Isakhiwo, Ukwahlukaniswa Nezingxenye ZeBhayibheli

Lesi sihloko siqukethe isibuyekezo maqondana Nezingxenye ZeBhayibheli, ukuze wazi ukuthi ukwakheka kwalo kwakhiwe kanjani ezinhlobonhlobo zezincwadi ezakhayo futhi ezisebenza njengesiqondiso sokufunda izwi likaNkulunkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusekela ukholo nenkolo. , sikumema ukuba uyifunde.

izingxenye zeBhayibheli

Ukuze kube lula ngawe ukuqonda isihloko salesi sihloko, ngokwesimiso kumelwe kucace ukuthi iBhayibheli liyiqoqo lezincwadi ezimbalwa, ezimibhalo yazo engcwele yayiphefumulelwe amazwi oMninimandla onke nezimfundiso zakhe.

General Division

IBhayibheli lihlukaniswe laba izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile ezihambelanayo futhi ezibizwa ngokuthi:

• ITestamente Elidala
• ITestamente eNtsha

Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi igama elithi iTestamente libhekisela ohlotsheni lomfelandawonye noma isivumelwano okulotshwa ngalo uchungechunge lwamaqiniso anenani elikhulu, ngale ndlela okuqukethwe kwalo kugcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Endabeni yenkolo, zombili zembula indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela ekudalweni kwendawo yonke, ngabaprofethi, impilo kaMesiya nezinye izenzakalo ezifanele.

Futhi, umehluko weTestamente Elidala wenziwa, ukukhombisa yonke imibhalo ekhuluma ngezindaba zendalo nezinye izindaba ngaphambi kukaKristu (BC). NeTestamente Elisha lawo wonke umlando emva kukaKristu (AD).

I-Numerical Division of the Bible

Izinkolo ezimbili ezinkulu zibuswa yizimfundiso zeBhayibheli: eyamaJuda neyobuKristu, eyakhiwe amaKhatholika, ama-Orthodox kanye namahlelo ahlukene.

• AmaJuda amukela kuphela iTestamente Elidala eliqukethe izincwadi ezingama-39 futhi alihlukanisa libe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: umthetho, abaprofethi kanye neminye imibhalo engcwele.
• AmaKatolika aqaphela iBhayibheli njengeliyiTestamente Elidala neLisha, elihlanganisa izincwadi ezingama-73: ezingama-46 zeTestamente Elidala nezingu-27 zeTestamente Elisha.
• AmaProthestani amakhulu amukela kuphela uhlu lweBhayibheli lwezincwadi ezingama-66: ezingama-39 zeTestamente Elidala nezingu-27 kweLisha.

Ngaphambilini, i-hypothesis yayisetshenziswa ukuthi kwakukhona ama-canons amabili ebuJudeni, omude (noma wase-Alexandria) kanye nofushane (noma wasePalestina). Ngakho-ke, iBandla lalilandele uhlu olude noma lwe-Alexandria, kuyilapho amaJuda ekhulu lokuqala noma lesi-XNUMX AD. C., babeyonamathela ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli olufushane noma lwasePalestina. Namuhla kuthiwa le nkolelo-mbono yenqatshwa ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

• Phakathi kokunye, ukuhumusha iBhayibheli lisuka kusiHebheru liyiswa esiGrekini kwakungeyona into eyodwa ngenjongo noma umsebenzi walo, futhi alizange lihunyushwe kanyekanye.
• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iningi leBhayibheli iSeptuagint (abahumushi besiGreki) kuthiwa laziwa ngama-codex (imibhalo yesandla) yobuKristu yekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX AD. C. Ngakho-ke, babeyobonisa, noma ngabe yikuphi, ukusebenzisa kwalesi sikhathi somKristu. Futhi nalapho ukuhlukahluka okwakukhona ezindaweni ezithile kuyaqinisekiswa.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa phakathi kwamaJuda asePalestina kwakungekho ukufana mayelana nohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ngakho abanye bacabanga ukuthi umuntu akanakukhuluma ngohlu olufushane lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli.

Kukho konke lokhu okungenhla, imikhawulo eqondile yezincwadi ezabonwa amaJuda ase-Alexandria akwaziwa. Ngokuqinisekile, ngaphezu kwezincwadi ezavela ePalestina, babenezincwadi zabo ezalotshwa e-Aleksandriya, ngolimi lwesiGreki, njengethi Ukuhlakanipha.

Kokubili inkolo yamaKatolika kanye ne-Orthodox, kusukela eMkhandlwini weHippo 383 d. C., eqashelwa njengengaphefumlelwe nje kuphela iProtocanonical (noma umthetho wokuqala) kodwa neDeuterocanonical (noma umthetho wesibili), uhlu olwamukelwa ngokunesizotha uMkhandlu WaseTrent ngo-1546. Kuphikiswana ngokuthi iBhayibheli lihlanganisa izincwadi ezingama-73 hhayi ezingama-66, kokulandelayo:

• Umphakathi wabalandeli nabafundi bakaMesiya wasebenzisa lenguqulo yeBhayibheli lesiGreki kusukela eminyakeni yama-46, okungukuthi, umbhalo omdala onezincwadi ezingu-XNUMX.
• Ezingxenyeni zeBhayibheli, lapho uMesiya ekhomba oNgcwele uPetru: «Ngizokunika indlela yokungena embusweni kaNkulunkulu. Khona-ke lokho enikubophayo emhlabeni kuyobe kubotshwa ezulwini, futhi lokho okulahlekelwayo emhlabeni kuyohlengwa ezulwini.” ( Mathewu 16:19 ) Kusiphoqa ukuba sikwenze futhi samukele lokho amaKristu okuqala ayekholelwa, akwenza, noma akusebenzisa. amazwi noma ngokuzwakalayo).
• Izimpikiswano ezazisetshenziswa amaJuda ngokungazamukeli izincwadi ze-deuterocanonical njengengxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zeTestamente Elidala ezamukelwa yiwo azizange zilijabulele igunya laphezulu, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi (100 AD) umphakathi wamaKristu wawusuvele ukhona futhi unegunya eligcwele kulolu daba.

Ngakho-ke kuthiwa iBandla liqinisile ukuthi izingxenye zeBhayibheli zinezincwadi ezingu-73 hhayi ezingu-66 njengezinye izinkolelo. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi iBhayibheli liyinkulumo kaNkulunkulu ebhalwe phansi ngesikhathi esithandwayo somkhuba, yingakho kungekho lutho olungenezelwa, akukho lutho olungasuswa, «Umnotho wobuKrestu, ungumfelandawonye omusha noqinisekileyo, awusoze waphela. kudlule futhi akufanele kulindelwe esinye isambulo somphakathi ngaphambi kokubonakaliswa okukhazimulayo kukaMesiya iNkosi yethu» ( The Divine Revelation, n°4).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okuwukuphela kwesikhungo, okuwukuphela kweSonto eladlulisela imishwana Yokuvela Kuwo wonke umhlaba iminyaka engaphezu kwe-1500, iSonto LamaKatolika: ezindlini zezindela, izindela zakopisha ngokwethembeka umbhalo ongcwele. ngesandla, iBandla ezinkonzweni zalo, emikhosini yalo lamhlonipha ngendlela ekhetheke kakhulu, impilo yeBandla izungeza kuKristu nalokhu okuqukethwe ezingxenyeni zeBhayibheli.

Kungashiwo yini ukuthi abantu bakholelwa ezingxenyeni ezithile zeBhayibheli futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bengakholelwa eSontweni, njengenhlangano eyinhloko yenkolo? Ingabe abantu bangakwazi ukukuqeda ukubaluleka koMninimandla onke, ngisho becabangela lokho okwashiwo uMkhandlu Ongcwele? Okusho ukuthi: 

“Ngaphezu kwakho konke, khumbula ukuthi asikho isibikezelo somBhalo esivumelana nencazelo yomuntu siqu. Ngoba asikho isibikezelo sasendulo eseza ngokuklama komuntu, amadoda, njengoba kwashiwo egameni Lokukhona Yonke indawo ephiliswa ngomusa waphezulu” (2 Petru 1:20-21).

I-Thematic Division

Okulandelayo, sethula izihloko ezihlukahlukene okukhulunywa ngazo ezingxenyeni zeBhayibheli:

Esivumelwaneni esidala

Lesi sigaba siqukethe uchungechunge lwezindaba okuthi, nakuba isihloko salo esithi Elidala sesamukelwe ezinguqulweni ezenziwe eBhayibhelini, lezi zehluka ngenani lezincwadi nokukuqukethe: ezingamashumi amane nesithupha zamaKhatholika, ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha ayisishiyagalolunye kumaProthestani kanye namashumi amahlanu nanye kuma-Orthodox.

Ihlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lwemibhalo ngendalo, impilo yokhokho kanye nabaphrofethi phakathi kwezinye izindaba ezimayelana namasiko nezinkolelo ezazikhona ezikhathini zasendulo ngaphambi kokuba uMsindisi azalwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhalwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemibhalo njengokulandisa kwezenzakalo, imithetho, iziprofetho (imibono, izibikezelo) kanye namazwi noma imithandazo. Kukhona futhi imibhalo enezingoma noma izinkondlo.

KuyiPentateuch noma Encwadini Yemiqulu Eyisihlanu Sinakho:

• UGenesise: Kuyo ungabona ukuthi kwakunjalo kanjani ukudalwa kwezulu nomhlaba. Okubalulekile ukudalwa kokukhanya nobumnyama, ilanga nenyanga, kanye nalokho kwazo zonke izilwane futhi vele abantu, njengoba badalwa ngomfanekiso nangomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu uSomandla.
• U-Eksodusi Kule ngxenye yeBhayibheli, kuthiwa ama-Israyeli akwazi ukuphunyuka ebugqilini nasekuthunjweni abaseGibhithe ababewabeke phezu kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama likaNkulunkulu liyavela, lapha incazelo yendlela umkhuba wobupristi ezifundazweni zakwaIsrayeli oqala ngayo.
• IsiLevi: Enye yezinto esiyibona kakhulu kule ncwadi izinkomba zobungcwele, ifana ncamashi nemfundiso lapho inkolo yabangcwele ilawulwa khona, ilawula futhi ingcwelisa abantu abakhonza uMesiya.
• Izinombolo: KuNumeri singathola izikhombo zohambo lukaIsrayeli, olwaqala ngokuqondile eNtabeni iSinayi luya emathafeni akwaMowabi. Ngakho-ke, le ncwadi ikhuluma ngokuhlubuka kwabantu bakaNkulunkulu kanye nokwahlulela kwabo.
• UDuteronomi: Ungathola izeluleko eziningi zazo zonke izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi lesi seluleko sivela ngokuqondile ekuthembekeni kukaMose. Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe ukuthi le mibhalo ivela kuphi umuzi wakwaMowabi.

Embhalweni womlando, okulandelayo kuyatholakala:

• Incwadi kaJoshuwa: Lena akuyona indaba yobuqhawe besakhamuzi, kodwa indaba ethinta inhliziyo yokuthi uNkulunkulu wakwazi kanjani ukubonga ibutho lakhe eliholwa uJoshuwa, ngaleyo ndlela ekhulula ingxenye yoMhlaba ababeyithathe ngezikhali kanye nonkulunkulu bamanga amaKhanani.
• Incwadi yabaHluleli: Kulezi zingxenye zeBhayibheli sitshelwa ukuthi ama-Israyeli ayengenayo inkosi ngakho-ke imithetho yayingalandelwa yiwo.
• Incwadi kaRuthe: Kule mibhalo, ukubaluleka kokwethembeka okufanele kube khona ngokuvamile phakathi kobudlelwane babantu, kanye nobudlelwane obukhona phakathi kwabantu noMbuso kaNkulunkulu, kungaqashelwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
• Incwadi yokuqala kaSamuweli: Lisitshela ukuthi ayengobani amakhosi okuqala akwa-Israyeli, okwakungoSawule noDavide ngokohlelo lwawo. Ngokufanayo, lapho sikhuluma ngokunqoba kwamaFilisti nokusindiswa komphongolo kaNkulunkulu, singakucabangela ukuthi lokhu kuwukuhunyushwa kokunqoba okwaqinisekiswa abantu bakaNkulunkulu.
• Incwadi kaSamuweli yesibili: Lapha ungabona indlela uSamuweli aziveza ngayo kuDavide njengenkosi engokwasezulwini. Ngokufanayo, unikeza imininingwane eminingi ngokuqala kwalokho okwakubonakala kuwukubusa kwakhe lapho aziletha khona eHebroni njengomholi wesizwe sakwaJuda.
• Incwadi Yokuqala Yamakhosi: Kubikwa ukuthi ukubusa kukaSolomoni kwaba kanjani ngemva kokufa kukaDavide, ngakho-ke inganekwane iqala ngombuso, owahlukaniswa waba isizwe sakwaJuda nombuso wakwa-Israyeli.
• Incwadi Yesibili Yamakhosi: Ngokuyisisekelo kuwukuqhutshekwa kweNcwadi yamaKhosi I, lapho kuxoxwa khona ngokuxoshwa kwabantu bakwa-Israyeli nabakwaJuda, ngenxa yokunganaki kwemithetho ebekwe phezu kokudumisa, inhlonipho kanye nempilo ngaphansi kwezwi loMuntu Wonke.
• IziKronike I: Yabhalelwa umphakathi owawudingisiwe lapho kwakhiwa khona imibuzo eminingana ebhekisela ohlotsheni lwesimo esikhona ekusebenzelaneni abantu boPhezukonke abanaso nabo, okungukuthi, uma izivumelwano nezithembiso zigcwaliseka noma cha.
• IziKronike II: Bakhomba ezikhathini lapho ukholo belulokhu lunamandla phakathi kwabantu nababusi babo, luletha ukuchuma, futhi baveze ukuthi ukulahlwa kokholo lweqiniso kwaphumela encithakalweni.
• Incwadi ka-Ezra: Ikhuluma ngendlela abantu abenze isivumelwano noPhezukonke base bedingiswa ababeyothethelelwa okwesibili futhi izwe okwakuvunyelwene ngalo labuyiselwa, nakuba kulokhu kwakuxhunyaniswa njengomphakathi ongokwasezulwini.
• Incwadi kaNehemiya: Ichaza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindonga zaseJerusalema kanye neqembu lenkolo yamaJuda.
• Incwadi kaTobias: Kuhlanganisa isimemo sokuthembela ekuphatheni kwaphezulu futhi kugqamisa ubungcwele bomshado, inhlonipho yengane, isihe kwabampofu, umkhuba wokupha izipho, ukwamukela izilingo ngokuzithoba kanye nokusebenza komthandazo.
• Incwadi kaJudith: Kuyisibonelo futhi ukulandisa okujabulisayo kokuxhumana nezwe lakubo kanye nenkolo eqotho.
• Incwadi ka-Esteri: Inikeza isibonelo esicacile samandla kanye nethonya lokuhle umuntu angaba nalo futhi afunde ukuthembela eNkosini.
• Maccabees I: Balandisa ngezingxabano zika-Israyeli ngokumelene nombuso wamaSeleucus, ukuze bavikele ukuzimela kwabo kwezombangazwe kanye nenkolo. Uphakamisa amaqhawe okulwela inkululeko yawo.
• Maccabees II: Kulezi zingxenye zeBhayibheli, isihloko okukhulunywa ngaso kwedlule siyanwetshwa, nokho, siyehluka ngokuya ngezinhlamvu nesikhathi.

AmaJuda abiza uJoshuwa, abahluleli, uSamuweli, namakhosi “abaprofethi basendulo,” ngoba kubo kunomlando wabaprofethi abakhulu: u-Eliya, u-Elisha, ngisho noSamuweli. Lokho amaKatolika akubiza ngokuthi abaprofethi, kamuva amaJuda akubiza ngokuthi abaprofethi. Kuyaphawulwa futhi ukuthi, eBhayibhelini lesiGreki, izincwadi zikaSamuweli nezamaKhosi zakha ingxenye eyodwa futhi zabizwa ngokuthi Izincwadi Zamakhosi. Ngokunjalo, IziKronike I no-II yeziKronike zazikanye noEzra noNehemiya, ngoba zazibhekwa njengomsebenzi wombhali oyedwa.

Emibhalweni Yokuhlakanipha noma Yolwazi, singathola okulandelayo:

• Incwadi Yomsebenzi: Le ncwadi iqondiswe kubafel 'ukholo abakha umshikashika ngesikhathi kuphakama inhlekelele yokholo, lokhu kwavela ngemva kokudala ukuhlupheka okukhulu, yebo kunzima kakhulu ukuhlala uqinile ezwini likaNkulunkulu kusukela ngesikhathi udlula ekuhluphekeni okubi kakhulu. okukuphelezela iminyaka eminingi, kulezi zingxenye zeBhayibheli bazama ukuqondisa abantu endleleni efanele yokholo.
• Izaga: Ungathola amaqiniso amaningi, okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nolwazi lapho ungabona khona ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuyisipho sokubona yonke into ngombono kaNkulunkulu.
• UmShumayeli: Kuyisambulo esilotshiwe soPhezukonke ukuthi ngokuyisisekelo ufuna ukusixwayisa ngokuthi kungaba buhlungu kangakanani ukuchitha isikhathi sifuna injabulo ezintweni ezibonakalayo nasekuvinjelweni kwezwe.
• Ingoma yezingoma: Isekelwe enkondlweni yesitayela samazwi, incwadi ethi ngemibhalo yayo ingasifundisa ukuthi yiziphi izimfanelo zothando ezikhona phakathi kwendoda nomkayo, ikhombisa indlela uNkulunkulu alethula ngayo isakramente lomshado, igcizelela ukuthi uthando iqala ngengokomoya, bese kuba ngokomzwelo, futhi ekugcineni ngothando lwenyama.
• Incwadi Yokuhlakanipha: Lo mbhalo ugqamisa ukubaluleka kwezihloko ezahlukahlukene ezifanele zenkolo, njengokuzinikela, ukungafi, phakathi kwezinye.
• Incwadi ye-Ecclesiastic: Ikhuluma ngokuyinhloko ngamasiko enkolo abantu bamaJuda.
• Incwadi yamaHubo: Iqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zemithandazo nezindumiso ezihloselwe ukuyala abafundi bayo ukuba bafunde okwengeziwe ngokholo.

Emibhalweni Yesiprofetho noma yesAmbulo, okulandelayo kuvezwa:

• Incwadi ka-Isaya: Kuyancomeka ukuthi ukwahlulela nensindiso yabakhona endaweni yonke bekuyini.
• Incwadi kaJeremiya: Usizi nezinyembezi kubonakala ngokukhuza kukaMninimandla onke kubantu. Waphinde wabona ukubuyiselwa kwabantu abayizihlubuki okwakuseduze.
• Incwadi yesiLilo: Isihe soPhezukonke singabonakala, nokuthi imithandazo kufanele isetshenziselwe ukuveza ukuphenduka.
• Incwadi kaBharuki: Kubonisa abantu abaqaphela ukuthi bonile futhi bacela oPhezukonke ukuba abakhulule ekuhluphekeni kwabo.
• Incwadi kaHezekeli: Ikakhulukazi ikhuluma ngendikimba yokuholela abantu ekuphendukeni, ekubuyiseni ukholo nethemba koPhezukonke.
• Incwadi kaDaniel: Zigcizelela amandla nobukhosi bukaMninimandla onke phezu kuka-Israyeli futhi zibonisa ukuthi uJehova uqondisa ikusasa labantu bakhe abakhethiwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kuze kube sekubuyiselweni kokugcina.
• Incwadi kaHoseya: Iveza uthando loPhezukonke kubantwana bakhe, ngoba ifundisa ukuthi naphezu kwazo zonke izikhathi lapho abantu bakwa-Israyeli bengasigcwalisanga isithembiso sabo sokuvikela izwi, bebelokhu bengenasici ngokuphathelene nesivumelwano sabo.
• Incwadi kaJoweli: Ikhuluma ngosuku lokwahlulelwa kwababi kanye nosuku lwensindiso kulabo abagcina ukholo lwabo kuNkulunkulu.
• Incwadi ka-Amose: Ukwahlulelwa nokubuyiselwa kwabantu nakho kuyakhulunywa.
• Incwadi ka-Abbey: Indaba ngobutha phakathi kuka-Israyeli nezwe elingumakhelwane.
• Incwadi kaJona: Ekuthuthukisweni kwencwadi yakhe indaba yakhe yokuthi wathunywa kanjani ukushumayela izwi leNkosi ichazwa kithi.
• Incwadi kaMika: Yindaba ekhuluma ngokulahlwa kwabo bonke ababefuna ukuphazamisa abantu endleleni kaNkulunkulu, ukubagqilaza nokubaphoqa ukuba basebenze.
• Incwadi kaNahume: Ilandisa ukuthi ukuphindeka komuzi waseNineve kwaba kanjani, uma ubheka ukuthi base bexolelwe ngemva kwesixwayiso uJona ayebanike sona, basindiswa olakeni lukaNkulunkulu, kodwa baqala ukona futhi, futhi kulokhu, kaningi, okubi nakakhulu.
• Incwadi kaHabakuki: Ikhuluma ngokungalaleli kukaJuda neJerusalema, njengoba lona kuwumuzi osulikhohlwe ngokuphelele izwi likaNkulunkulu.
• Incwadi kaZefaniya: Umbhalo usitshela ukubaluleka okukhulu kwamandla kaJehova nokuthi bonke abangekho ngaphansi kokubusa kwayo bayokwahlulelwa kanjani.
• Incwadi kaHagayi: Ibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu bamaJuda ababengaphansi kwabantu bangaphandle.
• Incwadi kaZakariya: Ihlobene nokufika kukaMesiya Emhlabeni.
• Incwadi kaMalaki: Iveza ukubaluleka kokuba abantu abalungile futhi ngaleyo ndlela bahlulelwe kahle lapho kufika isikhathi.

Kwezinye izinhlelo zeBhayibheli, incwadi kaJeremiya neyesiLilo zihlanganiswa zaba incwadi eyodwa.

Esivumelwaneni esisha

Lezi zincwadi ezingu-27 nezahluko zazo ezingu-290 zalotshwa ngemva komhlatshelo kaMesiya, zalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isiteji sobuKristu futhi zihlukaniswe ngalendlela:

Izincwadi ezi-4 zeVangeli, ezikhuluma ngokuphila nezimfundiso zikaJesu Kristu, futhi zabhalwa abaphostoli bakhe abane, ngokwemibono yabo:

• Mathewu (izahluko 28)
• UMarku (izahluko eziyi-16)
• ULuka (izahluko 24)
• UJohane (izahluko 21)

Incwadi yeZenzo noma yeZenzo zabaPhostoli, kuhlanganisa umlando wokushunyayelwa kwevangeli likaJesu, imizamo nokuzinikela kukaPawulu ukuze afeze uhambo lwakhe ngalunye, ukwanda kokholo nokuhlanganiswa kwabalandeli abasiza ekusakazeni amazwi kaMesiya kubantu abakude kakhulu , ukukhuthaza ukuqalwa kwenkolo yobuKristu nokuqashelwa kwayo emhlabeni wonke. Le ngxenye yeBhayibheli iqukethe izahluko ezingu-28.

Izincwadi eziyi-14 zikaSaint Paul, Zaziyizindlela zokuxhumana ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, ezaziqondiswe emasontweni noma kubantu abathile. Lezi zincwadi zazihlose ukudlulisela uthando nokuhlakanipha kwabazithumelayo, ukuze bathole ukuthula nokulondeka okungcwele phambi kwamazwi kaJehova, bengabantu abangcwele, abaphethe ukusakaza isigijimi ngaphandle kokuguqulwa noma ukuchazwa kabi.

Kuyo, kumiswa imithetho eqinile nebalulekile ukuze ibe umthwali wezwi elingcwele ofanelekayo, ikhuluma ngobuqotho, ukwethembeka kanye nobungcwele okufanele baphile ngabo ukuze bafanele ukuvuna amadolobha. Liphinde lisho uthando, uzwelo, ukuthethelela, ubulungisa nokuthula.

• KwabaseRoma (izahluko eziyi-16)
• I kwabaseKorinte (16 izahluko)
• 13 KwabaseKorinte (izahluko eziyi-XNUMX)
• KwabaseGalathiya (izahluko 6)
• Efesu (6 izahluko)
• Filipi (izahluko ezi-4)
• Kolose (izahluko ezi-4)
• I Thesalonika (5 izahluko)
• II Thesalonika (3 izahluko)
• 6 Thimothewu (izahluko XNUMX)
• 4 Thimothewu (izahluko ezi-XNUMX)
• UThithu (izahluko ezi-3)
• UFilemoni (1 isahluko)
• Hebheru (izahluko 13)

Izincwadi ZamaKatolika noma Ezijwayelekile: Lezi kwakuwukusekelwa nokuqinisekiswa kabusha kwezincwadi ezishiwo ngenhla, ezazifundisa ukuzibophezela umKristu okumelwe abe nakho kanye nokuziphatha okumsulwa, ngokuvumelana nokuphefumlelwa kwaphezulu kulokho okwazwiwa futhi kwaphila, ngale ntando negunya lamadoda ayenalo, akwazi ukuguquka. futhi uguqule izimpilo, uthuthukise abantu futhi wengeze amakholwa athembekile eNkosini uJesu Kristu.

• I-Santiago (izahluko ezingu-5)
• 5 Petru (XNUMX izahluko)
• 3 Petru (XNUMX izahluko)
• 5 Johane (izahluko XNUMX)
• 1 Johane (XNUMX)
• 1 Johane (XNUMX isahluko)
• Jude (1 isahluko)
• I-Apocalypse (izahluko ezingama-22)

Ubunye BamaTestamente Womabili

ITestamente Elidala nelisha lincike kwelinye. Ukuxhumana kwabo kuphelele kangangokuthi eyokuqala ichaza okwesibili futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngokukhanya kweTestamente Elidala kuphela lapho singaqonda khona elokuqala, futhi ngokukhanya kweTestamente Elisha kuphela lapho sibona khona ukuthi iTestamente Elidala lalisho ukuthini.

Ngesizathu esihle, uKristu watshela izilaleli zakhe: “Hlolani imiBhalo futhi niyobona ukuthi uMose ukhuluma ngami.” ( Joh 5, 39-45 ) Ngakho, uJesu watshela izilaleli zakhe: Futhi uLuka oNgcwele, lapho elandisa ngomhlangano kaJesu nabafundi base-Emawuse, uthi uJesu “eqala kuMose eqhubeka kubo bonke abaprofethi, wabachazela konke okuphathelene naye emiBhalweni” ( Lk 24, 25-27 . . Futhi, uMathewu oNgcwele ezahlukweni zakhe ezintathu zokuqala.

Imibhalo Yangempela namakhophi

Ayikho imibhalo engcwele ye-autograph, okungukuthi, ebhalwe ngumbhali wencwadi ngesandla sakhe njengomxhumanisi woPhezukonke. Lapho ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa isichasiselo esithi “okuqala”, sisuke siwukubonisa izilimi ezalotshwa ngazo ekuqaleni okwahunyushwa ngazo inguqulo yeBhayibheli.

Amakhophi Abhalwe Ngesandla

Nakhu ukuthi izingxenye zeBhayibheli zenziwa ngani:

Material

Esikhathini esedlule, izehlakalo zaphezulu zazibhalwa kusetshenziswa i-papyrus kanye nesikhumba njengento esetshenziswayo, eyokuqala yayisetshenziswa kakhulu eGibhithe kusukela ngo-3000 BC. C., etholakala esitshalweni sasemanzini, umoba noma umhlanga, owatholakala kakhulu emfuleni iNayile, inqubo yawo yokukhiqiza yayihlanganisa ukuvula isiqu sesitshalo bese usikhama. Amashidi atholakele ngaleyo ndlela awela, achotshozwa futhi omisiwe. Kwakuyinto evamile kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ebuthakathaka kakhulu. Ngokuvamile lalibhalwa ngaphakathi kuphela. Ama-papyrus amaningi aseGibhithe aye alondolozwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile.

Owesibili uhlanganisa ubufakazi obudala kunabo bonke emkhakheni wemibhalo yesandla yeBhayibheli. Isikhumba sakhiwe ngesikhumba sezilwane ezithile (izimvu namawundlu), senziwe ngobuchule obukhethekile obakhiwe ePhergamoni, enyakatho ye-Efesu, cishe ngonyaka we-100 AD. C. Kubonakala sengathi yasakazwa kabanzi amaPheresiya.

Ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwayo butholakala eTestamenteni Elisha kweyesi-2 Thimothewu 4:13 : “Nxa usufikile, ungiphathele ingubo engayishiya kuKarpu eTrowa, nezincwadi, ikakhulukazi imiqulu. Kusukela ekhulwini lesine AD. C. yayivame kakhulu. Iwumbhalo omelana kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kubiza kakhulu, kuthiwa eminye imibhalo yesandla yesikhumba yasulwa ngokuphelele ukuze ikwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe.

ifomethi

Umqulu uwumdwe omude we-papyrus noma wesikhumba, oqiniswe ekugcineni ngezinti ezimbili ezazisetshenziselwa ukuwusonga (cf. Lk 4, 16-20; Jr 36). Ngisho nanamuhla, amaJuda ayayisebenzisa imiqulu. I-codex noma incwadi evamile (evame kakhulu emakhasini esikhumba) yasetshenziswa amaKristu kusukela ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka, kodwa kumaJuda, ibonakala kamuva, kakade ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Amakhodi esiGreki ahlukaniswa ngama-uncials noma ama-caligraphy anosonhlamvukazi.

Ezokuqala zibhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi abaqhubekayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuzifunda ngoba akukho ukwehlukana phakathi kwamagama, ngokuyisisekelo asetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-250 nele-2, kukholakala ukuthi angaphezulu kuka-600. Nakuba imizuzwana ivela ngezinhlamvu ezincane ezifundeka kalula, ngoba ukuhlukaniswa kwamagama kunikezwa. Baqala ukusetshenziswa kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. C futhi andise kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanye, zibalwa cishe XNUMX izinkulungwane XNUMX.

Izilimi iBhayibheli elabhalwa ngazo

Yayilotshwe ngokuyinhloko ngolimi lwesiHeberu, inezingxenye ezimbalwa zesi-Aramu nezinye izincwadi ngolimi lwesiGreki.

ngesiHebheru, cishe yonke ingxenye yokuqala yemibhalo engcwele yayibhalwe ngolimi lwabantu bakwa-Israyeli. Umsuka wayo awucaci kahle. Kubonakala sengathi amaKhanani aqala ukulikhuluma, ngemva kwalokho ama-Israyeli alithatha ngemva kokuhamba kwawo eKhanani.

ngesi-Aramu, ulimi oludala kunesiHeberu, lwalubhalwe kancane. Ezinye izahluko zikaEzra, uJeremiya, uDaniyeli kanye noMathewu zingacashunwa. Isi-Aramaic saqala ukungena kwa-Israyeli cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. C. futhi yathatha amandla amakhulu, yaze yathatha indawo yolimi lwesiHeberu. Ngisho noMesiya wakhuluma nabantu ngolunye lwezilimi zesigodi zesi-Aramu.

NgesiGreki, eminye imibhalo yengxenye endala yabhalwa, njengokuhlakanipha, 2 Maccabees kanye nazo zonke izincwadi zeTestamente Elisha, ngaphandle kweVangeli likaMathewu. Lesi siGreki kwakungesona isiGreki sasendulo, njengoDemosthenes, kodwa isiGreki esifakwe kuhlu njengesidumile, esivamile sendoda yasemgwaqweni. Yanda ngemva kokunqotshwa kweGrisi ngu-Alexander Omkhulu.

Izincwadi nezilimi zazo zokubhala zibalwe ngezansi:

ITestamente Elidala

• UDaniyeli: IsiHeberu, enezinhlamvu ngesi-Aramu nangesiGreki
• UEzra: IsiHebheru, kanye nemibhalo ethile yesi-Aramu
• U-Esteri: IsiHebheru, nezingcezu zesiGreki
• 1 Maccabees: IsiHebheru. 2 Maccabees: isiGreki
• uThobiya noJudith: isiHeberu nesi-Aramu
• Ukuhlakanipha: isiGreki
• Zonke ezinye izincwadi: isiHebheru

ITestamente eNtsha

• UMathewu Ongcwele: Isi-Aramu
• Zonke Ezinye Izincwadi: IsiGreki

Izinguqulo zeBhayibheli

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwenziwa izinguqulo ezingenakubalwa zeBhayibheli. Phakathi kwezindala, ezithakazelisa kakhulu, kukhona ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu: i-Septuagint ne-Vulgate, ezihlelwe ngezansi:

Inguqulo yama-XNUMXs

Ngokwesiko, yabulawa amadoda ahlakaniphile angama-70 akwa-Israyeli phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMXst BC. C., yayihloselwe amaJuda aHlakazekile noma wokuhlakazeka, okungukuthi, ukukhulekelwa kwemiphakathi yamaJuda eyayihlala ezweni lamaGreki namaRoma, ikakhulukazi e-Aleksandriya, futhi eyayivele isikhohliwe ulimi lwesiHeberu, noma. mhlawumbe kangcono, ukuze ukwazi ukuyisakaza ngesiGreki. Kunoma ikuphi, le nguqulo yayibalulekile kumaJuda akhuluma isiGreki futhi kamuva yasakazekela emazweni aseMedithera, kanjalo yavulela iVangeli indlela.

Inguqulo ye-Vulgate

Lokhu kwenziwa ngesiLatini nguSaint Jerome eBethlehem ngekhulu lesine. Kwaqala ngesidingo, esifana nesamaShumi ayisiKhombisa. Phakathi namakhulu amabili okuqala, isiGreki esidumile sasisetshenziswa eBandleni, okwakuyisona esasikhulunywa eMbusweni WaseRoma. Kodwa ngekhulu lesithathu, isiLatini sasidlangile eNtshonalanga. Yingakho liye lahunyushelwa olimini lwesiLatini. Kuye kwakhiqizwa izinguqulo eziningi kuze kube manje, njengoba uMkhandlu WaseTrent wawuqaphela ngokujulile njengenguqulo yesiLatini esemthethweni ngaphandle kokuphika ukubaluleka kwezinye izinguqulo.

ImiBhalo Engcwele Ibaluleke Kakhulu Ekuphileni KweBandla

Njengoba ukubhala okungcwele kuyizwi eliphilayo loPhezukonke, amandla alo kanye nomfutho kumaKristu kukhulu futhi kanye ne-Ekaristi, yikho okusekela futhi kuqinise ubukhona benkolo, okuqinisekisa ukuqina kokholo, ondla umphefumulo futhi Kuyiwo. umthombo wokuphila komoya.

ImiBhalo Engcwele kufanele ibe umphefumulo wemfundiso yenkolo, umthandazo wobufundisi, wekhathekhisi, weziyalezo zobuKristu. Kungale ndlela kuphela ukuba khona kukaMesiya, izwi futhi, ngakho-ke, izithelo zobungcwele bakhe ziqinisekiswa kule misebenzi. Ngokumema uMesiya ukuba ahambe nathi kulezi zenzo, siyoba ngabantu. Yena ngokwakhe uyoba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokungcwelisa wonke amazwi aziwa kubo bonke abantu. Ithempeli leluleka ukuba kufundwe izingxenye zeBhayibheli njalo, njengoba ukungazinaki kuwukuziba uMesiya.

KunamaBhayibheli amaningi ahlukahlukene. Iyini i-Original?

Nazi ezinye izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zeBhayibheli:

• IBhayibheli lesiLatini laseMelika.
• Indlovukazi Valera.
• IZwi likaNkulunkulu kubo Bonke.
• New International Version.

Phakathi kwezizathu eziye zakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamaBhayibheli amaningana, kubhekiselwa eqinisweni lokuthi kuye kwaba khona abantu abanenhliziyo enhle abaye, ngokuvumelana neziyalezo zeSonto, bahumusha futhi baguqulela ezilimini ezihlukahlukene, ukuze balenze libe ngaphezulu. ifinyeleleke kubantu bonke.izwi likaMninimandla onke. Nokho, kunezinye izinkolo eziye zacindezela noma zalungisa kabusha lokho ezingakuthandi, noma ezingcolisa isigijimi soPhezukonke, zashintsha amagama abhalwe ekuqaleni izazi ze<em>hagiographer.

Ukuze wazi ukuthi imibhalo ingeyokuqala yini, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlanganisa nezincwadi ezingu-73 futhi uqinisekise ukuthi isembozo esingemuva sibonisa ukuthi yamukelwe iziphathimandla zeSonto LamaKatolika. Lesi sibonakaliso sivela nezisho zesiLatini elithi “imprimatur” nelithi “nihil obstat”, okusho ukuthi: “inganyatheliswa” futhi “akukho lutho oluvimba ukunyatheliswa kwayo”. Futhi, uma unokungabaza, ungase futhi ufune iseluleko sompristi othembekile.

IBhayibheli lihunyushwe ngezilimi ezingaki?

Kunoma iluphi ulimi ongalucabanga, kwabhalwa. Phakathi ezivame kakhulu esinazo: IsiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiShayina, isiRashiya, phakathi kwabanye.

Ubani Owabhala Izingxenye ZeBhayibheli?

Lona umbuzo abaningi abazibuza wona futhi abanye bakholelwa ukuthi, njengazo zonke izincwadi noma umbhalo, munye kuphela owabhala. Nokho, kufanele kucaciswe into eyodwa, ukuthi iBhayibheli ngokwalo aliyona incwadi eyodwa, kodwa liyiqoqo lezincwadi ezehlukene njengoba siye sacacisa emaphuzwini adlule.

Ukuba yiqembu lemibhalo noma iqoqo lezincwadi, kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi zinababhali abangaphezu koyedwa kuzo zonke. Yebo, kuyasungulwa eBandleni nasemagatsheni ahlukahlukene obuKristu ukuthi bonke laba babhali bathonywa ukuphefumlelwa kwaphezulu kukaSomandla, ngakho-ke kucatshangwa ukuthi umbhali oyinhloko walo mbhalo ungoPhezukonke.

Ngalo mqondo, sizobalula ngezansi abanye ababhali bezincwadi okuqoshwa kwabo ubuqiniso babo, beholwa yilowo Okhona Yonke Indawo:

• Izincwadi ezisukela kuGenesise kuya kuNumeri zabhalwa uMose.
• Incwadi yesiLilo yabhalwa uJeremiya.
• Amahubo, anezinhlobonhlobo zababhali phakathi kwawo okukhona: uDavide noSolomoni, phakathi kwabanye.
• Incwadi yabaHluleli yabhalwa uSamuweli.
• Zombili izincwadi zeziKronike, umbhali wazo kwakunguEzra.

Sithemba ukuthi usijabulele lesi sihloko esithi Isakhiwo, Izigaba kanye Nezingxenye ZeBhayibheli. Sincoma izihloko ezilandelayo:

• Abaprofethi Abakhulu
• Amavesi ngomthandazo
• Ungasondela kanjani kuNkulunkulu