshe uhlobo oluthile kodwa abalokothi banyamalale. Zaziswa ngumuntu futhi zimelela ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu.
Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zinkumbulo ziqinisekiswa phakathi nenqubo yokulala, yingakho ukubaluleka kokulala nsuku zonke kanye namahora adingekayo. Ukungazinzi ephusheni kunquma ukuthi singaqala ukulahlekelwa ezinye izimo zenkumbulo yethu.
Ngokokuqukethwe kwayo
Okulandelayo sizochaza izinhlobo zememori ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwazo. Kulokhu, inkumbulo isungulwa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nezici zobuhlakani bomuntu ngamunye, izici zamasiko nezomlando nazo zicatshangelwa, ukuhambisana kwemicabango kubonakala ngokuqukethwe okudingekayo nokubalulekile, ake sibone.
Ama-Semantics
Iqukethe uhlobo lwesikhumbuzi nesitoreji esisekelwe olwazini nolwazi olujwayelekile. Yikho konke esikukhumbulayo ekufundiseni kwethu esikoleni nangesikhathi sokukhula eminyakeni yethu yokuqala yokuphila.
Inkumbulo ye-semantic futhi isivumela ukuthi sikhumbule imiqondo, ukuziphatha, imibono, ukunyakaza, iphunga, ukunambitheka okumake umzuzu othile ekuphileni. Ulwazi olukhunjulwayo lwabiwa ngokwaneliseka ngakho luzoba yingxenye yenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Abanye bayakwazi ukucacisa isikhathi ngasinye ngezincazelo ezincane, okuyinkomba yokubaluleka ezimpilweni zabo.
Inkumbulo iphinde ivumele ukukhumbula imiqondo namagama wokuqukethwe kwezemfundo okufana namagama nezihloko zamadolobha ezwe, imibala yamafulegi, imisebenzi yezinye izinto, izinqubo zezibalo, phakathi kokunye. Kodwa-ke, igcina amazinga ahlukene lapho izinkumbulo ezigxile kakhulu zingakhunjuzwa khona kanye nezinkumbulo ezibuthakathaka neziguquguqukayo.
i-episodic kanye ne-biography
Ihlukaniswa njengenkumbulo esobala lapho kukhunjulwa khona izehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu. Igxile kuphela emlandweni, ezimweni zamasiko zomuntu siqu, izikhathi ezinqumayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele, okube nomthelela ekukhokhiseni okukhulu ngokomzwelo.
Abantu bakhumbula izikhathi zomuntu siqu ezifanele kakhulu, njengokuzalwa kwengane, umshado, ukushona kothandekayo, uhambo lokuya olwandle neqembu labangane, njll. Ngokufanayo, inkumbulo yokuphila komuntu isivumela ukuba sigcine izikhathi lapho imizwa ivuselelwe khona.
Abanye ababhali basungula umqondo othi «inkumbulo ye-flash», lapho izinkumbulo ze-autobiographical zigcinwe ezichazwe ngemininingwane ethakazelisayo futhi zilolonge isikhathi ngasinye. Ngokufanayo, izinkumbulo zeziqephu zezindaba lapho zihlanganyela khona noma umcimbi lapho izenzakalo ezibalulekile zenzeka endaweni ethile yokuhlala.
Izenzo ezisebuchosheni ezenziwa kusebenze ngokuba khona kwenkumbulo yesiqephu zihlobene ne-hippocampus, futhi zifakwe kungqimba olubizwa ngokuthi i-neocortex. Ngokufanayo, kuyathakazelisa, kwenzeka lapho i-elementi ngayinye ibekwe ezindaweni ezibekelwe icala ngalinye. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ingqondo inezindawo ezithile ezilungele le njongo.
Izinsimbi noma inqubo
Iqukethe inkumbulo eholela ezimweni zesenzo nezinqubo okunzima ukuzichaza ngamagama. Isohlotsheni lwenkumbulo engacacile, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukushiwo, ngakho icutshungulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokungazi.
Le nkumbulo isungula amaphethini atholwa ngolwazi noma isipiliyoni, esibonakaliswa ngamazwi azenzakalelayo. Izinqubo ziyapheleliswa. okuthunyelwe okulandelayo Ukufunda ngokuthola, ngezelela lolu lwazi.
Ithuthukiswa ngokufunda nokusebenza njalo. Le nkumbulo isetshenziswa kakhulu ngabaculi, abasubathi, abasebenzi ezinkampanini zokukhiqiza, njll. Ngokufanayo, ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuvumela ukwenza izenzo ezifundiwe njengokuhamba nokugwema imigodi, ukushayela, ukukhuphuka izitebhisi, ukubhukuda, phakathi kwabanye.
Izinkumbulo ezisekelwe ekufundeni zigxilile engqondweni futhi zingase zigcine zifakwe enkumbulweni yesikhashana, kodwa zingase zivele eminyakeni eminingi kamuva lapho isenzo sidingeka futhi. Kwezinye izimo, ukufunda kukhohlwe nya futhi umsebenzi awuvunyelwe ukwenziwa futhi.
I-Topographic
Kuyinkumbulo ethokozisayo, njengoba ibonakala ngokuqondile lapho uzama ukuchaza izikhathi noma izimo zezinto zendawo. Okusho ukuthi, sichaza izindawo ngokukhumbula izimo nezinto. Izinkumbulo ezihlotshaniswa nokuma kwendawo, okuvumela izinkumbulo ukuthi zigcinwe ukuze kukhunjulwe, isibonelo, umzila womgwaqo onguthelawayeka, indlela noma indawo evamile.
yesigameko
Kubizwa nge-«Framing» futhi iwukuhlukaniswa iziqephu kwenkumbulo engacacile, ibonakala ngokwandisa umthamo wokuhlonza isici esibe umphumela wento ethile. Kuncike kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, kuzibonakalisa ngokukhumbula amazwi nezenzo eziye zabonwa noma zezwakala ngesinye isikhathi.
Abanye bayakwazi ukuyibiza njenge-Dejavu, nokho yimicabango ehlobene nezimo futhi ibabonise engqondweni njengomcimbi ofanayo odlule. Akuzona izenzo eziphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi, kancane kancane uhlobo oluthile lokuhamba olunobukhulu.
Ngokusho kolwazi olutholiwe
Inkumbulo enalezi zici iwukubonakaliswa kolwazi oluhlobene nezinkumbulo ezithile ezigciniwe, ukubuyiswa kuyindlela yokuthi inkumbulo ifinyelelwa futhi yenziwe kanjani futhi kufanele ivezwe ngandlela thize. Iza ngezindlela ezimbili ezibizwa nge-reconnaissance and recovery.
Ukuqashelwa
Incazelo yendlela lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo olusebenza ngayo ilethe ukudideka okuthile. Kodwa-ke, ikhonjwa njengalapho into ingabongwa futhi ixhunywe kumuntu. Njengesibonelo sisho ukuhlolwa kwezemfundo lapho kufanele ukhethe inketho ukuze usebenzise ekufanele kakhulu.
Ngokusekelwe esibonelweni esingenhla, izimpendulo esivivinyweni zikhona, ngokuvamile zine, futhi inkumbulo yokuqaphela kufanele inqume ukuthi iyiphi inketho yeqiniso. Le nkumbulo icubungula izimo zomuntu siqu kanye nolwazi lapho kukhonjwa khona ukuthi yisiphi esilungile.
ukululama
Le nkumbulo ivumela ulwazi ukuthi lubuyiselwe engqondweni, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa okhiye noma imikhondo ukuyikhumbula. Ukugcina imibandela yesibonelo sangaphambilini, ulwazi okufanele ingqondo lucubungule lusekelwe endleleni izimpendulo ezibhalwe ngayo. Futhi ngokusho kwedatha ekhunjulwe, siqhubeka nokuphendula.
Ngaphandle
Futhi ebizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo ye-hypermnesia, iqukethe isimo lapho izikhathi ezibalulekile nezimo zikhunjulwa khona ngaphandle kokuba kube khona noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni lokulondoloza. Kuqashelwa njengenkumbulo engenamkhawulo lapho kubonakaliswa khona ukusebenza ngokweqile noma ukuphakanyiswa kwenkumbulo. Ukwanda okungavamile kwekhono lokuvusa amaqiniso futhi siwagcine.
Ku-psychology, kubhekwa njenge-pathological syndrome lapho izinkumbulo ezeqisayo zifinyelelwa khona, zithinta abantu abane-pathologies yengqondo yohlobo lwe-manic noma abanezinkinga ze-delirium ngokomzwelo. Ukubonakaliswa kungokwemvelo futhi kuyazenzekela, abadingi ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphambilini. Ibonakala ngokugcina iziqephu ezinkulu, ayikhohlwa noma yimuphi umcimbi futhi igcina izinkumbulo zinjalo.
Abantu ngabanye bakhumbula isenzakalo ngasinye esithile ekuphileni kwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bebekude kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isimo esifanelekile ukuthi abantu abanalesi sifo bayakwazi ukukhumbula izinsuku eziqondile futhi bazichaze ngendlela ababephila ngayo ngaleso sikhathi. Bangaphinda bachaze imininingwane ehlobene nesimo sezulu, imibala kanye nezindawo, okungeke kusebenze kwabanye abantu.