Izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zezizwe ziye zabonakala njengengxenye yesiko nezinkolelo zesifunda ngasinye lapho zithuthuke khona. Ngokwesibonelo, iYurophu ine izinganekwane ze-norse, egxile kubantu baseScandinavia naseJalimane. Lapha uzokwazi konke ngaye.
Inganekwane yaseNorse
Izici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zedolobha ngalinye yizinganekwane nezinsumansumane zalo. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthi eziningi zazo zisuka amahlelo noma izindaba zesici sezindawo ezithile, izehlakalo ngisho nezinto imbala. Kuvamile, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ukugcizelela ngokukhethekile lezi zindaba, njengoba kunjalo ngezinganekwane zamaNorse.
Futhi ehlobene njengeJalimane neScandinavia, inganekwane yaseNorse ihlanganisa inkolo, izinkolelo kanye nezinganekwane zabantu basendulo abatholakala enkabeni nasenyakatho yeYurophu.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ne-Iceland yangaphambili (okwamanje eyizwe elizimele elisesiqhingini), iBritannia (ihlelo elinikezwe isiqhingi saseGreat Britain), iGaul (isifunda lapho iBelgium, iFrance, iSwitzerland isentshonalanga). , inyakatho ye-Italy, iJalimane kanye ne abase-Netherlands).
Ngale ndlela, kuzo zonke izindawo ezishiwo ngenhla yilapho okwaqala khona lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi inganekwane yamaNorse.
Kodwa-ke, nakuba ihlanganisa izindaba ezabiwe ngabantu baseNyakatho Jalimane, ayizange yabiwe ngabantu base-Uralic Nordic, okungukuthi, amaFinns, ama-Estonian namaLapps, noma amaBaltic, ahlanganiswe amaLithuanians namaLatvia.
Ezinye izici
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zizwe zinezinganekwane zazo, ezifana nezabanye abantu base-Indo-European. Nakuba iqiniso elinikezwa onkulunkulu kubantu abafayo lingachazwanga, izinganekwane zamaNorse zihlanganisa nezindaba zabantu abafunda izindaba zonkulunkulu, ngokuhambela kwabo.
Ngokufanayo, abanayo incwadi engcwele, njengoba izindaba zazisakazwa ngomlomo ngezinkondlo ezinabile, ikakhulukazi phakathi neNkathi YamaViking, kugcizelelwa i-Eddas (izinhlanganisela zezindaba) neminye imibhalo yenkathi ephakathi.
Iningi lezindaba zezinganekwane zamaNorse zisekhona nanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Nakuba abanye baye bajwayela lokho okubizwa nge-neopaganism yaseJalimane, futhi baze baba umthombo wemibhalo wemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokulalelwayo nokubonwayo.
I-Cosmology
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezinganekwane zamaNorse ukuthi umhlaba umelwe i-flat disc, etholakala emagatsheni abizwa ngokuthi isihlahla somhlaba se-Yggdrasil, esakha ukusekelwa kwemihlaba eyisishiyagalolunye.
Imihlaba yezinganekwane zaseNorse
Isihlahla sokuphila, i-Yggdrasil, ngezimpande namagatsha aso senza kwaba khona ukuhlangana kwemihlaba:
- I-Asgard: emhlabeni we-Aesir, enombusi u-Odin nomkakhe uFrigg, eyayizungeza udonga olwalungakaqedwa, okuthiwa u-hrimthurs ongaziwa, umnikazi wehhashi le-stallion le-Svaolifari, ngokusho kukaGylfafinning. I-Valhalla itholakala endaweni yangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyindawo ephakeme yesibhakabhaka lapho kwakuhlala khona onkulunkulu.
- Midgard: Ngaye amadoda aqalwa onkulunkulu u-Odin nabafowabo, uVili noVe, ngemva kokulwa nomdondoshiya wasendulo uYmir.
- I-Helheim noma i-Hel: Ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yokufa, itholakala endaweni ejulile nemnyama kakhulu ye-Niflheim, elinye izwe laseYggdrasil. Umbusi wawo unkulunkulukazi uHela.
- niflheim: Kwakha umbuso wobumnyama nobumnyama, ngisho eduze kwawo kunenkungu eningi. Kuhlala udrako u-Niohoggr.
- I-Muspelheim: kwakha umbuso womlilo, lapho kuhlala khona ama-Fire Giants, i-Surt inamandla kakhulu. Incazelo yegama ibangelwa iziko lomlilo, njengoba i-Muspel isho umlilo futhi i-Heim ihlobene neziko. Babeyibheka njengephakeme kakhulu kunezindawo eziphakeme, eziphakeme kune-Asgard, lapho kwakuhlala khona i-Aesir, futhi ngaseningizimu kwakukhona iJotunheim, indawo eyiqhwa, neJotnar.
- I-Svartalfaheim: Yayibizwa nangokuthi i-Nioavellir, kukhona abachaza ukuthi kuyo kwakukhona ama-elves amnyama aziwa ngokuthi i-Svartalfar, lapho izigaba ezimbili zama-elves zivela e-Alfheim. Kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nalo mbuso, ukuthi ama-Nordic dwarves ayesuka lapho.
- Alfheim: Ebizwa nangokuthi i-Ljusalfheim futhi ibhekwa njengekhaya lama-elves. Ukuhlonza ngale ndlela izinhlobo ezimbili zama-elves, ezikhanyayo noma i-ljósafar, ezazihlala e-Alfheim kanye nezimnyama noma i-svartálfar, ezatholakala endaweni yangaphakathi yezintaba. Nakuba bobabili beyizihlobo zegazi elihlanganyelwe, babonakala ngokuba nezinhloso ezihlukene.
- vanaheim: kuyo kwakuhlala amaVanir, ayengamanye amaqembu onkulunkulu ngaphandle kwama-Aesis.
- E-Jotunheim: zibhekwa njengombuso weziqhwaga, lapho zaziyizinhlobo ezimbili, iDwala neqhwa, elibizwa ngokuthi ijotnar.
Okuningi kwe-Nordic cosmogony
Empande yomuthi kwavela umthombo owawugcwele umthombo wolwazi, owawugadwe umdondoshiya uMímir. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona nonkulunkulu uHeimdall, owavikela isihlahla ekuhlaselweni okubangelwa udrako u-Niohoggr, kanye nenani elikhulu lezibungu ezazifuna ukuhamba ezimpandeni zawo futhi zinyamalale onkulunkulu ayebamele.
Nokho, yasekelwa abaseNorn ababeyinisela ngamanzi omthombo wase-Urd. Eqinisweni, yayinebhuloho elixhumanisa nendawo yezithixo, i-Bilfrost, eyawelwa yibona ukuze ingene eMidgard. Yazi futhi imvelaphi yendawo yonke ngokusho kwamaMeya.
Izidalwa zezinganekwane ku-cosmogony
Esinye sezici ezinkulu zalesi sihlahla esivela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ukuthi sasinoju, ukhozi, ingwejeje, udrako nezinyamazane ezine. Ngakho-ke, lezi zidalwa zazilandelayo:
- Nidhogg: udrako owatholakala ezimpandeni waziluma, ukuze anqobe ukhozi.
- Ukhozi: Yayingenalo igama, yayisegatsheni eliphakeme kunawo wonke, lapho yayibuka khona wonke umhlaba wezinganekwane zamaNorse.
- Buka: ukhozi olwalusebunzini lokhozi, luphethe ukuqapha ukunyakaza kwalo.
- I-Ratatosk: ingwejeje eyasuka ezimpandeni yaya enkomishini, ukuze ilethe izindaba ezingamanga kudrako iye okhozini, kanye nokunye okuphambene, ngaleyo ndlela idale ukungezwani phakathi kwalaba ababili.
Okunye okugqamayo kwezinganekwane zamaNorse ukuthi zinemibili ehlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okubhekiselwa kumini nobusuku ngeDagr/Skinfaxi kanye neNótt/Hrímfaxi.
Ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, ilanga kuthiwa lingelesifazane kuyilapho inyanga ingowesilisa, ngeSól neSkoll, inyanga nempisi enoManí neHati, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwemibuso yaseNiflheim neMuspelheim, eyaqala umhlaba. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengezici eziphambene nemvelaphi yendawo yonke.
Onkulunkulu abakhulu bezinganekwane zamaNorse
Phakathi konkulunkulu abavelele bezinganekwane zamaNorse, kukhona:
I-Dagr
Ungunkulunkulu omelela usuku, ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse. Ichazwe ku-Poetic Edda, ehlanganiswe ngemithombo yendabuko, kanye naku-Prose Edda. Kuyo uchazwa njengenzalo kankulunkulu wokuhwalala, uDelling, nonkulunkulukazi wobusuku, uNótt. Ibuye ihlobane nehhashi elinomhlwenga ocwebezelayo, obizwa nge-Skinfaxi.
I-Skinfaxi ne-Hrimfaxi
Bangamahhashi kaDagr noNótt. Ihlelo lalezi zidalwa linencazelo, i-manes ekhanyayo neqhwa. Endabeni kaHrimfaxí, wayehamba esibhakabhakeni esebenzisa inqola kaNótt, ngakho njalo ekuseni wayefafaza umhlaba ngodaka.
Ngenkathi i-Skinfaxi ihamba enqoleni ka-Dagr, esibhakabhakeni emini, kuyilapho i-manes yakhe inika ukukhanya emhlabeni nasesibhakabhakeni.
hhayi
Kungumfanekiso wobusuku ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse. Indodakazi yomdondoshiya uNorfi. Ihlelo lakhe limelwe ezinkondlweni ezihlukahlukene ze-Poetic Edda.
usawoti
Eyaziwa nangokuthi iSunna, unkulunkulukazi weLanga, indodakazi kaMundilfari noGlaur. Ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, wahamba esibhakabhakeni, esebenzisa inqola edonswa amahhashi amabili, okuthiwa u-Arvask no-Alsvid. Ngokuhamba kosuku impisi uSkoll yamjaha, eyayifuna ukumudla.
Le ndaba evela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse yayihlotshaniswa nokufiphala kwelanga, njengoba kwakusho ukuthi u-Skoll wacishe wafinyelela kuyo, ngaleyo ndlela ebangela ithunzi elifushane. Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwesiphetho, uSkoll wayezofika kuye futhi amshwabadele, esikhundleni sakhe, esikhundleni sendodakazi yakhe, eyayiphethe ukuqondisa iLanga. Ilanga ukuze ugweme ukushisa okuphezulu. Ngisho nakulo mythology, iLanga alizange linikeze ukukhanya, njengoba livela ku-manes ye-Alsvid ne-Arvak.
I-Skoll
Kwakuyimpisi eyalandela amahhashi u-Arvak no-Alsvid, njengoba yayifuna ukuwashwabadela. Wayengumfowabo kaHati, owashushisa unkulunkulu uMáni, owayehlangene nenyanga.
Ikinati
Ngezinganekwane zaseNordic, bekuwukumelwa kweNyanga. Ngokusho kwama-akhawunti, wayenonkulunkulukazi uSól njengodadewabo futhi eyinzalo kaMundilfari noGlaur. Ukuxoshwa impisi Hati.
Hati
Kwakuyimpisi eyaxosha uMáni esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ngisho nalapho eseduze naye, wayebangela ukufiphala kwenyanga. Wayengumfowabo kaSkol. Ngokwezindaba zezinganekwane zamaNorse, izingane zenza umsindo omkhulu ukuze abaleke enyangeni.
izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo
Ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, onkulunkulu bahlukaniswa kanje:
onkulunkulu be-viking
Abantu baseNordic badumisa izinhlobo ezimbili zonkulunkulu, lapho oyinhloko kwakuyi-Aesir. Laba base-Asgard, kanye nonkulunkulukazi base-Asynjur, ngaleyo ndlela behlanganisa iqembu eliholwa u-Odin, unkulunkulu obhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu nohlonipheke kakhulu.
Odin
Wayengunkulunkulu oyinhloko wezinganekwane zamaNorse ngisho nezinkolo ezihlukahlukene ze-Ethenism. Kwakubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha, impi nokufa, kanye nomlingo, izinkondlo, isiprofetho, ukunqoba nokuzingela. Uhlala e-Asgard esigodlweni saseValaskjálf, uchazelwe kabanzi ngaye, lapho kwakukhona isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi, esibizwa ngokuthi i-Hiloskjálf, lapho abona khona okwenzeka emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye ezinganekwane zaseNorse.
Phakathi nempi, wayesebenzisa umkhonto wakhe, owawubizwa ngokuthi uGungnir, futhi egibele ihhashi lakhe elinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili, okuthiwa uSleipnir. Wayeyindodana kaBor kanye nomdondoshiya uBestla, umfowabo kaVili noVé, umyeni kaFrigg, futhi engubaba wezithixo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise noThor, uBalder, uVidar noVáli.
Thor
Impela uma uzwa igama lalo nkulunkulu, ulihlobanisa nefilimu ethola igama elifanayo. Lokhu kusezinganekwaneni zamaNorse unkulunkulu wokuduma, obonakala ngokuba namagilavu ensimbi, isando sakhe uMjolnir kanye nebhande elinamandla. Ngokufanayo, ihlotshaniswa namandla futhi ezingeni le-hierarchical lihlobene ne-Odin.
Okulinganiselayo
Ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse namaJalimane, wayengunkulunkulu wokuthula, ukukhanya, nokuthethelela. Futhi indodana ka-Odin. Yayihlotshaniswa nobuhle nobuhlakani.
Umhlukumezi
Ebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wesibindi nempi, owadela isandla sakhe ukuze abanye onkulunkulu babophe impisi i-Fenrir, okwachazwa ngayo njengeNdoda Yesandla esisodwa. Umelwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuMdala u-Edda, uyinzalo yomdondoshiya u-Ymir noFrilla, kuyilapho ku-Lesser Edda kuthiwa uyindodana ka-Odin noFrigg.
I-Bragi
Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wezinkondlo namaBards. Indodana ka-Odin, ayeyimbongi yomuntu siqu, kanye ne-giant Gunlod. Wayengoweqembu lama-Aesir ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu. Kuthiwa uyena owaba ngowokuqala ukwenza imvumelwano, egqama kuleyo ndawo, ngakho abantu abagqama ezinkondlo babebizwa ngoBragi.
Ngendlela efanayo, waziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulu onentshebe etshekile, kanye nalowo ophethe eValhalla, ukuze anikeze isiphuzo esamukelekayo kulabo abasanda kufika futhi abamukele ngamazwi enhlonipho, kuyilapho yena ebungaza ngokuphindaphinda. amavesi akhe.
Wayengumyeni ka-Idun, owayengomunye wonkulunkulukazi abavelele kakhulu bezinganekwane zamaNorse, ngoba wayenalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-apula obusha, abalulekile emhlabeni wase-Asgard, ngoba ama-Aesir ayewadla ukuze ahlale emusha.
Heimdall
Ebhekwa njengonkulunkulu ongumnakekeli wezinganekwane zamaNorse, uHeim ehlobene nekhaya noDallr njengoba engaziwa. Inzalo ka-Odin kanye nabesifazane abayiziqhwaga abayisishiyagalolunye abamkhulisa ngokumnika igazi lezingulube. Wayebonakala ngokuba namehlo abukhali, ukuzwa kahle nokuhlala ephapheme izinsuku eziningi.
Wachazwa njengonkulunkulu onombono omangalisayo, njengoba wayelalela lapho utshani bukhula, okwabangela ukuba aqokwe njengomvikeli we-Asgard kanye neBifrost, okwakuwuthingo olwakha ibhuloho phakathi kwezindawo zombili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenophondo, olubizwa ngokuthi iGjallarhorn, u-Odin amnika lona, ukuze axwayise ukulwa phakathi konkulunkulu nama-giants, ngemva kokuphela kwezwe, uRagnarok. Ngokwesiko lezinganekwane zamaNorse, wehlela eMhlabeni futhi wazala izinhlu ezintathu kwabesifazane abathathu, lezi ziyizikhulu, izikhonzi nezinceku.
hawu
Wayengunkulunkulu oyimpumputhe wasezinganekwaneni zamaNorse kanye nomfowabo kaBaldr. Nguye owabulala umfowabo ngokungenhloso futhi wabulawa uVali, inzalo ka-Odin. Indaba esencwadini ka-Eddas ichaza ukuthi uBaldr, ephupha kabi, wayenebika ngokufa kwakhe kanye nelikanina, unkulunkulukazi uFrigg, owanyakaza ukuze enze zonke izinto zifunge ukuthi babengeke bayenze lutho indodana yakhe.
Kodwa-ke, unkulunkulu u-Loki, owayengakwazi ukumela u-Balder's ego kanye nokungabi sengozini, lapho ethola, wacasuka ngakho wazifihla futhi wakhuluma noFrigg, owamtshela ukuthi akazange acabangele i-mistletoe ukufunga, njengoba yayingenabungozi.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ethola lolo lwazi, wakha umcibisholo esebenzisa igatsha le-mistletoe futhi waqondisa uHoor ukuba awuphonse ngokuncokola, okwagcina kubangele ukuba abulale uBaldr. Ngokwenye inguqulo yale akhawunti evela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, uLoki akachazwanga, njengoba kuthiwa uBaldr kuphela wabulawa nguHoor ngenxeba lokugwazwa.
U-Odin wajezisa u-Loki ngokumbophela amatshe amathathu futhi enze inyoka imkhafulele ngobuthi ebusweni ngezikhathi ezithile, okwamzwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi kwagcina ngokulimaza ubuso bakhe. Futhi hlangana ne unkulunkulu Jupiter.
Vidarr
Futhi indodana ka-Odin kanye ne-giantess Grior. Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wokuthula, impindiselo nobulungisa. Ngokwendaba yezwe elizalwa kabusha elivela ngemva kukaRagnarok (impi yokuphela kwezwe), uVidarr wayezobuya nomfowabo uVali.
Phakathi neRagnarok, u-Odin udliwa yimpisi i-Fenrir, ngakho-ke uVidar ukuziphindiselela ubulala isilwane. Ngokusho kokunye ukulandisa, wabulala uFenrir lapho enyathela emhlathini ngonyawo lwakhe, njengoba isicathulo senziwe ngezintambo zesikhumba, lapho amadoda ayelandela i-Aesis, avula izicathulo endaweni yeminwe futhi. izithende ukuze ube nokuningi.
Njengoba unyawo lwayo lubekwe emhlathini wempisi, yawudabula. Nokho, enye indaba ichaza ukuthi wasebenzisa inkemba yakhe ukuze ambulale ngokuyihlaba enhliziyweni. Futhi, lo nkulunkulu ubizwa ngokuthi indodana ethule ka-Odin futhi engcono kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga.
Kulungile
Indodana ka-Odin kanye ne-giantess Rind. Okukhulunywa ngakho ngaphambi kwempi yaseRagnarok, kwakungeyena unkulunkulu owaziwayo, ngoba kwavela kuma-skalds (izimbongi zeqhawe lamaViking). Uchazwa njengalowo owaya ukuziphindiselela kuHoor ngokumbeka phezu komlilo ovuthayo, ngoba wabulala uBaldr.
Nokho, wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wokukhanya kwaphakade, eqinisweni ngenxa yokuthi imisebe yokukhanya yayibizwa ngokuthi imicibisholo, wayemelelwe noma ehlonishwa njengomcibisheli.
Ngisho nenyanga yayo ekhalendeni laseNorway imelelwa uphawu lomnsalo futhi inikezwa igama elithi Liosberi, umthwali wokukhanya, ngoba uwela phakathi kwezinyanga zikaJanuwari noFebruwari. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaKristu okuqala anikeza inyanga kaFebhuwari kuSanta Valentine owayengumcibisheli futhi, njengoVali, emele izinsuku ezikhanyayo, evusa imizwa yothando nezithandwa ezivikelekile.
ull
Inzalo kaSif kanye nendodana kaThor. Ngokokulandisa kwezinganekwane zamaNorse, wayengunkulunkulu omkhulu emlandweni wangaphambi komlando, okwakhulunywa ngaye emibhalweni ye-Prose Edda kanye ne-Poetic Edda. Uyaziwa nangokuthi unkulunkulu wokulwa eduze.
I-Forseti
Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wobulungisa, ukuthula neqiniso wezinganekwane zamaNorse. Inzalo kaBaldr noNanna. Wayehlala eGlinir, eyayihlobene nokukhanya okukhanyayo, ebhekisela ophahleni oluyisiliva olwalusehholo, kanye nezinsika zegolide okwakuvela kuzo ukukhanya okwakubukwa kude.
Ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, ubuye atuswe njengonkulunkulu ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi onekhono lokukhuluma e-Asgard. Uyena owagqama ezinkingeni, kwazise isixazululo wasithola ngokulamula. Esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi yayihlala endaweni yayo yokwamukela izivakashi inikeza ubulungiswa kulabo ababeyifuna futhi ibe nesixazululo sokuphazamiseka, ibheka lokho okwakufanele ngeqiniso ngalinye.
Ngakho-ke, wayengunkulunkulu omnandi, owayethanda ukuthula, ikakhulukazi lapho abahluleli bakhe bephila ngokuphepha futhi besidonsa isigwebo sabo. Ngale ndlela, wahlonishwa kakhulu, njengoba izifungo ezivelele zaziphinyiselwa egameni lakhe.
Ngakho akachazwanga ngesikhathi sikaRagnarok, ngakho uyaziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulu wokuthula. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi wayengukhokho bamaFrisi.
Loki
Inzalo yeziqhwaga uFarbauti noLaufey, abanoHelblindi noBýleistr njengabafowabo. Ngokusho kuka-Eddas, ubizwa ngokuthi umsuka wabo bonke ukukhwabanisa, ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezithixo, u-Odin ambheka njengomfowabo kuze kube sekubulaweni kukaBalder.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, u-Aesis wambamba wamfaka emadwaleni amathathu, ngakho isiprofetho sachaza ukuthi wayezogqashula kulezo zibopho ukuze alwe nonkulunkulu baseRagnarok. Uthathwa njengeshwa le-Aesir namadoda, ngoba wayenobuqili, engenangqondo futhi ethakazelisayo, okwakuthiwa unkulunkulu wesiphithiphithi nethuba, ebonakala ngokuba ngumqambimanga.
Onkulunkulukazi Abakhulu Bezinganekwane zaseNorse
Njengakwezinye izindaba zezinganekwane, ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse kukhona nonkulunkulukazi abahlukahlukene.
UFiggg
Ubhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulukazi abakhulu bezinganekwane zamaNorse. Umka-Odin nendlovukazi ye-Aesir. Unkulunkulukazi wesibhakabhaka, ukuzala, uthando, ukubusa kwasekhaya, umshado, ukuba ngumama, ubuciko basekhaya, ukubona izinto kusengaphambili nokuhlakanipha. Ngakho ihlobene nonkulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite, kusukela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki.
Ngokwencazelo ye-Eddas, wayengomunye wonkulunkulu basendulo bezinganekwane zamaNorse, njengoFreyja. Ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, uchazwa njengomfazi nomama, obonakala enamandla okuprofetha, kodwa angakhulumi ngalokho ayekwazi.
Kwakunguye yedwa, kanye no-Odin, ababekwazi ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi sase-Hlioskjálf, kuyilapho bebuka okwakwenzeka emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye ezinganekwane zaseNorse. Amadodana akhe kwakunguBaldr, uHoor, futhi wazala uHermóor, uHeimdall, uTyr, uVidar, noVáli.
Okunye ukulandisa kwezinganekwane zamaNorse kuchaza uThor njengomfowabo futhi ngezinye izikhathi njengendodana yakhe yokutholwa. Uhlotshaniswa no-Eir, unkulunkulukazi wokuphulukisa owayehamba naye ngezinye izikhathi futhi eno-Hlín, uGna noFulla njengabasizi.
I-Eir
Futhi iyingxenye ye-Ásynjur, kanye ne-Valkyries. Utuswa njengonkulunkulukazi wokuphulukisa, wezempilo, nowokuthokoza. Ngale ndlela, wayenolwazi oluningi ngezici zokwelapha zamakhambi futhi enekhono lokuvuka.
Eqinisweni, wayesondelene kakhulu noFrigg futhi engomunye wonkulunkulukazi ababehlala entabeni yaseLyfjaberg. Wayehlotshaniswa neVanir, ngenxa yolwazi lwakhe lwezindawo zokuphulukisa zezitshalo namakhambi. Ichazwa ekulandiseni okuhlukahlukene kwe-Poetic Edda, i-Prose Edda, kanye nezinkondlo ze-skaldic.
sjofn
Ingeka-Ásynjur yezinganekwane zaseNorse, echazwe kafushane kakhulu ku-Prose Edda, empeleni akukhulunywa ngayo ku-Poetic Edda. Kwakubonakala ngokuqondisa imicabango yamadoda othandweni.
var
Enye ye-Ásnjur yezinganekwane zaseNorse. Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wezifungo, ohambisana nezifungo nezivumelwano zomshado. Ichazwe ku-Lesser Edda.
Syn
Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi ocelwe ngummangalelwa ecaleni, ukuqapha kanye neqiniso. Wayengomunye wabasizi bakankulunkulukazi uFrigg. Wayengumgcini womnyango lapho ayevimbela khona ukungena kwalabo ababengeyona ingxenye yawo. Yachazwa ku-Prose Edda nasezinkondlweni ze-skaldic.
I-Idunn
Ichazwa kuphela ku-Poetic Edda naku-Prose Edda. Wayengunkosikazi kankulunkulu uBragi, wayephethe ukunakekela ama-apula esifubeni esasinikeza onkulunkulu ubusha baphakade.
I-Vanir
Owayehlala esibhakabhakeni ekuqaleni kwakungu-Aesir, nokho kwakukhona nabanye onkulunkulu abantu baseNordic ababebahlonipha, njengoba kuthiwa amandla olwandle, umoya, amahlathi namandla emvelo, ayebizwa ngokuthi i-Vanir. Ubonakala ngokuhlala eVanaheim.
Njøror
Kuthiwa ungunkulunkulu wezwe elivundile kanye nogu lolwandle, i-nautical kanye ne-navigation. Ngakho ibonakala ngokuthi yiyona ebusa umoya, ulwandle nomlilo. Umkakhe kwakunguSkaoi kanti izingane zakhe kwakunguFrey noFreyja.
Ngokokunye ukulandisa kwezinganekwane zamaNorse, wayehlala eNóatún, indawo yokuhlala e-Asgard. Ubuye ahlotshaniswe nokuzala, njengawo wonke amaVanir. Yena nezingane zakhe babeyingxenye ye-Aesir, njengabathunjwa beVanir, ngemuva kwempi phakathi kwalaba ababili.
Ukuba yilabo bathunjwa abathathwa njengomndeni wezicukuthwane nabaholi abasemthethweni, nakuba bengakhululekile ukuthi bahambe bayovikela izintshisekelo ezisungulwe esivumelwaneni sokuthula. Funda kabanzi mayelana I-Orpheus.
Skadi
Kubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wasebusika kanye nomzingeli onomnsalo. Inzalo kaJazi omkhulu futhi ibulawa i-Aesir, yalibangisa e-Asgard ukuyoziphindiselela. U-Odin wacela ukubeka amehlo kayise njengezinkanyezi futhi akhethe unkulunkulu, ngombandela wokuthi ukhetha kuphela ngokubheka izinyawo zalabo abazobhapathizwa.
Ngakho-ke, wayefuna ukukhetha u-Baldr, kodwa ekugcineni wenza iphutha futhi wakhetha uNjoror, nakuba babengadalelwene, ngakho bagcina behlukene. Amanye ama-akhawunti wezinganekwane zamaNorse achaza ukuthi washada no-Ullr nabanye ukuthi wayenezingane ezihlukahlukene no-Odin.
UFrey
Indodana kaNjoror kanye nomfowabo kaFreyja. Ubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wemvula, ilanga eliphumayo nokuzala. Ubuye wahlala eVanaheim. Wayephethe inkemba yasehlobo, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Summarbrander, njengoba yayihamba futhi ilwa yodwa emoyeni. Nokho, wamshiya ukuze anqobe intombi engumdondoshiya uGerda.
Futhi wayenengulube yegolide ebizwa ngokuthi i-Gullinbursti, okwakuyisipho esivela kuma-dwarves uSindri no-Brokk. Lokhu kwakudonsa inqola ngesivinini esikhulu, okufana nehhashi lapho ligabavula, lapho ukukhanya okwakukhanya khona ebusuku. Futhi, lo nkulunkulu wayenesikebhe, esibizwa ngokuthi i-Skíoblaonir nehhashi elalingazinaki izithiyo. Eqinisweni, wayengunkulunkulu oyintandokazi yama-elves futhi engomunye wabavelele kakhulu ebuqabani baseNorse.
Wayehlotshaniswa nobukhosi obungcwele, ubudoda, ukuchuma, ilanga kanye nesimo sezulu esihle. Baze bammelela njengonkulunkulu wenzalo oletha ukuthula nenjabulo kubantu abafayo. Wabuye wacelwa ukuba athole isivuno esihle.
UFreyja
Ngokusho kwe-Eddas, wayemelelwe njengonkulunkulukazi wothando, ubuhle nokuzala, ngakho-ke baya kuye ukuze bathole injabulo othandweni, ukusiza ukubeletha futhi babe nezinkathi ezivumayo.
Wabuye wahlotshaniswa nempi, ukufa, imilingo, iziprofetho nengcebo. Ngokusho kokunye ukulandisa, uyena owathola ingxenye yalabo abafa ezimpini zesigodlo sakhe, iFólkvanger, kanti u-Odin nguyena owayenabanye eValhalla. Yena, kanye noFrigg, babengonkulunkulukazi abakhulu bezinganekwane zamaNorse, ngakho bamelelwa njengabaphathi be-Ásynjur.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-Aesir noVanir
Enye yezincazelo eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nakho kokubili ukuthi ama-Aesir ayengamaqhawe, kuyilapho iVanir yayibhekwa njengenokuthula. Nokho, kukhona onkulunkulu abayingxenye yakho kokubili.
Amanye ama-akhawunti wezinganekwane zamaNorse, mayelana neVanir, abonisa ukuthi ayehlotshaniswa kakhulu nomlingiswa wasemhlabeni, ngokuphathelene nokutshala, isimo sezulu nokuvuna. Ngenkathi ama-Aesir ayengonkulunkulu abahlobene nezindaba ezingokomoya.
Phakathi kwamaqembu amabili, isivumelwano sokuthula sikhona, ukushintshana kwabathunjwa kanye nemishado eyenzeka phakathi kwabo, ngemva kokulwa isikhathi eside, lapho u-Aesir anqoba khona. Eqinisweni, yilokho okwabangela ukuthi uNjord aye e-Asgard ukuze abe khona nezingane zakhe ezimbili, uFrey noFreyja okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla. Kanye noHoenir, umfowabo ka-Odin, owaya eVanaheim.
Izifundo ezahlukahlukene ezizungeze izinganekwane zamaNorse zibheka ukuthi lobu budlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu womabili buwuphawu lwendlela onkulunkulu bezizwe zase-Indo-European abathathela ngayo onkulunkulu bemvelo bangaphambili bezifiki zokuqala.
Ngokufanayo, abanye abacwaningi bachaza ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili buwukubonakaliswa kwaseNorway kuphela kokuhlukaniswa konkulunkulu phakathi kwama-Indo-Europeans, afana nalawo ama-Olympians kanye namaTitans of mythology yamaGreki. Funda kabanzi mayelana ne- abalingiswa bezinganekwane.
AbakwaJotuns
Ezaziwa nangokuthi imidondoshiya, zazibhekwa njengezidalwa eziyingozi enkulu kubantu. Babehlotshaniswa ne-Titans yezinganekwane zamaGreki. Okungukuthi babeyizidalwa ezimbi nezinkulu kakhulu, nakuba babenokuhlakanipha okubanzi nengcebo, beyinzuzo ngezikhathi ezithile konkulunkulu.
Imvelaphi yabo evela endaweni yonke ihlotshaniswa nokwakheka komzimba kaYmir, ngisho nabanye babo babenobuhle obuthile. UYmir, owayebizwa nangokuthi u-Aurgelmir, nguye owasungula uhlanga lwemidondoshiya, engumlingiswa ovelele ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse.
Ukuhlangana phakathi konkulunkulu kanye nemidondoshiya yezinganekwane zaseNorse
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ingxenye ethile ye-Aesir yizingane zamaJotun, ngoba imishado yenziwa phakathi kwamaqembu womabili.Ngale ndlela, imidondoshiya ethile echazwe ku-Eddas, imelwe njengamandla emvelo.
Ngakho kukhona ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwama-giants, lezi yiqhwa nomlilo. Babonakala ngokuba nobutha obungenakuphikwa nonkulunkulu, ngokusebenzisa izimpi ezazinoThor njengomholi oyinhloko. Futhi ngesikhathi seRagnarok, amandla okubhubhisa ayeholwa ama-giants Surt noHrym.
U-Surt
Kuthathwa njengomunye wabaphambili bomlilo eMuspelheim, indawo yomlilo. Phakathi noRagnarok, izixuku zakhe zaya endaweni esenyakatho ngendlela yomoya oseningizimu ukuze zibhubhise onkulunkulu.
hrym
Lesi siqhwaga sasingukapteni womkhumbi iNaglfar. Phakathi noRagnarok, wahamba ngomkhumbi phakathi kweJotunheim eya enkundleni yempi yaseVigrid, ethwele imidondoshiya, lapho ayezongqubuzana khona nonkulunkulu.
Amanye ama-akhawunti wezinganekwane zamaNorse achaza uLoki ehola abantu baseHela, kuyilapho uHrym ehola imidondoshiya, uVigrid, ngemva kwabasemlilo, uJormungandr kanye nempisi uFenrir.
ezinye izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezivela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
Norns
Ziyimimoya yabesifazane, lapho ziyi-Urd eyinhloko, ehlobene nesiphetho nokuthi kwenzekeni, i-Verdandi, emele okwenzekayo ngalesi sikhathi kanye ne-Skul, nalokho okufanele kwenzeke, empeleni kubizwa nangokuthi kamuva njengengxenye yeValkyries.
Izincazelo zakhe ze-Eddas, zilandisa ukuthi kwakukhona ama-nornir amaningi, okwakungabantwana futhi ahlanganiswa nabantu abathile. Nokho, kukhona nocwaningo ngendaba yokuthi zihlobene nesiphetho, ukuze okwedlule, okwamanje kanye nekusasa kuhlanganiswe ukuze kungahlukani namaNorn avelele.
Enye yezici zale mimoya yezinganekwane zamaNorse ukuthi ihlala ngaphansi kwezimpande zomuthi womlotha womuthi wokuphila, owaziwa nangokuthi yiYggdrasil. Lapho bahlanganisa ama-tapestries we-destines futhi banisela ngamanzi kanye nobumba oluvela emthonjeni wase-Urd, ukuze kugcinwe uhlaza lwesihlahla somlotha.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphila komuntu ngamunye kuhlanganisa intambo engutsheni yakhe yokweluka futhi ubude bentambo ngayinye bumelela ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Ngakho ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse yonke into iyala, njengoba ngisho nonkulunkulu banama-tapestries abo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaNorn awabavumeli ukuba bababone.
Ngale ndlela, kuchazwa ukuthi onkulunkulu nabo baba nesiphetho sabo, njengoba kwasungulwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse. I-Norns ihlotshaniswa ne-Fates of mythology yamaGreki kanye ne-Fates of mythology yamaRoma. Zihlobene futhi ne-dísir (izidalwa zaphezulu zabesifazane) kanye nama-valkyries, ezino-Odin njengomholi wazo. Yazi futhi nge- Izinganekwane zamaGrikhi.
Ama-Valkyries
Bakha izinhlangano zabesifazane ezincane ezisebenzela u-Odin, ezithola ama-oda avela kuFreyja. Okwakunenjongo yokukhetha amaqhawe alabo abawa ezimpini futhi wabaqondisa eValhalla ukuze babe yi-Einherjer.
Ngakho-ke, u-Odin nguye owabakhetha, babonakala ngobuhle babo futhi ngoba babengamaqhawe anamandla ayekwazi ukuphulukisa noma yikuphi ukulimala. Lapho bethatha amaqhawe awile empini bewayisa eValhalla, baphakela uMead futhi bawajabulisa ngendlela ayemahle ngayo. Kwadingeka babe izintombi futhi behlala eVingólf, eseduze neValhalla.
ama-dwarves nama-elves
Ebantwini abaziwa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, la maqembu amabili ayatholakala. Ngokuqondene nama-dwarves, ayewuhlanga olwavela ezimpethuni ezadla isidumbu sikaYmir, lapho ebulawa onkulunkulu ekuqaleni kwesikhathi.
Babonakala ngokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi e-Svartalfheim, kanye nokusebenza kakhulu ngezimayini kanye ne-metallurgy. Futhi banobuhlakani obufihliwe futhi obungcwele, abenza ngazo izikhali zemilingo ezinikezwe amaqhawe nezinto zamandla amakhulu onkulunkulu.
Ngokuqondene nama-elves, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-alpha, ngesikhathi saseScandinavia ayenezigaba ezimbili, okwakungama-alpha akhanyayo, aziwa ngokuthi ama-ljósálfar, ahlala esibhakabhakeni, nama-alpha amnyama, aziwa ngokuthi ama-svartálfar.
Eqinisweni, babengabhekwa njengama-elves, kodwa njengabalingiswa abafana nama-dwarves, ngakho babeyinyunyana phakathi kokubili. Kwezinye izindaba zezinganekwane zamaNorse, kuchazwa ukuthi kwakunomfanekiso ohloniphekile wama-elves amade namahle, kamuva aziwa ngokuthi mancane futhi anonya.
Kunezinganekwane lapho lezi zidalwa zihlobene namadoda ngendlela engaqondakali, ngoba zazibangela izifo kuzo noma zingabavuna. Babephinde babe nomcimbi womhlatshelo owawuba ekupheleni kwekwindla, obuye ubizwe ngokuthi yizinhlamvu zezinhlamvu.
Izilo
Omunye wabalingiswa abavelele ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse impisi iFenrir, eyayinobukhulu obukhulu, nenyoka yasolwandle iJormungandr, eyayizungeza umhlaba. Bobabili baze bachazwe njengenzalo kaLoki kanye ne-giantess Angrboda.
Kwakukhona nezinye izidalwa zalesi sitayela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, lapho uHugin noMunin bagqama khona, behlotshaniswa nomcabango nenkumbulo. Okwakungamagwababa amabili u-Odin ayenawo futhi amhlebela ukuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni, ngemva kokuwuhamba.
Esinye sezidalwa zezinganekwane zamaNorse, okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, i-Ratatosk, okwakuyingwejeje eyayigibela izimpande zesihlahla se-Yggdrasil, lapho u-Odin wayelenga khona emagatsheni aso izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye wabe esebheka ama-runes.
Ukufana nezinye izinganekwane
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezinganekwane zesiko ngalinye ukuthi eziningi zazo zivame ukuhlobana, ikakhulukazi ekufananeni kwezinhlamvu zabo kanye nenganekwane yamaNorse ingenye yazo. Nokho, kulokhu ukungqubuzana okuvamile kokuhle nokubi kwesiko laseMpumalanga Ephakathi akuzange kwenzeke, njengoba onkulunkulu namandla ababewamelela kwakungefani, bengonkulunkulu babaseScandinavia njengamandla.
Ngale ndlela, uLoki wayengeyena ngempela umphikisi wezithixo, imidondoshiya ngezinye izikhathi yayingeyimbi, inamandla nje futhi ingaphucuzekile. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindaba azichazi okuhle ngokumelene nokubi, kodwa kunalokho ukuhleleka ngokumelene nesiphithiphithi. Ukuba onkulunkulu labo abahlotshaniswa nokuhleleka nokwakheka, kuyilapho imidondoshiya nezilo kuhlobene nesiphithiphithi nokuphazamiseka.
Abanye bonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi bezinganekwane zamaNorse nabo bahlobene nezinganekwane ezivelele, kanye namaGreki namaRoma, ngomehluko wokuthi ngamunye wabo ugxile esikweni labo.
I-Voluspá
Okuhlobene nemvelaphi nesiphetho sezwe lezinganekwane zamaNorse kuchazwe kulokho abakubiza ngokuthi iVoluspá. Lena inkondlo ye-Poetic Edda, lapho indaba yendalo ibonakala kuze kube sekupheleni, ngaphansi kokulandisa kwe-volva noma umboni, okuqondiswe ku-Odin.
Ngale ndlela, ingenye yezinkondlo eziyinhloko ze-Poetic Edda, lapho ivesi ngalinye lakhiwe izindaba zezinganekwane zamaNorse. Ngakho u-Odin wahlanganisa umoya we-volva eshonile futhi wamyala ukuba enze isambulo sesikhathi esedlule nekusasa.
amakhosi namaqhawe
Ngaphezu kwalaba balingisi okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla, izinganekwane zamaNorse zibuye zichaze izinganekwane zamaqhawe namakhosi. Abaningi babo yibona abadala imindeni nemibuso, kukhona abagagulayo ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi eminye yayo yayikhona emandulo.
Ngayinye ichazwa ngokuya ngendawo yezwe lamaJalimane elihlanganiswayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- Siegfried: owaziwa nangokuthi uSigurd, owabulala udrako futhi wageza egazini lakhe, waba ngongafi.
- I-Weyland: Eyaziwa nangokuthi uVolundr, othathwa njengengcweti yomkhandi wensimbi nengcweti, izindaba zakhe zichazwe ku-Poetic Edda nakweminye imithombo yezinkondlo yaseJalimane.
- Bodvar Bjarky- Omunye wama-berserkers abuthwa ngu-Hrólfr Kraki, iqhawe lamaViking kusukela kuNkathi ye-Vendel.
- UHagbard: futhi iViking yaseScandinavia ngeNkathi yeVendel, umfowabo ka-Haki nenzalo kaHamun. Kwezinye izindaba uchazwa njengenkosi yasolwandle yezinganekwane zamaNorse.
- inkanyezi: elinye lamaqhawe amaViking, elichazwe ngokugcizelela kuyi-Gesta Danorum kanye nesaga sase-Icelandic.
- Ragnar Lodbrok: Inkosi yaseNorway, iSweden, neDenmark eyabusa phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
- I-Sigurd Ring: Inkosi yaseSweden naseDenmark.
- Ivar Vidfamne: inkosi yaseSweden, iNorway, iDenmark, iSagonia nezinye izindawo zaseNgilandi.
- UHarald Hiditonn: Inkosi yeSweden yanamuhla, iDenmark, iNorway, nezinye izindawo eJalimane.
- Skaldmos: abesifazane ababengamaqhawe, abaziwa ngamaqhawekazi.
Uma ubunentshisekelo olwazini olukulesi sihloko, ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo yokwazi ngezinganekwane zeCeltic.