Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ibilokhu ihlaba umxhwele lokho okungaphansi koqweqwe lomhlaba futhi ibifuna ukuthola incazelo. Avelaphi amaminerali? Zingaki izinhlobo zamatshe ezikhona? Yiziphi izingxenye zomhlaba?
Lena imibuzo eminingi eye yabuzwa kuwo wonke umlando. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezingxenye zoMhlaba lapha sikutshela kabanzi ngazo.
Ingxenye ye-geology ecwaninga ukwakheka koMhlaba kanye nezingqimba ezihlukene yi- i-geodynamics yangaphakathi. Iplanethi yethu yakhiwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ezenza ukuphila eMhlabeni kwenzeke. Izakhi ezintathu yilezi: okuqinile, uketshezi kanye negesi. Lezi zakhi zikhona ezingqimbeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa izingxenye zomhlaba. Esigabeni esisodwa, abizwa ngokuthi eama-sphere. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Atmosphere, i-Hydrosphere, ne-Geosphere. I-Geosphere ihlanganisa ndawonye zonke izakhiwo nezingqimba ezihlukene zangaphakathi zeplanethi yethu. Izendlalelo zihlukaniswe zibe izingqimba ezimbili: ungqimba lwangaphandle kanye nohlaka lwangaphakathi. Esimweni sethu, sizogxila ezingqimbeni zangaphakathi zomhlaba, okungukuthi, ubuso bomhlaba buyoba yisiqalo.
izingxenye zomhlaba
Ukuze siqale ukuchaza izingxenye zomhlaba, kufanele senze umehluko obili. Okokuqala, kwasungulwa izindinganiso zokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezingqimba ezihlukene zomhlaba. Ngokusho kwamakhemikhali, sithola uqweqwe, i-mantle kanye nomgogodla. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi a imodeli emile. Omunye umbandela usekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo zezendlalelo noma ezibizwa nangokuthi imodeli yokuziphatha komshini. Phakathi kwabo sithola I-Lithosphere, i-Asthenosphere, i-Mesosphere ne-Endosphere.
Kodwa sazi kanjani ukuthi ungqimba luqala noma luphetha kuphi?
Ososayensi bathole izindlela ezihlukene zokuqonda izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha kanye nokuhlukanisa izendlalelo kuzo zonke ezingaqhubeki. Lokhu kungaqhubeki kuyizifunda zesendlalelo sangaphakathi soMhlaba lapho uhlobo lwento equkethwe kuleso singqimba lushintsha kungazelelwe., okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali noma isimo lapho i-elementi itholakala khona (kusuka kokuqinile kuye koketshezi). Okokuqala sizohlukanisa izingqimba zoMhlaba ngokusekelwe kumodeli yamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, izingqimba zomhlaba zizoba: I-Crust, I-Mantle ne-Core.
Ukuqhuma komhlaba
La ukukhonkotha Iwungqimba olungaphandle lomhlaba. Ine-a ukuminyana okumaphakathi okungu-3 gr/cm³, ukuthi yi-1,6% kuphela yomthamo ophelele woMhlaba. Lokhu kuhlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili ezihlukene: i-continental crust kanye ne-oceanic crust.
Ukuqhuma kwezwekazi
Ukuqhuma kwezwekazi Ijiyile futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngesakhiwo.a. Futhi igxolo elidala kunawo wonke. Imele amaphesenti angama-40 obuso bomhlaba. Iqukethe ungqimba oluncane lwamadwala e-sedimentary, lapho ubumba, i-sandstone, kanye ne-limestone yikona okuvelele kakhulu. Futhi banamadwala e-plutonic anothe nge-silica afana ne-granite. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iningi lezehlakalo zokwakheka komhlaba ezenzeke emlandweni woMhlaba zilotshwe emadwaleni oqweqwe lwezwekazi. Lokhu kwaziwa kahle ngoba amatshe abe nezinguquko eziningi zomzimba namakhemikhali kuwo wonke umlando. Lokhu kubonakala ezintabeni, isibonelo, lapho singathola khona amatshe asendulo angaba neminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.500 ubudala.
uqweqwe lolwandle
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinoqweqwe lwasolwandle. Inobukhulu obuncane kanye nesakhiwo esilula. Iqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: ungqimba oluncane lwenhlabathi kanye nolunye ungqimba lwe-basalt (okungamadwala entaba-mlilo avuthayo). Leligxolo lincane, ngoba i-basalt iye yatholakala ukuthi yakha futhi iphuka njalo, ngakho-ke amadwala asolwandle alukho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-200 ubudala. Ekupheleni kwe-cortex yi- ukungaqhubeki kwesikhunta. Lokhu kungaqhubeki yikho okuhlukanisa uqweqwe nengubo. Itholakala cishe amakhilomitha angama-50 ukushona.
Ijazi
Ingubo ingenye yezingxenye zoMhlaba ezisuka phansi koqweqwe ziye emnyombweni ongaphandle. Iqala ngemuva kwe-Moho futhi iyingqimba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke. Yilokho I-82% yenani lomthamo woMhlaba kanye nama-69% yenani layo eliphelele. Esigqokweni kunezingqimba ezimbili ezihlukene ukunqanyulwa kwesibili kwe-Repetti. Lokhu kungaqhubeki kutholakala ekujuleni okungamakhilomitha angama-800 futhi yilapho ingubo yangaphezulu ihlukana nejazi elingezansi. Esigqokweni esiphezulu sithola i "ungqimba D". Lesi singqimba sitholakala ekujuleni okungamakhilomitha angama-200 futhi sibonakala ngo-5% kuya ku-10% wokuncibilika ingxenye. Lokhu kubangela ukushisa kukhuphuke kusuka enkabeni ngengubo. Njengoba ukushisa kwanda, amatshe akugqoko ayashisa, ngezinye izikhathi akhuphukele phezulu futhi akhe izintaba-mlilo. Laba ababizwa "Izindawo ezishisayo"
Ukwakheka kwengubo kungaziwa ngalezi zivivinyo:
- Hay izinhlobo ezimbili zama-meteorite: eyokuqala yenziwa yi-peridotite nensimbi.
- Amatshe akhona ebusweni bomhlaba ezikhishwe ku-mantle ngenxa yokunyakaza kwe-tectonic.
- Oshimula Bentabamlilo: Ziyizimbobo eziyindilinga ezijulile kakhulu lapho i-magma ikhuphuka futhi iveze obala. Ingaba nobude obungamakhilomitha angama-200.
- I-Las ukuhlolwa kokunciphisa igagasi lokuzamazama komhlaba njengoba bedlula ingubo baphakamisa ukuthi kube noshintsho lwesigaba. Izinguquko zesigaba zihlanganisa izinguquko esakhiweni samaminerali. Ekupheleni kwengubo sithola i Gutenberg ukungaqhubeki. Lokhu kungaqhubeki kwehlukanisa ingubo kusuka kumongo kanye no-sItholakala cishe amakhilomitha angu-2.900 ukushona.
Umongo Womhlaba
Iyingxenye ejulile yomhlaba. Isuka ekungaqhubeki kweGutenberg iye enkabeni yoMhlaba. Iyindilinga ene-radius engamakhilomitha angama-3.486, ngakho-ke umthamo wayo ungamaphesenti angama-16 omthamo ophelele woMhlaba.. Isisindo sawo singama-31% esisindo somhlaba wonke ngoba sakhiwe ngezinto eziminyene kakhulu. Emgogodleni, inkambu kazibuthe Yomhlaba idalwe yi-convection enkabeni yangaphandle, encibilika izungeze umgogodla ongaphakathi, oqinile. Izinga lokushisa layo liphezulu kakhulu, libalelwa ku-5000-6000 degrees Celsius, futhi umfutho ulingana ne-atmosphere eyisigidi kuya kwezintathu.
Ihlukaniswe yaba ingaphakathi elingaphakathi kanye nenkambo yangaphandle, umehluko unikezwa yi Ukuyeka ukuqhubeka kwe-Vicht yesibili. El Umnyombo wangaphandle, ukujula kwawo kuhluka phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-2.900 5.100 nezi-XNUMX XNUMX, kuncibilikile. I umnyombo wangaphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isuka ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angu-5.100 kuya cishe kumakhilomitha ayizi-6.000 XNUMX ukusuka enkabeni yoMhlaba, futhi iqinile.
Lokhu kwakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi, i-nickel engu-5-10%, nezilinganiso ezincane zesibabule, i-silicon, nomoya-mpilo. Ukuhlola okusiza ukwazi izingxenye zenuzi yilezi:
- izinto eziminyene kakhulu, Ngokwesibonelo. Ngenxa yokuminyana kwawo okuphezulu, ahlala enkabeni yangaphakathi yoMhlaba.
- insimbi meteorite.
- Ukuntuleka kwensimbi ngaphandle koqweqwe. Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi i-ayoni kufanele igxile ngaphakathi.
- Kanye nensimbi ngaphakathi komgogodla, iyakha Inkambu kazibuthe yomhlaba.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvela kumodeli ecabangela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zeplanethi kanye nezakhi ezakha izingqimba zeplanethi. Manje sizoqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwezingqimba zoMhlaba ngokombono wokuziphatha kwemishini koMhlaba, okungukuthi, kusukela ekubukeni kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinto ezizihlanganisayo.
Izingxenye Zomhlaba ngokuya ngemodeli yemishini
Kulo modeli, izingqimba zomhlaba zihlukaniswe zibe: I-Lithosphere, i-Asthenosphere, i-Mesosphere ne-Endosphere.
I-Lithosphere
Kuyinto a ungqimba oluqinile olungamakhilomitha angu-100 ubukhulu okuhlanganisa izingqimba ezingaphezulu zoqweqwe kanye nesiphuku. Lesi singqimba esiqinile yi-lithosphere ezungeza uMhlaba.
I-Asthenosphere
Kuyinto ungqimba lwepulasitiki oluhambisana neningi lengubo engenhla. Kukhona i-convection kuyo futhi ihamba ngokuqhubekayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-tectonics. Lokhu kunyakaza kubangelwa ukuhlangana, ushintsho ekumineni kwezinto.
I-Mesosphere
Itholakala ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angama-660 namakhilomitha ayi-2.900. Yakha ingxenye yesigqoko esingaphansi kanye nengxenye yomgogodla ongaphandle woMhlaba. Ama-extremus awo anikezwa ngu Wiechert discontinuities.
I-Endosphere
Kufaka phakathi ingaphakathi loMhlaba okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla. Njengoba ubona, ososayensi bebetadisha ingaphakathi Lomhlaba ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo nezivivinyo ezihlukahlukene ukuze bafunde kabanzi mayelana neplanethi esiphila kuyo.
Njengoba ubona, ososayensi bebetadisha ingaphakathi Lomhlaba ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo nezivivinyo ezihlukahlukene ukuze bafunde kabanzi mayelana neplanethi esiphila kuyo. Ukuze siqhathanise lokho okuncane esikwaziyo ngengaphakathi loMhlaba, sidinga nje ukucabanga ngoMhlaba njenge-apula. Nokho, ngobuchwepheshe bethu obuthuthukisiwe, ukujula kokumba okujulile okuzuziwe kucishe kube amakhilomitha ayi-12. Ukuqhathanisa Umhlaba ne-apula kunjengokungathi sihlubule kuphela ungqimba lokugcina lwe-apula lonke, futhi imbewu ephakathi nendawo ilingana nenkaba yoMhlaba. Ngethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lube usizo.