Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana Izinganekwane zeNordic ezaziwa kakhulu ngalezi zidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ezithathe amandla azo ngokusebenzisa ama-apula e-Iðunn, zafeza izimfanelo zazo, sikumema ukuthi uvakashele lokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Yiziphi izinganekwane zamaNorse?
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi lezi zinganekwane zihlanganisa izinkolelo, inkolo kanye nezinganekwane zabantu baseJalimane, ikakhulukazi abaseScandinavia, ukuze uzwe noma ufunde amagama abhekisela kumaJalimane noma aseScandinavia futhi ahambisane nalezi zinganekwane zaseNordic ezithakazelisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinganekwane zamaNorse zivela ezinganekwaneni zase-Indo-European, okwakuwukudluliselwa kwesiko lomlomo. Kamuva, ngenxa yezindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni aseBrittany, e-Iceland, eHispania naseGaul, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba kuqoqwe imithombo yokwaziswa ngokubhala ngenjongo yokuyilondoloza.
Ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic, izinkolelo nezinganekwane ezahlanganyelwa lezi zizwe ezazihlala endaweni esenyakatho zigcinwa, ngoba ezinye izizwe zaseNordic azizange zihlanganyele lezi zinganekwane, njengoba kunjalo neqembu lesizwe sama-Uralic.
Yakhiwe amaLapps, ama-Estonian namaFinns, kancane kancane yiqembu lesizwe saseBaltic elakhiwa amaLithuanians namaLatvians njengoba babenezinganekwane zabo nakuba ngandlela thize okufanayo.
Ngokuqondene nezinganekwane zaseNordic, yayingekho inkolo eyanikezwa onkulunkulu kubantu, kodwa ezinganekwaneni abantu abafayo batshelwa ukuthi bavakashelwa onkulunkulu, kwakungekho ngisho nencwadi engcwele njengakwamanye amasiko, njengoba ukudluliselwa kwayo ngomlomo. ngezinkondlo ezazizinde.
Ngokuphathelene nezinganekwane zaseNordic, zazidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngisho nangesikhathi esisukela kumaVikings futhi ukuba khona kwawo kwaziwa.
Sibonga abakwa-Edda ababeyizinhlanganisela ezihlobene nalezi zinganekwane ezithakazelisayo kanye neminye imibhalo yenkathi ephakathi eyabhalwa ngesikhathi sobuKristu.
Ngakho-ke lezi zinganekwane zaseNordic ziyingxenye yesiko laseScandinavia futhi namuhla kungabonakala ukuthi zigcina amasiko athile asukela kuleso sikhathi sasendulo kuyilapho amanye aphinde athathwa ngenxa ye-neopaganism yamaJalimane ezama ukwakha kabusha inkolo yasendulo yalezi zizwe.
Ngokufanayo, izinganekwane zaseNordic zifakazelwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezincwadi nasemafilimini alalelwayo, adonsela ukunaka kwababukeli abanezinganekwane eziyingxenye yezinganekwane zaseNordic futhi ngalesi sihloko uzofunda mayelana ngamunye wabo, ngakho-ke sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda. .
Mayelana nokudalwa kweCosmos
Ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, umhlaba ufanekiselwa i-flat disc futhi utholakala emagatsheni esihlahla esikhulu esaziwa ngokuthi i-Yggdrasil, esinesibopho sokugcina inani lemihlaba eyisishiyagalolunye nezidalwa ezimangalisayo ezihlala emhlabeni ngamunye.
Ezimpandeni zalesi sihlahla esicwilisiwe, ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, kwakukhona udrako owaziwa ngegama likaNidhogg owayephethe ukuququda izimpande zaleso sihlahla esikhulukazi ukuze afinyelele ukhozi oluqanjwe kuso ngokuthi iRagnarök futhi etholakala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yesihlahla esishiwo.
Lolu khozi olukhulu lwaluphethe ukuqapha imihlaba eyisishiyagalolunye kanti ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse kuthiwa le nyoni enkulu yayinokheshe owawuphakathi kwamashiya futhi ubizwa ngokuthi iVeörfölnir, okuyiyona ebhekele ukubheka konke ukunyakaza kokhozi. .
Esinye sezilwane ezitholakala ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic squirrel okuthiwa u-Ratatösk ophethe ukugijima kusukela ezimpandeni kuya phezulu kwesihlahla esikhulu, lesi silwane esincane siphethe ukuhlwanyela ukungezwani phakathi kukadrako nokhozi ngezindaba ezingamanga .
Kunomhlaba onegama lika-Asgard okuyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke esibhakabhakeni lapho kwakuhlala khona onkulunkulu futhi enkabeni ye-flat disk, ukuze kufinyelelwe kulo mhlaba, kwakudingeka ukuhamba phakathi kothingo lwenkosazana. kwakuwuhlobo lwebhuloho elaziwa ngokuthi i-Bifrost.
Le ndlela yayigadwe nguHeimdall owayeyindodana ka-Odin futhi owayezwa kahle kakhulu ngaphezu kombono wakhe omkhulu, okwakunguye owayexwayisa ngophondo lwakhe olukhulu lapho noma yimuphi unkulunkulu ewela uthingo. Ngokuqondene neziqhwaga ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaNorse zazitholakala eJötunheim.
Kwakukhona omunye umhlaba owawubanda futhi umnyama owathola igama elithi Niflheim futhi ngaphakathi kwalesi sikhala kwakukhona indawo ebizwa ngokuthi iHelheim eyayibuswa uHela indodakazi kaLoki ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse ikakhulukazi i-Prose Edda kule ndawo abafile bahlala.
Yayiseningizimu yombuso oshisayo wase-Muspelheim okwakuyikhaya lezidlamlilo ezinkulu, u-Surt owayenamandla kakhulu kuzo kanye nomholi wazo.
Omunye wemibuso eyayiyingxenye yale cosmos kwakuyi-Alfheim, okwakuyindawo yokuhlala ama-elves okukhanya aziwa ngokuthi i-ljósálfar futhi ayengama-elves anobuhle obungenakuqhathaniswa. Esikhundleni salokho kwakukhona omunye umhlaba wama-elves amnyama aziwa ngokuthi i-Svartálfaheim ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse lawa ma-elves okugcina ayengemahle futhi esebenzisa umlingo omnyama.
Phakathi kwemihlaba ye-Asgard ne-Niflheim kwakungomunye umhlaba owawaziwa ngegama elithi Midgard, lesi sikhala sasiyindawo ephansi yesibhakabhaka futhi kwakuhlala abantu abafayo, okungukuthi, abantu. Ukubaluleka kwesimiso esimbaxambili kungafakazelwa ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic, ngakho iLanga laliwunkulunkulukazi obizwa ngokuthi uSól.
Wayephethe ukuhamba kokusa egibele ihhashi elidonswe yihhashi kuyilapho u-Sköll emelela ubumnyama lapho inyanga yayikhona futhi eyimpisi eyaxosha unkulunkulukazi uSól ukuze imshwabadele.
Lempisi yayibizwa ngokuthi iHati kanti uMáni kwakuyigama lenyanga ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, ngakho ngokwenganekwane njalo lapho uHati eseduze nonkulunkulukazi uMáni ukuze amshwabadele, ukusitheka kwenyanga kwakusenzeka esibhakabhakeni.
Ngokunjalo, ububili bezinganekwane zamaNorse bubonwa kule mihlaba emibili: iNiflheim, okwakuyizwe elimnyama nelibandayo lapho udrako ayehlala khona, kanye neMuspelheim, okwakuyindawo egcwele umlilo, ikhaya leziqhwaga zomlilo.
Ukuvumela eminye imihlaba ukuthi iqale, lapho umcabango wemetaphysical of duality uqashelwa khona ukuze ukwazi ukudala indawo yonke ngokusebenzisa izinganekwane ezivezwe ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse.
Izidalwa Ezingaphezu Kwemvelo Ezinganekwaneni ZaseNorse
U-Odin wayengunkulunkulu onesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu futhi enguyise wabo bonke ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse njengoba kwabanye onkulunkulu kwakukhona izigaba ezintathu ezibizwa ngokuthi u-AEsir, uVanir okwakungeyezinto zemvelo kanye noJotum okwakuyimidondoshiya.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwezinganekwane zabo, abantu balesi siko samaNordic bakhulekela imindeni emibili yonkulunkulu, eyokuqala kwakungu-AEsir, okwakungonkulunkulu besilisa nonkulunkulukazi besifazane abahlotshaniswa negama elithi Asynjur. Laba nkulunkulu bebephethe ukuhlanganisa umhlangano futhi usihlalo uholwa ngu-Odin onamandla.
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseNordic, phakathi kwalaba nkulunkulu kwakukhona uThor, owayefanekisela iThunder, wasebenzisa amagilavu ensimbi nesando sakhe okuthiwa uMjolnir, wayenebhande lemilingo, wayengunkulunkulu wamandla, wayeseduze no-Odin ngokwezinga.
U-Balder wamlandela, enye indodana ka-Odin imelela ubuhle nokuhlakanipha, uThire wayengunkulunkulu wesibindi, wayengunkulunkulu owanikela ngesandla sakhe ukuze abanye onkulunkulu bakwazi ukubopha impisi enkulu okuthiwa uFenrir. UBragi wayengunkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha nokukhuluma. UHeimdall wayeyindodana yezintombi eziyisishiyagalolunye kanye no-Odin.
Lo nkulunkulu ungumqaphi wabanye onkulunkulu ngoba ulala kancane futhi ukushaya uphondo olukhulu kuzwakala noma kuphi emhlabeni noma esibhakabhakeni.
U-Höör wayengunkulunkulu oyimpumputhe owabulala umfowabo u-Balder ngomcibisholo wesitshalo okuthiwa i-mistletoe, okwakuwukuphela kwesitshalo esasingamlimaza.
Nokho, umama ka-Odin ekuzalweni kukaBalder wenza zonke izidalwa eziphilayo noma ezingenasici zithembisa ukuthi ngeke zilimaze indodana yakhe ethandekayo, kodwa ukhohlwe isitshalo esincane esasiyi-mistletoe.
Ngakho-ke u-Loki, owayekhathele ukuzicabangela kuka-Balder nokungabi sengozini, wanika u-Höör umcibisholo owenziwe kulesi sitshalo futhi wamsiza ngokuwuphonsa kunkulunkulu owayeyimpumputhe, wamthinta umfowabo futhi wambulala.
Khona-ke u-Loki wajeziswa u-Odin lapho embophela khona ematsheni amakhulu amathathu futhi wayala inyoka ukuba ikhafulele ubuthi ebusweni bukaLoki ngezikhathi ezithile, okwambangela ubuhlungu obubi ngaphezu kokukhubazeka kobuso bakhe.
Omunye unkulunkulu kwakunguVidar, owayengunkulunkulu we-taciturn, owayephethe ukuxazulula noma yikuphi ukungqubuzana, wayenalelo khono njengoba izinganekwane zamaNorse ziphawula. UVáli wayengunkulunkulu owayemelela abacibisheli futhi umgomo wakhe wawungenakunqotshwa. U-Ull wayengunkulunkulu owayemelela ukulwa okuseduze.
UForseti ungunkulunkulu wokuzwana nobungane. Ngokuqondene noLoki, wayengunkulunkulu wezinxushunxushu, weza neshwa neshwa labo bonke abakwa-AEsir, ngisho nesintu, wayengunkulunkulu onobuqili futhi ophambanayo kanye nokungabikezeleki, oguquguqukayo, ozinikele kakhulu emangeni namaqhinga.
Ngokuqondene nonkulunkulu besifazane ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, kwakukhona uFrigg owayengumboni futhi engunkosikazi ka-Odin obabazekayo, u-Eir owayengumelaphi, unkulunkulukazi uSiöfn owayethwala imicabango yabantu ewubhekise emzweni wothando. U-Var wayengunkulunkulu owayemelela izifungo.
Unkulunkulukazi u-Syn ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse wayengumqaphi wamasango, u-Iðunn wayengunkulunkulukazi owayegcina ama-apula angenza onkulunkulu babe basha futhi, lapho amandla amakhulu kaNkulunkulu ngamunye ayengumfazi kaBragi.
Isigaba sesibili sonkulunkulu I-Vanir
Ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, onkulunkulu bokuqala besibhakabhaka kwakungu-Aesir, kodwa ngokwesiko labo babephinde bakhulekele abanye onkulunkulu ababevela olwandle, emahlathini, emoyeni, namandla akhishwa imvelo. Laba nkulunkulu babaziwa ngegama elithi Vanir futhi babehlala eVanaheim.
Laba nkulunkulu, ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, babebusa izindawo zabo, ngakho uNjörör wayephethe amandla okubusa umoya nolwandle ngaphezu komlilo, umkakhe kwakunguSkaöj, owayengunkulunkulu ozingelayo.
UFrey obephethe imvula nelanga. Kwacelwa abantu ukuthi bathole isivuno esihle kakhulu njengoba bekumele ukuzala. UFrevja wayengunkulunkulukazi wothando futhi bobabili babengabantwana bakhe.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi konkulunkulu u-AEsir noVanir
Kulokhu kusebenzisana, isimiso esimbaxambili sezinganekwane zaseNordic sikhona, njengoba onkulunkulu bokuqala ababemelelwe i-AEsir babengamaqhawe kuyilapho onkulunkulu besibili ababefanekiselwa iVanir babenokuthula futhi kusobala ezinganekwaneni zabo ukuthi kwakukhona onkulunkulu ababengabo. izinhlangothi zombili..
Ngakho-ke, ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaNorse, uFrey noFrevja babenobuso obubili bukankulunkulu ofanayo owahlukana kamuva futhi idumela likankulunkulukazi uFrevja nokufana kwamagama nemisebenzi yabo kwabenza bafana nonkulunkulukazi uFrigg, umka-Odin.
Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa uGeorges Dumézil, umehluko uyabonakala ezenzweni zeVanir, njengoba babephethe ukuhlwanyela, ukuvuna kanye nesimo sezulu, kuyilapho i-AEsir iphethe izindaba ezingokomoya futhi kubusa isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kwabo.
Ngaphezu kokushintshana kwabathunjwa nemishado okwenzeka ngemva kokungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwalaba nkulunkulu futhi impi yanqotshwa i-AEsir, yingakho uNjörd kwadingeka athuthele e-Asgard ukuze ayohlala nomkakhe nezingane ezimbili.
Futhi endaweni yokuhlala yaseVanir, umfowabo ka-Odin okuthiwa uHoenir wakha indawo yakhe yokuhlala, ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaNorse, ukulingisa onkulunkulu abahambisana nemvelo kwenziwa.
Abanye baphawula ukuthi ngokwezinganekwane zama-Indo-European, kwenziwa ukufana komlando wamaGreki ngokuphathelene nempi phakathi konkulunkulu base-Olympus namaTitans noma ngisho nokubhekana kwamaHindu namaMahabharata.
AmaJotun noma amaGiants
Ayeyingozi kubantu abafayo ngoba amaJotun ayenamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo afana nama-titans ezinganekwane zamaGreki kodwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse nawo ayeqhathaniswa nama-troll noma amademoni ayemabi kakhulu kodwa ayenokuhlakanipha okukhulu ngaphezu kokuba nengcebo abanye onkulunkulu ababehlomula. bona.
Phakathi kwazo kugqama ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic ukudalwa kwendawo yonke emzimbeni ka-Ymir owayengowokuqala walezi ziqhwaga kanye nobuhle obungenakuqhathaniswa besidlakela uGerör owayengunkosikazi kankulunkulu uFreyr, kuthiwa lo wesifazane omuhle wayezokwenza. kube ukumelwa kokuzala njengoba uFreyr wayengunkulunkulu wenzalo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi konkulunkulu namaJotun
Njengoba kufakazelwa ngezinganekwane zamaNorse ezinye zezithixo ze-AEsir zaziyinzalo yamaJotun njengoba kwenziwa izivumelwano zokushada phakathi kwabo.
Okufakazelwa kuma-Eddas futhi kuyizimpawu zemvelo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imidondoshiya yayihlukaniswe yaba imindeni emibili, leyo yomlilo neyeqhwa, igcina ukungqubuzana okunobutha nonkulunkulu.
Ziba ngokoqobo ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic ngokusebenzisa ukungqubuzana okufana nempi okwaholwa nguThor futhi empini ezayo yaseRagnarök amabutho azobe ephethe imbubhiso ayoba ngaphansi kwemiyalo yeziqhwaga uSurt owayengumholi wamadondoshiya omlilo futhi UHrym wayengukapteni womkhumbi omkhulu.
Ezinye izidalwa ezidume kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse
Ngezansi sizochaza ezinye zezinto ezimele kakhulu ezinye izinganekwane zamaNorse:
Norns
Eyaziwa nangokuthi igama elithi nornir ngokwezinganekwane zaseNordic, babephethe ukusho ikusasa futhi babengenakuhlehliswa futhi kuthiwa babebaningi emlandweni, esikhathini esisukela kumaScandinavians, izifunda ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu. ziyafakazelwa, ezihlala ezimpandeni ze-Yggdrasill.
Njengoba bengu-Urör omele okwenzekile, u-Veröandi okwamanje kanye nalokho okwenzekayo njengamanje kanye no-Skuld ebhekisela esikhathini esizayo ukuthi kuzokwenzekani, babephethe ukuphotha isiphetho samadoda ngama-tapestries futhi njengoba amaqhawe asebenzisa imicu yegolide qamba ikusasa lakho.
Lawa ma-spinner ayehlobene ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse nama-dísir okwakungabantu besifazane ababehlobene nokufa kwabantu kanye nama-Valkyries ayengaphansi komyalo we-Odin enkulu futhi ayehlobene nekusasa elalibaluleke kakhulu esikweni.
Ama-Valkyries
Laba balingisi besifazane abavelele badlala indima enkulu ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse futhi bakhethwa ngu-Odin ngokwakhe. Lezi zibalo zesifazane, ngaphezu kokuba zizinhle, zazingamaqhawe anamandla anamakhono okuphulukisa.
Umsebenzi walaba besifazane abahle kwakuwukuyisa eValhalla amaqhawe ayewa empini ayeqokwe u-Odin kuleyo ndawo abawathamela kuyo futhi bawaphuzisa imifino kanye nokuthakazelisa amadoda ngobuhle bawo obukhulu ngokwezinganekwane zamanorse.
Ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, amaValkyries ayeyizintombi nto futhi ehlala eVingólf, eyayiseduze kweValhalla, nakuba ayekhethwe u-Odin ngokwakhe, ayengaphansi kwemiyalo kankulunkulukazi uFreyja.
The Dwarfs kanye Ama-Elves
Eminye yezinhlanga ezikhethekile ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse kwakuyizimpungushe, njengoba kuthiwa zaziyizimpethu ezaziguquke zaba abantu abancane lapho ziphuma enyameni kaYmir. Umdondoshiya owabulawa onkulunkulu ekuqaleni kwesikhathi ngokwenganekwane yamaNorse.
Lezi zidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo zihlala ngaphansi komhlaba emhlabeni owaziwa ngokuthi i-Svartalfheim futhi omunye wemisebenzi yazo eyinhloko ukumba izimayini ngaphezu kwe-metallurgy. Bahlakaniphe kakhulu ukuze bakwazi ukwakha izikhali ngezenzo zemilingo zamaqhawe kanye nezinto ezinamandla zonkulunkulu, okuhlanganisa isando sikaThor.
Ngokuqondene nama-elves ngokwenkathi yaseScandinavia, ama-alpha okukhanya aziwa ngokuthi i-liosalfar ahlukaniswa abe imindeni emibili, ehlala esibhakabhakeni lapho kuhlala khona uFrey, lo mhlaba ubizwa ngokuthi i-Alfheim.
Umndeni wesibili wawaziwa ngokuthi u-álfar omnyama futhi bazihlonze ngegama elilandelayo elithi svartálfar nelithi dökkálfar. Lawa ma-elves esibili empeleni ayeyinhlobonhlobo yama-dwarfs ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse njengoba kwakuyingxube phakathi kwama-elves nama-dwarves.
Nokho, ngokwezinganekwane zaseNordic, ama-elves abhalwa njengabantu abancane futhi abababazekayo, kodwa ngesiko lamaNordic ehliswa isitebhisi aze abe izidalwa ezinkulu ezinobude obufushane.
Okufakazelwa ngakho ezincwadini zikaWilliam Shakespeare futhi ubudlelwano balezi zidalwa namadoda bumbaxambili njengazo zonke izinganekwane zamaNorse njengoba zikwazi ukuletha ingcebo kanye nokuba ngumgqugquzeli wezifo namashwa ekupheleni kwekwindla. inkathi, wenza iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu.
Izidalwa noma Izilo
Bangezinye izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezidonsela ukunaka ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse futhi phakathi kwazo oyinhloko impisi enkulu okuthiwa iFenrir kanye nenyoka yasolwandle ezungeza umhlaba okuthiwa i-Jörmungandr.
Zombili izidalwa zasenganekwaneni zingabantwana bakankulunkulu uLoki kanye nomdondoshiya u-Angrboda owayengumthakathi omkhulu ngaphandle kokukhohlwa uHela, umbusi wezwe elingaphansi kwesiko lamaNorse.
Kukhona ezinye izidalwa ezithanda ukuzitika, njengoHugin noMunin, okwakungamagwababa amabili ayephethe ukuqoqa izindaba emhlabeni futhi azidlulisele ku-Odin ngomcabango nangenkumbulo ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse.
Ngaphezu kwe-Ratatösk, ingwejeje ephethe ukwehla nokwenyuka esihlahleni esikhulu esiyinkambo eyinhloko yendawo yonke. Kuyisihlahla esihle esibizwa ngokuthi i-Yggdrasil, isihlahla sokuphila noma isihlahla somlotha seNdawo Yonke.Kuthiwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ukuthi u-Odin walenga izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye emagatsheni awo futhi weza ngawo ukuze abone ngeso lengqondo ama-runes.
Esinye sezilwane noma izidalwa zasezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ihhashi elinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili elalisetshenziswa u-Odin futhi wayeyindodana kaLoki lapho eba yinsikazi futhi ekhulelwe ihhashi elaliphethwe umdondoshiya omkhulu ngoba kuthiwa unkulunkulu. wesiphithiphithi kanye lokudlela kwaba hermaphrodite.
Ukufana nezinye izinganekwane
Ngokuphathelene nezinganekwane zamaNorse, azinakho ukungqubuzana phakathi kokuhle nokubi kwamasiko atholakala eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngoba onkulunkulu babenamandla amakhulu aqashelwa njengesifunda.
Ngakho-ke, unkulunkulu uLoki akayena nje isitha sezithixo zaseNorse, njengoba kunjalo ngoThor, futhi imidondoshiya ayimbi, kodwa kunalokho inomoya ophansi futhi ongaphucukile ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, futhi ukwakheka kwesisekelo sabo kuwukuhleleka ngokumelene nezinxushunxushu.
Onkulunkulu baseNordic bangama-oda ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi uLoki kanye nemidondoshiya kanye nezilo noma izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo zimelela isiphithiphithi nokuphazamiseka kulezi zinganekwane zezinganekwane zaseNordic.
Umsuka Nokuphela Kwezwe: Völuspá
Zichazwa ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse encwadini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Völuspá ehumusha ngokuthi Isiprofetho SaseVölva noma Sibyl futhi ingenye yezinkondlo ezaziwa kakhulu kuyi-Poetic Edda.
Kula mavesi lapho kukhululwa khona izinganekwane zamaNorse ngokuphathelene nenkolo kanye nokubhujiswa okungenzeka kwezwe. Ngakho-ke, e-Völuspá Odín iyisigaba esiphakeme kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa umoya we-shaman noma i-sibyl eshonile, ngakho iyala ukuthi iveze okwedlule nekusasa.
Ngokwalezi zinganekwane zaseNordic, le nhlangano esele ifile iyaziveza futhi ayibonisi ukwesaba unkulunkulu u-Odin futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ihlekisa unkulunkulu lapho u-Odin ephikelela kakhulu ekwazini futhi i-sibyl imtshela izimfihlo zesikhathi esidlule kanye ikusasa ngemva kwalokho lilele ekukhohlweni.
Isiqalo
Izinganekwane zaseNordic ziqala ngaphambi kokudalwa komhlaba oneqhwa elaziwa ngegama elithi Niflheim kanye nomhlaba womlilo obizwa ngokuthi iMuspelheim, phakathi kwale mihlaba emibili kwakukhona iGinnungagap, okwakuwumgodi ojulile futhi kule ndawo kwakungekho ukuphila. .
Emhlabeni owaziwa ngokuthi i-Niflheim bekukhona i-cauldron enkulu ebhongayo enegama elithi Hvergelmir elabhodla futhi lapho lihlangana negenge lashintsha laba yiqhwa futhi kwenziwa amafu omhwamuko wamanzi.
Kwelinye lala mabhuloki kwakukhona umdondoshiya okwakuthiwa u-Ymir owakhiwa kulelozwe eliqandisiwe futhi eduze kwakhe nenkomo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Auðumbla futhi kulesi silwane esincelisayo umdondoshiya wawusundla ngobisi.
Inkomo yakhotha ucezu lweqhwa futhi kusukela lapho yathola ukudla okudala ubisi. Kusuka kulo mdondoshiya ogama lakhe lingu-Ymir owayeyi-hermaphrodite futhi izingxenye zakhe eziseduze zahlangana zazala uhlanga lwemidondoshiya.
Njengoba ezalwa unkulunkulu ogama lakhe linguBuri, naye waba nendodana okuthiwa u-Bor owayenguyise we-AEsir yokuqala okungo-Odin nabafowabo u-Vili no-Ve ababulala umdondoshiya u-Ymir futhi ngomzimba wakhe omkhulu badala umhlaba owaziwa ngo. izinganekwane zamanorse
Onkulunkulu baseNordic babephethe ukulawula ukuhamba kwezinsuku nobusuku kanye nezinkathi zonyaka futhi ngokwezinganekwane zaseNordic abantu bokuqala abaqoshwa ngokhuni lwezihlahla.
U-Ask uvela esihlahleni somlotha kanye ne-Embla esihlahleni. izihlahla.
Ngokuqondene nelanga, kwakuwunkulunkulukazi uSól, owawela isibhakabhaka ngenqola yakhe ethwele amahhashi amabili, kuthiwa amahhashi akhe ayebonakalisa ukukhanya futhi unkulunkulukazi wayedlulisela ukushisa ngomzimba wakhe.
Kuthiwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ukuthi unkulunkulukazi uSól uzingelwa yimpisi yakwaSköll emini ukuze imshwabadele kanti umfowabo kankulunkulukazi uSól uyinyanga futhi ubizwa ngokuthi uMáni futhi uxoshwa nenye impisi okuthiwa nguHati.
Umhlaba uvikelwe omunye unkulunkulu ogama lakhe linguSvalin omi phakathi kwemisebe kankulunkulukazi uSól nomhlaba futhi ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse unkulunkulukazi uSól akazange akhiphe ukukhanya kodwa kunalokho wanikwa amahhashi ayewaphethe.
Ngokusho kwe-sibyl okwakunguye owayazi okwamanje, isikhathi esidlule nekusasa, walandisa ukuthi isihlahla somlotha esikhulu i-Yggdrasil kanye nama-norns amathathu ayemelela isiphetho ngaphandle kokukwazi ukushintsha, amagama abo ngu-Urör, Veröandi kanye no-Skuld.
Babehlobene nesikhathi samanje, esidlule nekusasa, babephethe ukuluka izintambo zesiphetho ngaphansi komthunzi wabo ofudumele. Uphinde aphawule ngempi yokuqala phakathi kwe-AEsir neVanir kanjalo nokufa kukaBalder bese egxila kulokho okungenzeka esikhathini esizayo.
I-Ragnarok
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseNordic, umbono olandelayo ohambisana nekusasa awuqiniseki futhi udabukile, ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amandla aletha isiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi ayengaphezu kwalokho ayezonqoba onkulunkulu nababheki babantu ababeyikho. ophethe ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuhle.
Kuthiwa kulezi zinganekwane zamaNorse ukuthi uLoki kanye namadodana akhe amabi babezokwazi ukunqamula izibopho zabo futhi abafileyo bazophuma ngomkhumbi eHelheim ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuhlasela abaphilayo. Mayelana nomnakekeli webhuloho lothingo, uHeimdall nguye owayezophatha ukubiza onkulunkulu ngophondo lwakhe olukhulu.
Ukuze benze impi yokugcina phakathi kokuhleleka nezinxushunxushu ezaziwa ngokuthi uRagnarök futhi njengoba sebevele bazi ukuthi onkulunkulu bangase bahlulwe, yibona abaphethe ukubhalisa amaqhawe aphambili abizwa ngokuthi u-Einherjer ukuthi alwe ngakubo uma isikhathi sifika.
Nakuba kuthiwa kulezi zinganekwane zamaNorse bazophinde bahlulwe empini futhi u-Odin ngokwakhe uzogajwa imihlathi yempisi enkulu uFenrir. Ngemuva kwale mpi kuzoba nabasindile phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu abazobe bephethe ukugcwalisa umhlaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela baqale umjikelezo wempilo.
Konke lokhu kukhulunywa ngamazwi kaSibyl enkondlweni egqamile eyenziwa e-Eddas, abaningi baphawula ukuthi mhlawumbe iyinganekwane enethonya lobuKristu, nakuba abanye bebhala ukuthi ingeye-Persian Zoroastrianism.
Mayelana naMakhosi namaQhawe
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulezi zinganekwane zamaNorse, amaqhawe namakhosi kubhekiselwa kuzo njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezivumela ukusungulwa kwemindeni nemibuso yemvelaphi yesizwe yaleli siko ukuze kuvunyelwe izakhamuzi zakhona ukuba zithole ubuwena njengesizwe ngokusebenzisa izinganekwane ezanika udumo izinganekwane zabo zamaNorse.
Ngakho-ke, kusobala ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ukuthi amaqhawe aphinde avele kuye ngokuthi indaba yamaNorse itshelwa nini ukunikeza ukuhambisana komlando wayo.
Phakathi kwamaqhawe ashiwo nguWeyland Völundr owayeyingcweti yomkhandi wensimbi nomdwebi. USiegfried Sigurd noma uSiegfried owabulala udrako ngezandla zakhe futhi wageza egazini lalesi silwane lapho enza kanjalo waba ongafi.
U-Beowulf noma u-Bödvar Bianchi owayengomunye wabadlali abayishumi nambili ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse kusho ibhere elincane lokulwa elabuthwa iqhawe lamaViking elibizwa ngokuthi u-Hrölfr Kraki ngokwemivubukulo le nganekwane isekelwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhulunywa amanye amaqhawe amakhulu, njengoHagbard owathandana nowesifazane omuhle ogama lakhe linguSigny owayeyindodakazi yenkosi okuthiwa uSigar owabe engumshana wenye inkosi okuthiwa uSiggeir.
Kulezi zinganekwane zaseNordic kufika inganekwane ye-Völsunga saga ngoba lobu buhlobo bothando kamuva buphenduke inhlekelele enkulu ngokufa kwababili abathandanayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zithixo zazingabantu abafayo futhi zazuza amandla abo amakhulu nobusha baphakade ngama-apula unkulunkulukazi u-Iðunn ayewanakekela.
U-Starkad ungomunye wamaqhawe alezi zinganekwane zamaNorse okukhulunywe ngazo ezenzweni ze-Danorum kanye nesaga sase-Ireland, ukuba iqhawe elikhulu kanye nokuba umbhali wenani elikhulu lobugebengu.
U-Ragnar Lodbrok leli qhawe lezinganekwane zaseNorse lathi liyinzalo ye-Odin enamandla futhi lahlasela inani elikhulu labantu abangamaKristu.
Lokhu ukwenze ngesikhathi lezi zakhamuzi zisemicimbini yezenkolo ngenhloso yokuthi zingaxwayi muntu ngoba namasosha ayengene shí ezintweni zenkolo ngaphakathi emathempelini.
Kuthiwa wayeshade namaqhawe amabili adume kakhulu, elinye lawo ogama lakhe linguSkjaldmö Lathgertha endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi iGesta Danorum kanye neNdlovukazi u-Aslaug owayeyindodakazi kaSigurd noBrynhildr ngokwesaga se-völsunga.
Ngokuqondene noSigurd Ring, ubaba uRagnar Lodbrok wayeyiqhawe langaphambili esikhulume ngalo kulesi sihloko sibhekisela ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse Igama lakhe lisho indandatho. Ukusebenza kwakhe okuhle empini yaseBrávellir akwenza ngokumelene nomalume wakhe uHarald Hilditonn kuphawulwe ku.
U-Ivar Vidfamne ngokwezinganekwane zaseNordic waqala njengenkosi edolobheni laseScania futhi wanqoba iSweden ngemva kokunqoba u-Inglald Illráde futhi amandla akhe anda ngokunqoba ezinye izindawo ezifana neScandinavia kanye namanye amazwe aseNgilandi ngenxa yempatho yakhe izakhamuzi eziningi zasuka kulezo zindawo.
Ngokomlando, isenzo sakhe sokugcina senziwa eRussia lapho afela khona ezandleni ze-Odin enamandla futhi amanye amazwi athi waminza emanzini aseGulf of Finland.
UHarald Hilditonn, ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, leli qhawe lalaziwa ngokuthi isilwane esinolaka futhi indawo yalo yafinyelela eMedithera. Kukhona ngisho nokukhuluma kulezi zinganekwane zamaNorse mayelana nabesifazane abanesibindi ababamba iqhaza ezimpini futhi baziwa kuleli siko ngegama elithi skialdmön.
Babengamahawu ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse, kukhulunywa ngabo ikakhulukazi kumasaga afana noHervarar kanye neGesta Danorum, isibonelo salezi zintombi zamahawu kwakunguBrynhildr emlandweni waseVolsunga.
Lawa maqhawe ayephethe ukuba yisithiyo ohambweni oluhlukahlukene lwamaqhawe, ngisho noSaxo Grammaticus, umcwaningi walesi siko samaNordic, wawachaza ngale ndlela:
"... kwakukhona phakathi kwabesifazane baseDenmark, abaguqula ubuhle babo baba umoya wesilisa, banikela cishe impilo yabo yonke emisebenzini yempi..."
Izindlela ukukhulekela okwakwenziwa ngazo
Ngokwesiko lamaNordic, izindawo ezingcwele azibonwa njengezinye izinganekwane, ngakho-ke indlela yabo yokukhulekela ezihlahleni ngenjongo engcwele noma endaweni yokuhlala yalezi zakhamuzi yayiphethe ngisho nokunqwabelanisa inqwaba yamadwala naleli altare. wayenegama lika-Hangar.
Nakuba ngenxa yophenyo oluye lwenziwa ngalezi zinganekwane zaseNordic, kube nokwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zikhona yini izindawo ezingcwele ezifana ne-Skiringssal.
Isifunda somlando seNorway yanamuhla, iLejre etholakala esiqhingini saseZealand eDenmark yanamuhla kanye neGamla Uppsala, isiza esivame ukuqanjwa ngezinganekwane zamaNorse.
Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwa umcwaningi u-Adan de Bremen, ophawula ukuthi kufanele kube nendawo engcwele e-Uppsala, njengoba kutholwe izithombe ezintathu emibhalweni yemivubukulo engase ifanekisele onkulunkulu baka-Odin, uThor noLoki.
Abapristi ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse
Ngokwezinganekwane zaseNordic, isiko lobushamanism elalisetshenziswa kuleli siko lalisekelwa abesifazane abaziwa ngokuthi ama-völvas, njengoba kuthiwa isikhundla sobupristi saguqulwa saba yinkosi futhi yibona ababephethe ukwenza imihlatshelo noma iminikelo izithixo ezifanele.
Iminikelo yabantu noma imihlatshelo
Ngokophenyo olwenziwe, munye kuphela umhlatshelo womuntu ongaqinisekiswa okwamanje, le ncazelo yenziwe ngu-Ahmad ibn Fadlan.
Ubani owayengumbhali nomhambi wemvelaphi yama-Arab futhi ekulandiseni kwakhe uphawula ngokungcwatshwa emkhunjini lapho inceku encane yacela ukuphelezela inkosi yayo kwelinye izwe.
Izingcaphuno zazo zinikezwa ngezinga elincane ezinye izazi-mlando, ezinjengoTacitus, uSaxo Grammaticus, okucatshangwa ukuthi ubhale cishe izincwadi eziyishumi nesithupha, no-Adam von Bremen, owayephethe ukutadisha la masiko aseNordic.
Kwenye yezinganekwane eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Heimskringla, iNkosi u-Aun yaseSweden yenza umhlatshelo namadodana ayo ayisishiyagalolunye ngenhloso yokukwazi ukwelula impilo yayo, kwasindiswa eyodwa kuphela emadodaneni ayo ngoba lezi zifundo zamvimbela ukuba ambulale okuthiwa u-Egil.
Ngokophenyo luka-Adam waseBremen, amakhosi aseSweden ayephethe ukunikela ngezigqila zesilisa njalo eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye emihlatshelweni eyenziwa e-Yule ehambisana nomkhosi we-solstice wasebusika endaweni engcwele yase-Uppsala.
Kuthiwa futhi eSweden kwakungakhethwa amakhosi kuphela kodwa nabantu babengawashintsha, ngakho uDornalde no-Olof Trätälia banikelwa ngemva kokuholela abantu bakubo endlaleni iminyaka.
Kuze kwaphawulwa nasezinganekwaneni zaseNordic ukuthi i-Odin ebabazekayo yayihlotshaniswa ne-gallow futhi kungafakazelwa endaweni yokuvubukula ukuthi izidumbu zigcinwa ngenxa ye-asidi ye-peat, okuyingxenye ye-organic ensundu emnyama.
Njengoba becebe kakhulu ngekhabhoni eJutland eyathathwa kamuva ngabaseDenmark futhi kulesi sikhala balahla lezi zidumbu ngemuva kokuklinywa kodwa alikho irekhodi elibhaliwe lalezi zenzo elingatholakala.
Ukusebenzelana kwezinganekwane zamaNorse nobuKristu
Enye yezingqinamba ezinkulu zalezi zinganekwane zamaNorse ukuthi zabhalwa amaKristu futhi phakathi kwazo i-Lesser Edda kanye ne-Heimskringla inganikezwa njengesibonelo esabhalwa ngu-Snorri Sturlusson ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi ngaleso sikhathi i-Iceland yayisivele inezimbili. amakhulu eminyaka enkolweni yobuKristu.
Ngakho-ke wonke ama-sagas avela e-Iceland futhi uSnorri wethula u-Odin onamandla njengomuntu oyiqhawe futhi onamakhono obuholi futhi ovela e-Asia phakathi kwezimpi zakhe uthola amandla omlingo futhi akwazi ukunqoba iSweden futhi uma efa uba unkulunkulu omncane. .
Ngakho kuyaphawulwa ukuthi amandla kankulunkulu onamandla kunabo bonke wezinganekwane zamaNorse ehliswa ukuze uSnorri abhale isivumelwano nenkosi yaseSweden okuthiwa u-Even ukuze akwazi ukwelula ukuphila kwakhe ngokomzimba ngokunikela kwabantwana bakhe.
Khona-ke uSnorri uyachaza embhalweni ukuthi lezi zidalwa ziguqulelwa kanjani ebuKristwini, njengoba kwenzeka endleleni evezwe u-Olaf Haraldsson lapho aguqulela khona abantu baseNorway okholweni lobuKristu ngesihluku.
Ngenhloso yokugwema impi yombango e-Iceland, iPhalamende lavotela ubuKristu kodwa lavumela ukuzinikela kobuqaba ezindlini, esikhundleni salokho eSweden izimpi zombango ezasungulwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX ezaholela ekubhujisweni kwendlu engcwele e-Uppsala.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olusezindaweni zemivubukulo, kuboniswe ukuthi ubuKristu bukhona kule ndawo phakathi kweminyaka engu-150 no-200 futhi ngisho nemibhalo ye-runic yangekhulu le-XNUMX yatholakala futhi phakathi kwayo kukhona imibhalo ye-Bryggen ethi okulandelayo:
"... uThor angakwamukela, u-Odin angaba umnikazi wakho..."
Enye yalezi runes ihlobene nezindlela zokwelapha ngokwezinganekwane zamaNorse ezazibaluleke kakhulu kubahlali besiko lamaNorse, bebhala okulandelayo:
"... Ngiqopha ama-runes aphulukisayo, ngiqopha ama-runes okusindisa, kanye ngokumelene nama-elves, kabili ngokumelene nama-troll, kathathu ngokumelene nama-jotun ..."
Ngenxa yalokhu, imbalwa kakhulu imibhalo ehlobene nezinganekwane zaseNordic eye yabonwa kusukela ngekhulu le-1555 nele-XNUMX, ngakho okuwukuphela kwemibhalo ekhona ingeyabefundisi, enye yazo eka-Olaus Magnus ngonyaka ka-XNUMX, waphawula ukuthi kanjani. kwakunzima ukucisha izinkolelo zasendulo.
Kubonwa ezindabeni ezixoxwayo ezicebisa kakhulu lesi siko samaNordic, njenge-PrymskviÖa, ehumusha njengengoma ye-Thrym, kanye nendaba yothando emayelana no-Hagbard no-Signy, lapho kugcinwa khona amarekhodi ale ndaba ethakazelisayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva abacwaningi bezinganekwane zesiSwidi bangabonwa beqopha izinkolelo zomlomo zabantu lapho ezinye izinganekwane zamaNordic zingafakazelwa ukuthi zasinda ebuKristwini futhi ziqhela emibhalweni eyabhalwa uSnorri.
Phakathi konkulunkulu abasagcinwe kulezi zinganekwane zamaNorse kukhona u-Odin, uThor, uFrevja noBalder ngaphezu kwezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo eziyingxenye yezinganekwane zaseScandinavia.
Izinkolelo izakhamuzi zakhona ezinazo namuhla ngokudalelwa ziye zahlala zithembekile esikweni labo lamaNordic naphezu kwezikhathi ezidlulile.
Ngokuphathelene nesihogo ebuKristwini nasezinganekwaneni zamaNorse ziyefana kakhulu, yingakho inkolelo kaHelvíti yathathwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse, ezihumusha njengesijeziso esingapheli enkolweni yobuKristu.
Amanye amasiko asalondolozwe ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic ahlobene nalawo aqhutshwa ngesikhathi sasebusika ngokuphathelene nesiko le-Yule, eliwukunikela ngengulube ngoKhisimusi.
Okufanayo kusaqhubeka nokugcwaliseka ngalezi zinsuku zika-December, nakuba ngesikhathi kwenziwa kwakuhlonishwa unkulunkulu uFrey.
amathonya amanje
Njengamanje kuqashelwa ukuthi ingxenye yesilulumagama samanje inomsuka wayo ezinganekwaneni zaseNordic, phakathi kwazo izinsuku zesonto kuzo zombili isiNgisi, izilimi zaseScandinavia nesiJalimane.
Ngaphezu komculo, uRichard Wagner waseJalimane wagqugquzelwa abalingiswa bezinganekwane zaseNordic ukuba enze enye yezingoma zakhe ezidumile ezaziwa ngokuthi i-tetralogy ethi The Ring of Nibelung.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi owawina uMklomelo kaNobel ka-1955 uMnu. Halldor Laxness washicilela ngo-1968 inoveli enesihloko esithi Under the Glacier lapho izici zobuKristu zihlangene nezinsumansumane zamaNordic zomphakathi wase-Iceland.
Ezincwadini, ababhali abaningi babe nesibopho sokwenza izingqikithi ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene nezinganekwane zamaNorse, okuhlanganisa no-JRR Tolkien, owabamba iqhaza ekudaleni izindaba ezimnandi zeNkosi Yezindandatho.
Ukuzuza ukuba umthengisi omkhulu wokubheja hhayi nje ezingeni elibhaliwe kodwa kwayiswa esikrinini esikhulu ekubeni irekhodi elikhulu lokuthengisa ihhovisi lebhokisi. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezivela kunganekwane yamaNorse ngokuchazwa kwayo, izinganekwane zamaNorse zibonwa nakumafilimu enziwe nguStan Lee eMarvel.
Ngisho nasemidlalweni yamavidiyo efana noNkulunkulu Wezempi, obekufike ngesikhathi kakhulu ku-Playstation, ngaphezu kochungechunge oluthokozisayo lwamaViking olwethulwa ku-platform yedijithali ye-Netflix, sincoma ukuthi uyibuke.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: