Amagama Nezinye Izinhlobo Zamakhorali Olwandle

Izixhobo zamakhorali zakhiwe izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ezakha esinye sezakhi ezinhle kakhulu zolwandle. Kuzo kukhona izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezithola indawo yokuhlala nokudla lapho. Isilwane esikhona kakhulu yi-Coral, okuthi nakuba ingaphili idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem. Thola lapha mayelana nezinhlobo ezikhona zamakhorali.

izinhlobo zamakhorali

Izinhlobo zamakhorali

Lapho sizwa igama elithi Coral, izithombe zeGreat Barrier Reef yase-Australia zifika ngokushesha engqondweni, okuthi ngaphandle kokuba khona kwalezi zilwane ezakha ama-exoskeleton e-calcareous, izixhobo ezinjalo, ezibalulekile ekuphileni kolwandle, bezingeke zibe khona. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhorali ziyaziwa, kuhlanganise nemvelo ethambile. Kodwa, ingabe uyazi ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo zamakhorali ezikhona? Kulesi sihloko uzokwazi ukuthola mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zayo, kanye nezici zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezindawo.

Izimpawu zamakhorali

Amakhorali ayingxenye ye-Cnidaria phylum, kanjalo ne-jellyfish. Abaningi babo bahlukaniswa ekilasini le-Anthozoa, nakuba kukhona abanye besigaba se-Hydrozoa. Zingama-hydrozoan akhiqiza uhlaka lwamathambo olubizwa ngokuthi ama-fire corals ngoba ukulunywa kwawo kuyingozi. Ziyingxenye yezixhobo zamakhorali. Nakuba iningi lezinhlobo zamakhorali litholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo emanzini olwandle, lihlala emanzini ezindawo ezibandayo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhorali asolwandle kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-6.000 ziyaziwa. Singathola izinhlobo zamakhorali aqinile, okuyilawo ane-calcareous exoskeleton, amanye anohlaka lwamathambo oluphondo oluguquguqukayo kanti amanye awenzi uhlaka lwamathambo ngokwawo, kodwa anama-spicules acwiliswe emanzini esikhumba, asebenza njengesivikelo. Amakhorali amaningi akhona ku-symbiosis ne-zooxanthellae (i-symbiotic photosynthetic algae) ewahlinzeka ngokudla kwawo okuningi.

Ezinye zalezi zilwane zibuthana emakoloni amakhulu kanti ezinye zihlala zodwa. Unamathente emlonyeni avumela ukuthi aqoqe ukudla okuntanta emanzini. Njengokungathi yisisu, banembobo enezicubu ezibizwa ngokuthi i-gastrodermis, engaba yi-septate noma ene-nematocysts (amangqamuzana ahlabayo, njenge-jellyfish) kanye nepharynx exhunywe esiswini.

izinhlobo zamakhorali

Yiziphi Izinhlobo zama-Corals?

Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhorali zakha izixhobo, yilezo ezibonisa i-symbiosis ne-zooxanthellae futhi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-hermatypic corals. Amakhorali angabi amadwala esigaba se-ahermatypic. Lesi yisigaba esizosisebenzisa ukuze sibone izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhorali. Amakhorali angakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa asazalana ngokocansi.

I-Hermatypic Corals

Amakhorali e-Hermatypic ayizinhlobo zamakhorali aqinile, ane-stony exoskeleton eyenziwe nge-calcium carbonate. Lolu hlobo lwamakhorali lusengozini enkulu ngenxa yosongo olubangelwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-coral bleaching”. Umbala wayo uvela ebudlelwaneni bayo be-symbiotic ne-zooxanthellae.

Lawa ma-microalgae, okuwumthombo omkhulu wamandla wamakhorali, asengozini ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa olwandle ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukhanya kwelanga okudlulele kanye nezinye izifo. Lapho i-zooxanthellae ibhubha, amakhorali aba mhlophe futhi ayafa, yingakho amakhulu ezixhobo zamakhorali engasekho. Ezinye zezinhlobo zamakhorali aqinile zihlanganisa:

I-Genus Acropora noma i-Staghorn Corals:

  • I-Acropora cervicornis
  • i-acropora palmata
  • ukwanda kwe-acropora

izinhlobo zamakhorali

I-Genus Agaricia noma i-Flat Corals:

  • I-Agaricia ikhula
  • I-Agaricia fragilis
  • I-Agaricia tenuifolia

Amakhorali obuchopho, ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene:

  • I-Diploria Clivosa
  • I-Colpophyllia natans
  • I-Diploria labyrinthiformis

Amakhorali ohlobo lweHydrozoan noma amakhorali omlilo:

  • I-Millepora alcicornis
  • I-stylaster roseus
  • I-Millepora squarrosa

Amakhorali e-Ahermatypic 

Isici esiyinhloko samakhorali e-ahermatypic ukuthi awanawo uhlaka lwe-calcareous, naphezu kokuthi angakwazi ukugcina ubuhlobo be-symbiotic ne-zooxanthellae. Ngakho-ke, futhi awazenzi izixhobo zamakhorali, noma kunjalo, zingakha amakoloni. Ama-gorgonians uhlaka lwawo lwamathambo olwakhiwe yi-protein ekhiqizwa wona ngokwawo abaluleke kakhulu kuleli qembu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ama-spicules atholakala ngaphakathi kwezicubu zayo eziyinyama, ezisebenza njengokusekela nokuvikela. Ezinye zezinhlobo ze-gorgonians ziyi:

  • ellisella elongata
  • I-Irrigorgia sp.
  • I-Acanella sp.

izinhlobo zamakhorali

Amakhorali anezimbotshana

Olunye uhlobo lwamakhorali athambile lungatholakala oLwandle iMedithera kanye nolwandle i-Atlantic, kulokhu kusukela ku-Octocorallia subclass, isandla somufi (Alcyonium palmatum). Ikhorali elithambile elingenakuzithoba elihlala emadwaleni. Amanye amakhorali emvelo ethambile, njengalawo ohlobo lwe-Capnella, abonisa ukuhlangana kwe-arboreal, ehlanganisa kusukela esiqwini esikhulu. Kunamakhorali anombobo noma angenambobo, anamathambo okuqala anezimbotshana avumela ama-polyps awo ukuthi ahlangane phakathi kwamathambo. Lawo makhorali aqinile angenazimbobo anamathambo aqinile, amakhulu.

Azala kanjani amakhorali?

Ukuzala kwabo kungaba ngokocansi noma okocansi. Esimweni sokuqala, amaqanda avundiswa ngaphakathi futhi afukamele ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi kwama-polyp noma angavundiswa ngaphandle, okuholela ekubeni izibungu ze-planktonic ezihamba emanzini olwandle noma izibungu ezikhula eduze kwamakhorali. Endabeni yokukhiqiza kabusha okungasexual, kungenxa ye-cloning by budding.

Iyini i-Coral Reefs?

Ukubaluleka kwezixhobo zamakhorali kulele eqinisweni lokuthi zakha i-biome enezici ezingajwayelekile ngenxa yezinhlobo zazo zokuphila ezihlukene nezimangalisayo. Amakhorali akhiwe ngamaqembu ahlukene ama-cnidarians, ama-exoskeletons awo anomumo ohlukile futhi asetshenziswa izipontshi, ama-algae namanye amakhorali ukuze aphile.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwanyana ezincane, izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi zihlala kulezi zindawo zokuhlala ezimangalisayo. Kungakho zithathwa njengeminye yemiphakathi yemvelo ehlukahlukene futhi ekhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukwengeza, ayizindawo ezintekenteke kakhulu ezingaphansi kwezinsongo ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana ne-crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).

Zitholakala kuphi? 

Angatholakala emanzini afudumele, asobala futhi azolile. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kuxhumene nezinga lokushisa kwamanzi, ukujula, amandla okukhanya, izinga likasawoti, isiphithiphithi kanye nenhlabathi. Izinga lokushisa elingcono kakhulu lokukhula kwawo liphakathi kuka-20 no-28 ºC. Maqondana nokujula, amamitha angama-25 noma ngaphansi kuwukujula okufanele.

Amanzi angajulile awakuvumeli ukukhula nokukhula kwawo, njengoba imisebe yelanga ye-ultraviolet ayikuvumeli ukusakazeka kwawo okuvamile. Kodwa ekujuleni okukhulu kunalokho okubhekiselwe kukho, ukukhanya okuphansi kuvimbela i-photosynthesis. Usawoti ofanele kakhulu izingxenye ezingama-35/inkulungwane, kodwa ezinye izibonelo zisekela ukuhluka phakathi kwezingxenye eziyi-18/inkulungwane nezingu-70/inkulungwane. Isiyaluyalu samanzi silimaza nokukhula kwamakhorali ngoba amagagasi angaguquki angawenza aphuke.

Okokugcina, ingxenye yezinsalela ezimisiwe endaweni ezungezile ingaba nomthelela kuzo ngokunciphisa ukushuba kokukhanya kwelanga. Izixhobo zamakhorali eziningi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zolwandle zinengxenye engaphambili evezwa olwandle oluvulekile, lapho ukukhula kwamakhorali amaningi kwenzeka khona, kanye nengxenye engashoni, cishe ngemitha ukushona. Ingxenye engezansi enamadwala yakhiwe imfucumfucu yamakhorali namathambo ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ayini amakilasi eReef?

Njengamanje izigaba ezintathu ezahlukene zamukelwe njengengxenye yokuhlukaniswa kwezixhobo zamakhorali. Lawa alandelayo:

  • Izixhobo zeContour: zakha uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwalesi sigaba sezixhobo zamatshe futhi zitholakala eduze nogu lweziqhingi noma amazwekazi.
  • i-barrier reefs: ahlelwe ngokuhambisana nogu kodwa ahlukaniswa nogu yichweba elinokujula okuthile. Isibonelo sereferensi enkulu iGreat Barrier Reef etholakala ngokuhambisana nogu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia.
  • ama-atolls: Atholakala ngaphezu kwezintaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Akhombisa umumo oyindilinga futhi anechweba elingaphakathi.

Izixhobo Zamakhorali Ezibaluleke Kakhulu

Ulwandle olude kunawo wonke yiGreat Barrier Reef, ngasogwini lwaseQueensland e-Australia, olungaphezu kuka-2000 km², futhi lungenye yezakhiwo zemvelo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Indawo yeplanethi enezinhlobo eziningi zamakhorali kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezindaweni zayo zamakhorali yi-Coral Triangle, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho kufakwe khona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-500 zamakhorali (76% wezinhlobo zamakhorali ezaziwayo) futhi okungenani 2228 izinhlobo zezinhlanzi.

Indawo yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni i-Mesoamerican Reef (egudle ugu lwaseMexico, iBelize, iGuatemala neHonduras), itholakala oLwandle lweCaribbean, futhi inweba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-700 ukusuka eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan kuya eziQhingini zaseBay. ogwini olusenyakatho yeHonduras. Nakuba ithatha ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yobude beGreat Barrier Reef yase-Australia, i-Mesoamerican Caribbean Reef iyikhaya lezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-60 zamakhorali nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-500 zezinhlanzi.

ezisabisa kakhulu

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, izixhobo zamadwala zisengozini ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okuqhubekayo, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kanye nokungcoliswa kwezilwandle. Isibonakaliso esisobala somonakalo wawo ukubona i-coral bleaching, okwenzeka lapho ama-polyp nama-zooxanthellae efa, noma ukuguquguquka kokubukeka kwawo njengophawu lokuthi afile noma aphethwe yisifo esithile.

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