Thola kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ezinye ezidume kakhulu izinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki yonkulunkulu abasivumela ukuba sichaze futhi siqonde izenzakalo zokuphila komuntu, okuholela ezinganekwaneni ezimangalisayo esizozichaza ngokuningiliziwe kulokhu okuthunyelwe. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Zimayelana nani izinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane?
Abalingiswa balezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane kwakungonkulunkulu bamaGreki, phakathi kwabo onkulunkulu base-Olympus, futhi ngalezi zinganekwane ezimangalisayo ezigcwele izigigaba, izenzo zabantu zachazwa, njengenkanuko, imizwa, inkanuko nomona kanye nezici ze imvelo.
Njengokuphakama kwezintaba-mlilo, imilaza emihle engabonakala esibhakabhakeni lapho kuhwalala, ngisho neziphepho ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokudebeselela ukungabikho kwabantu nokuvela kwezifo eziyinqaba. Omunye wabacwaningi okuthiwa uMircea Ecliade, phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyisazi sefilosofi nesazi-mlando, uchaza izinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane kanje:
"...indaba engcwele elandisa ngesigameko esenzeka ngesikhathi sakudala, lapho umhlaba wawungakakabi nesimo sawo samanje..."
Ngesikhathi kudalwa lezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane, zalethela abantu besikhathi sabo ukuzola lapho bezilalela ngoba zazibavumela ukuba baqonde okwakwenzeka ngalo mzuzu othile emlandweni wamaGreki.
Ngakho-ke kulesi sihloko sizokukhombisa izinganekwane ezimfushane ezithakazelisa kakhulu zamaGreki ukuze umangale yilesi siko lamaGreki kanye nobuciko bawo obukhulu lapho wenza lezi zinganekwane zomlando ezidumile.
izinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki
Inganekwane yePersephone
Ingenye yezinganekwane ezimfishane ezithakazelisa kakhulu zamaGreki esikweni lale nganekwane le ntokazi enhle yayiyindodakazi kaZeyusi noDemeter ngokusho kwenganekwane ethi, uHadesi umfowabo kaZeus noDemeter ibona intombi encane ensimini enhle lapho yayikha khona izimbali. kanye nabanye onkulunkulu.
IHayidese inquma ukumthumba ngaleso sikhathi, imyise e-Underworld lapho ayengumnikazi nenkosi khona. UDemeter, owayengunkulunkulukazi ovikelayo wemvelo, uyaqaphela ukuthi indodakazi yakhe i-Persephone ayikho futhi unquma ukumbheka emaphethelweni omhlaba, ekhohlwa izibopho zakhe njengomqaphi wemvelo.
UZeus uyazi ukuthi i-Persephone encane enhle i-Underworld futhi iphoqa iHayidese ukuba ibuyisele intombazane enhle. Avume inqobo nje uma intombazane ingakudli ukudla ngesikhathi isendleleni iyohlangana nonina.
Kodwa iHayidesi liyamkhohlisa futhi limfunza imbewu yakhe yehalananda ngenxa yalokho kudla iPersephone eyayikudlile waphoqeleka ukuba achithe izinyanga ezine zonyaka embusweni weHayidesi futhi lezi zinyanga ziphumela enkathini yasebusika.
Nokho, lapho uDemeter ephinda ethola indodakazi yakhe i-Persephone, lowo kwakuwumzwelo wokuthi umhlaba wachuma, uletha inani elikhulu lezimbali nezithelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yasentwasahlobo, okuwukuhlangana phakathi komama nendodakazi.
Ngesikhathi lapho owesifazane osemusha kufanele abuyele e-Underworld ukuze agcine inkampani yaseHayidesi, unina uzizwa engenalutho kakhulu, okubangela inkathi yasebusika lapho umhlaba ubanda futhi ungenalutho ngenxa yokudabuka kwakhe okukhulu.
Yile ndlela inkolelo-mbono yemvelo yezitshalo yaziwa ngayo, ngakho-ke ingenye yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ezabhalwa ngokophenyo lwezazi zefilosofi zamaStoyiku, phakathi kwazo, kukhulunywa ngoPosidonius, Diogenes kanye no-Epithetus.
Bamele i-Persephone yentombazane enhle nezinhlamvu zokungabikho kwayo ngokuzigcina ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze kwenzeke umjikelezo wemvelo.
Nokho, lapho i-Persephone yehlela endaweni engaphansi komhlaba ngenkathi yasekwindla, imelela ukungabikho kwezithelo ebusika futhi ziyahluma lapho owesifazane osemusha ebuya nonina ngesikhathi sasentwasahlobo.
Ingenye yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki lapho umshado nokuhlukana okudabukisayo phakathi kukamama nendodakazi kukhulunywa ngakho njengokungathi kuwukufa lapho beshiya isifuba somkhaya ukuze bakhe ikhaya labo elisha nomyeni.
Ukuzalwa kuka-Athena
Unkulunkulu u-Athena wayeyingxenye yonkulunkulu abayishumi nambili ababehlala e-Olympus, wayengummeleli wokuhlakanipha, ubulungisa, isayensi, ikhono, impucuko kanye nempi.
Enye yezinganekwane ezimfishane ezithakazelisa kakhulu zamaGreki ingenxa yokuzalwa kwakhe ngoba uZeus wayengunkulunkulu othandweni kakhulu, ngakho-ke phakathi kokuzulazula kwakhe wakhulelisa i-Oceanid okuthiwa uMetis.
Ngenkathi le ntokazi enhle isesimweni esithuthukisiwe sokukhulelwa, uZeus waxwayiswa umprofethi ukuthi izingane zakhe zaziyoba namandla kakhulu kunaye futhi zamgumbuqela ekubuseni kwakhe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uZeus wenza isinqumo ngokwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki futhi wanquma ukugwinya uMetis ngokuluma kanye nje lapho ekhulelwe ukuze amvimbele ekuzalweni kwakhe.
Kodwa ukukhulelwa kowesifazane osemusha kwaqhubeka nenkambo yakho ngaphakathi kukaNkulunkulu uZeus njengoba izinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki zisitshela, ngenxa yalokhu uZeus waqala ukwethula ikhanda elibuhlungu futhi aqede lokho kungezwani, wacela uHephaestus ukuba amsize kuphele lobo buhlungu.
UHephaestus wathatha imbazo ukuze ahlukanise ugebhezi kabili futhi kuleso senzo u-Athena wabonakala esesimweni somuntu omdala ngaphezu kokuthwala izimfanelo ezivamile kuye, njengesigqoko sokuzivikela nomkhonto. Ngemva kwalokho ubuhlungu obukhulu basuswa kuZeus.
Prometheus kanye nomlilo
Enye yezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki ezigqame kakhulu esintwini ekaPrometheus, owayeyiqhawe elikhulukazi, enobungane kakhulu emadodeni.Ngomyalo kaZeus, kwakunqunywe ukuthi umlilo usetshenziswe e-Olympus kuphela futhi amadoda akufanele nanini awusebenzise.
Maqondana nalesi sinqumo esenziwe uZeus, umdondoshiya wethu u-Prometheus akavumanga, ngakho-ke wangena e-Olympus futhi ngemva kokufika e-workshop yaseHephaestus wayephethe ukuthatha amalahle abekwe kwelinye lamahhavini.
Okuningi kule ngxenye kuyahluka ezinganekwaneni ezimfushane zamaGreki ngoba ezinye izindaba ziphawula ukuthi u-Prometheus weba ezinye izinhlansi ezivela enqoleni ye-Apollo enamandla futhi ngenxa yalokho wabeka isitshalo se-fennel ngomlilo futhi wasinikeza abantu.
Ngenxa yalesi senzo, uZeus wajezisa u-Prometheus phakade ukuze ahlale eboshwe edwaleni elikhulu okwakudingeka akhuphukele esiqongweni sentaba usuku nosuku futhi kwakukhona ukhozi olukhulu oluzodla isibindi sakhe.
Ngakho njalo ebusuku isibindi sakhe siyakhula ukuze ngakusasa siphinde sicijwe ukhozi kuyilapho luthwele idwala libuyela esiqongweni sentaba.
Lena enye yezinganekwane ezimfushane ezimangalisa kakhulu zamaGreki futhi u-Prometheus wakwazi ukuphuma kuleso sijeziso sibonga uHeracles owamkhulula ngemvume kaZeus.
Ukuthi wabona kuleso senzo isenzo esavumela indodana yakhe ukuba iphakanyiswe futhi u-Prometheus kwakudingeka agqoke indandatho ngesiqephu salelo dwala ayeboshwe kulo njengesikhumbuzo sezenzo zakhe.
U-Orpheus no-Eurydice
Ngenye yezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki eziye zezwakala kakhulu esikweni lamaGreki. U-Orpheus wayethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezithixo, wayenesiphiwo sokudlala ihabhu ngendlela ekhetheke kakhulu ngoba wakwazi ukuphumula imiphefumulo yezidalwa ezazibuthene ukuze zilalele amanothi akhe omculo amnandi.
Ngomculo wehabhu lakhe, u-Orpheus wayekwazi ukulawula izilwane ezesabekayo, ngisho namadwala anyakazayo, kanye nokukhula noma ukukhubaza uhlaza lwezitshalo nemifula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki zika-Orpheus, kuthiwa wayengumlingo omuhle kakhulu nesazi sezinkanyezi, futhi wayehlanganyele kuma-Argonauts ngenhloso yokuthola uboya begolide obuhambisana noJason.
U-Eurydice osemncane wathandana no-Orpheus lapho ezwa edlala izingoma zakhe ezimnandi futhi bashada bobabili kodwa ngenxa yezimo zekusasa le ntokazi enhle yalunywa yinyoka futhi yabulala kangangokuthi yalahlekelwa ukuphila kwayo.
U-Orpheus wayephelelwe ithemba ngaphandle kwenkampani yakhe ethandekayo u-Eurydice owanquma ukuya phansi endaweni engaphansi ngenhloso yokuhlenga owesifazane ayemthanda kakhulu.
Ngenxa yomculo wakhe omnandi okhiqizwe ihabhu, ukwazile ukulalisa unozinti owayesabisa futhi wafika lapho kwakukhona khona isithandwa sakhe. IHayidesi nePersephone bahawukela u-Orpheus ngenxa yomculo wakhe odabukisayo ku-lyre owamvumela ukuba athathe u-Eurydice.
Ngokwalezi zinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki, u-Orpheus kwakudingeka ahambe phambi kuka-Eurydice futhi wayenomyalelo wokuthi angajiki ukuze ambone baze baphume e-Underworld futhi ilanga ligeza othandekayo wakhe.
Ngakho-ke, balandela umyalelo futhi lapho u-Orpheus engaphandle waphenduka ukuze abone u-Eurydice othandekayo kodwa akazange aqaphele ukuthi ilanga alizange lithinte umkakhe ngokuphelele ngoba enye yezinyawo zakhe yayisemthunzini.
Intombazane ethandekayo yabuyela ngokushesha e-Underworld kuze kube phakade. Lokho kwayiphula inhliziyo yensizwa u-Orpheus yashona idwengulwa ngumuntu owayengenasizotha uThracian kodwa umphefumulo wakhe wakwazi ukuhlangana nesithandwa sakhe esikhulu futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abaphindanga bahlukana.
Inganekwane ye-Arachne
Lena enye yezinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane ezichaza ukuthi ubuciko bokweluka baqala kanjani, obufana nomsebenzi omuhle wezicabucabu, nokuthi u-Arachne wayeyintombi enhle, indodakazi yodayi ehlala edolobheni laseColophon, owayenomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu. amakhono e-embroidery.
Abantu ababembuka bancoma amakhono akhe futhi lokho kwenza u-Arachne waba intombazane ekhukhumele futhi ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane le ntokazi yayinesibindi sokusho ukuthi imisebenzi yayo yayimihle kakhulu kunekankulunkulukazi u-Athena ngokwakhe kanye nalo nkulunkulu naye. phakathi kwezimfanelo zakhe isipho sobuciko.
Unkulunkulukazi u-Athena wayecasukile futhi wayefuna ukufundisa u-Arachne osemusha isifundo ukuze axolise ngalokho, ngokusho kwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki, unkulunkulu wayephethe ukuzifihla njengowesifazane osekhulile.
U-Arachne, esikhundleni sokuhoxisa amazwi akhe phambi kwesalukazi, wahleka usulu onkulunkulu base-Olympus nakakhulu futhi wabekela inselele owesifazane osekhulile emncintiswaneni wokufekethisa.
Unkulunkulu wasusa ukuzifihla kwakhe waqala umncintiswano no-Arachne. U-Athena wenza i-tapestry lapho kwabonwa khona indawo yokunqoba ngokumelene ne-Poseidon, kuyilapho u-Arachne ngobuciko bakhe obukhulu nekhono lakhe wenza i-tapestry lapho izithombe ezingamashumi amabili nambili zafakazelwa lapho onkulunkulu base-Olympus benza khona ukungathembeki.
Ekupheleni komncintiswano, unkulunkulukazi u-Athena wawuqaphela umsebenzi ophelele ka-Arachne kodwa wacasuka lapho ebona ukungahloniphi kwakhe onkulunkulu base-Olympus, okwathi ngenxa yalokho wacekela phansi indwangu nohlaka lokweluka impahla futhi washaya intombi ngomkhonto ekhanda.
U-Arachne ngaleso sikhathi wabona ukuthi wayengahloniphi onkulunkulu base-Olympus ngakho wanquma ukuzilengisa kodwa u-Athena wamhawukela futhi waguqula intambo yaba ulwembu lwesicabucabu kanye ne-Arachne yaba yisicabucabu ukuze ngaleyo ndlela akwazi ukufundisa isintu abantu abadumile. ubuciko bokweluka nokufekethisa.
Izinganekwane Ezimfushane zamaGreki Qhubeka
UHephaestus kanye nesizathu sokuxhuga kwakhe
Enye yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ezifuna ukwazi kakhulu engenakuphuthelwa kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo yileso esihlobene nokuxhuga kukaHephaestus owayeyindodana kaHera noZeus. Ngakho-ke, lo nkulunkulu wabonisa ikhono lakhe lokubumba izinto ngokusebenzisa izandla zakhe.
Yebo, wayengumsunguli omkhulu futhi wamangala abanye onkulunkulu ngemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo, wakhula futhi wavunyelwa ukuhlala e-Olympus ukuze akwazi ukufeza amaphrojekthi akhe amangalisayo kakhulu.
Phakathi kwazo kwakunobufakazi bezicathulo ezazivumela ukuhamba emoyeni nasolwandle sengathi umuntu ozigqokile uhamba emhlabeni.
Waze wenza nejazi elingabonakali kanye nezitsha zegolide nezesiliva ezazinamandla okuzisusa etafuleni futhi zishiye izimenywa edilini zimangele.
E-Olympus lo nkulunkulu ubenendawo yakhe yokusebenzela lapho ayephethe khona umsebenzi wakhe wokubumba ngaphezu kwezintaba-mlilo ezihlukahlukene ezazikhona emhlabeni lapho lo nkulunkulu wayenenkundla yokusebenzela yokwenza izinto zakhe ezisungulwe ngensimbi.
Phakathi kwezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki kuthiwa ngolunye usuku uHera wamthukuthelisa uZeus waze walengisa umkakhe izandla nezinyawo phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba.
U-Hephaestus wanquma ukusiza unina kodwa inhloso yakhe yenza uyise wamcasula kakhulu kunokuba ngenxa yentukuthelo waphonsa umbani eHephaestus owamenza washiya i-Olympus futhi ngokuwa walimala kabi futhi ekhubazekile.
Wawela esiqhingini futhi walulama kodwa ukuxhuga kwase kuyingxenye yezimfanelo zakhe uyise amvimbela ukuba abuyele e-Olympus futhi uHephaestus wayengenayo intaba-mlilo kuleso siqhingi ukuze akhe inqaba yakhe kodwa kwadalwa isiqhingi esisha eduze kwalapho ayehlala khona futhi. lena yayinentaba-mlilo ngakho wayephethe ukwakha ishabhu entsha.
Lapho wenza imibani kayise, amnika yona njengesipho, ngakho wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele e-Olympus, ebonisa umusa wakhe ngokuzama ukusindisa unina nesibindi sakhe sokubhekana noyise, ukuxhuga kuyinkumbulo yalokho. kwenzeka ngokwezinganekwane.amagreki amafushane.
Ukuzalwa kukankulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite
Ngenye yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ezidonsela ukunaka kwesintu ngoba u-Aphrodite wazalwa ngegwebu lolwandle ngemva kokubhekana kwamaTitans. Lapho u-Titan Cronus anquma khona izitho zangasese zikayise u-Uranus futhi waziphonsa olwandle.
Lapho izitho zangasese zika-Uranus ziwela emanzini, kwavela igwebu elikhulu lolwandle futhi kwavela lapho u-Aphrodite omuhle owathi, eqhutshwa umoya futhi wagibela phezu kwe-oyster, wafika ogwini logu, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwakhe emadodeni unkulunkulu wasolwandle wayengunkulunkulukazi wothando nenzalo.
U-Spring ubenesibopho sokumboza ubunqunu bakhe ingenye yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ezikwazile ukukhuthaza inani elikhulu lamaciko emisebenzini yobukhosi nobuhle obukhulu njengoba kubonakala emidwebeni, ezibaziweyo nasezincwadini.
Umlando we-Atlanta
Enye yezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki ezidonse ukunaka okukhulu esintwini ngenxa yobukhona balona wesifazane omuhle kanye nempumelelo. Wayengumzingeli osemusha wobuhle obungenakuqhathaniswa, ngaphandle kokuba umgijimi omkhulu, wanquma ukungcwelisa ubuntombi bakhe, kodwa amadoda ayesamfuna.
Ngenhloso yokugwema amadoda, u-Atalanta wanquma ukuthi wayezoshada kuphela naleyo ndoda eyayingamshaya emjahweni, ukuze noma ubani owayezama futhi ehluliwe abulawe. Nakuba ayewusongo olukhulu, amadoda ayelokhu ezama ukumnqoba.
Komunye waleyo midlalo yomjaho, u-Hippomenes wacelwa ukuba abe umahluleli walo msebenzi futhi u-Atalanta waphinda wabonisa ukuthi kungani engowesifazane oshesha kakhulu futhi amadoda ayeqhudelane kwadingeka akhokhe ngezimpilo zawo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa.
UHippomenes, okwaze kwaba yileso sikhathi owayengumahluleli walo mncintiswano, naye wayesethanda ubuhle bale ntokazi, njengoba sitshelwa kulezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane, ngakho wacela ukunqoba isandla sale ntombi ngomdlalo. ukuncintisana.
U-Atalanta walalela isicelo sikaHippomenes futhi wezwa ukudabuka okukhulu enhliziyweni yakhe ngoba uHippomenes wayemncane, ekhanga futhi enomusa kakhulu. Uma ayengamvumela ukuba awine ukuze amsindise ekufeni, wayezokwenza kanjalo, kodwa u-Atalanta wayesesenzile isithembiso.
Kodwa u-Hippomenes osemusha waziphathisa kunkulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite, emcela ukuba amnike ijubane ukuze ashaye intombazane u-Atalanta, futhi u-Aphrodite wavuma ukumthanda, ngakho wamnika ama-apula amathathu egolide ngosizo lwala ma-apula ukuthi unkulunkulu wothando wamnika. .
Wasebenzisa amaHippomenes ukuze akwazi ukunqoba intokazi ngokuthandwa u-Aphrodite futhi lapho ewela entanjeni wajabula kakhulu ngoba angaba umyeni ka-Atalanta, ngaphezu kwalokho le ntombi yayithandana nale nsizwa futhi ijabulile kwazise lensizwa isisindisile impilo yayo futhi ikwazile ukuxoxa nensizwa enesibindi kangaka.
Hylas the young squire of Heracles
Phakathi kwezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki kukhona izigigaba ezenziwa kufunwa uboya begolide uJason namanye amaqhawe, lapho uHeracles onesibindi kanye nesquire sakhe uHylas bengaphuthelwa khona.
Hhayi-ke, uHeracles noma uHercules njengoba lo demi-god aziwa futhi enkampanini ye-squire yakhe u-Hilas waqala lo msebenzi kanye nama-Argonauts futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu zohambo lwavunguza umoya wabayisa olwandle oluncane olwaziwa ngokuthi igama. yasePropontis kwathi lapho umoya uyeka banquma ukufika ezwenikazi.
Le ndawo ababezinza kuyo isikebhe ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane kwakuyisiqhingi esasigcwele amasimu ezimbali namaxhaphozi kanye nemihlanga, ngakho sasinezimila ezihlukahlukene. Kuleyondawo baphumula belinde ukuthi kufike ubusuku.
U-Hylas wayethandwa u-Hercules futhi ngesikhathi sokudla kwakusihlwa i-squire encane yaphuma ukuyofuna amanzi ukuze le-demigod iphuze futhi yathola umpe oyigugu echibini elihle kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane, ukuthi uHylas wayeyinsizwa ekhangayo kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-nymphs wendawo asondela futhi ngenkathi ethola amanzi, i-squire encane yezwa amazwi ethi:
“…Yehla nathi… Yehla nathi…”
Ngakho-ke uHilas osemncane waqoshama ukuze ezwe kahle lawo mazwi kwathi eguqe eduze kwesiphethu esihle, kwaphuma izandla ezimhlophe ezinde echibini zamenza wawela emanzini ethunjwa iminyamfu.
Njengoba kwase kuhwalala, u-Hercules wanquma ukuyofuna i-squire yakhe ayithandayo, esaba ukuthi kunento embi eyenzekile kuye, waya ngasemthonjeni futhi wamemeza ngamandla akhe wonke igama likaHylas kanye nempendulo yokumemeza kwakhe. kwakuyi-echo yakhe.
Kodwa lapho efika entwasahlobo kaHercules, wabonakala ezwa izwi likaHylas engazi ukuthi livelaphi futhi nakuba eqhubeka nokufuna umfana, ukufuna kwakhe kwakungenamsebenzi. Akakwazanga ukuthola i-squire yakhe enegazi futhi u-Hercules wayephelelwe yithemba futhi ekhala ngokungabi khona komfana.
Ngenxa yokuthi u-Hercules akakwazanga ukuthola i-squire encane, wayekholelwa ukuthi izwi alizwa ku-Hylas laliwumphumela womcabango wakhe noma umlingo othile, ngakho wanquma ukuqhubeka nohambo lapho ama-Argonauts ayeya khona.
I-squire encane u-Hilas wayengazi ukuthi u-Hercules uhambile futhi nakuba ethunjwe ama-nymphs, wayelokhu embiza ubusuku obuningi, okulandelayo kwezwakala:
"... Hercules, Hercules, ngilapha!..."
Ngokwalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane ukuthi ezinye izihambi zadlula kulawo mazwe futhi zamangala lapho entwasahlobo isidalwa esincane esigqoke izingubo eziluhlaza nentambo yegolide okhalweni lwaso, kuthiwa izingubo ezigqokwa yilesi sidalwa zazifana nalezo ezincane. UHilas ubegqoke ngesikhathi enyamalala.
Nakuba lesi sidalwa esincane sasikhipha imisindo engathi sína kakhulu eyayisenza sicabange ukuthi ubukhulu baso bukhulu kakhulu, abahambi baqhubeka nohambo lwabo futhi babona indlela lesi sidalwa esibonakala sibiza ngayo othile noma into ethile njengoba kushiwo ezinganekwaneni ezimfushane zamaGreki.
Indaba yentombi uCalisto
Le ntombi enhle ngokwezinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane yayiyingxenye yezintombi ezazihamba nonkulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi futhi uZeyusi wakhangwa yile ntombi ngakho wazifihla ethatha umfanekiso ka-Arthemisi futhi kanjalo waba nobuhlobo nale ntombi enhle.
Ngakho u-Artemis waqaphela ukuthi isisu sikaCallisto sasikhula futhi wambuza ngakho. Owesifazane osemusha wamtshela ukuthi wayenecala ngakho u-Arthemisi wamxosha emndenini futhi izindaba zafinyelela ezindlebeni zikaHera ngokusho kwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki.
Ngakho uHera, ethukuthele eveva ukuthi ingane uCallisto ayeyithwele esibelethweni sakhe ngeyomyeni wakhe, uZeus wamguqula waba ibhere ngokwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki, kwadlula iminyaka futhi umzingeli osemusha wayesehlathini ukuze abambe inyamazane.
UCalisto waqaphela ukuthi kwakuyindodana yakhe futhi wayefuna ukusondela ukuze ayigone kakhulu, umzingeli osemusha wacabanga ukuthi ufuna ukumhlasela futhi walungiselela isikhali sokubulala isilo.
UZeus wayengufakazi walesi simo esishaqisayo futhi ukuze agweme inhlekelele phakathi kukamama nendodana, wanquma ukuthatha uCallisto aye phezulu esibhakabhakeni lapho amguqula khona waba izinkanyezi futhi yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Big Dipper ngenxa yezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki.
UCronus ubaba kaZeus
Ngenye yezinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfishane ezigqama kakhulu kule nganekwane yamaGreki ngoba uCronos uyindodana ka-Uranus owayeyisibhakabhaka kanti uGea owayengunkulunkulukazi womhlaba wayenguyise wonkulunkulu abakhulu. UChronos wayephethe ukwehliswa kukayise esihlalweni futhi washada nodadewabo uRhea owayephethe ukubusa umhlaba wonkulunkulu.
Nakuba uCronos wayemkhulu kunabo bonke ompetha kodwa wayazi ukuthi enye yezingane zakhe izomxosha ebukhosini, ngakho wanquma ukuphendukela ekubeni amazimuzimu futhi uphethe ukudla izingane zakhe, kodwa umkakhe wayephethe ukucasha. indodana yesithupha.
UZeus wakhula, wabunjwa njengonkulunkulu futhi unina wamthatha ukuze avule isibeletho sikayise esiza ukusindisa abanye abafowabo ngemva kwalokho kwaqala impi enzima lapho bekwazi ukunqoba uCronos bamthumela eThatharasi ngokwezinganekwane zamaGreki ezifushane.
Inganekwane yeNkosi u-Oedipus
Kungenye yezinhlekelele okuxoxwe ngazo ezinganekwaneni ezimfushane zamaGreki ezabhalwa nguSophocles ngesikhathi samaGreki. Kuthiwa u-Oedipus wayeyindodana yenkosi uLayius noJocasta umkakhe, kodwa baprofetha enkosini ukuthi indodana yakhe yokuqala yayizombulala bese ishada nonina.
Ngoba naye uLayius wayedlwengule insizwa yazilengisa ngakho umndeni walensizwa wacela isijeziso kunkulunkulu ngalento ayenzile. Udakiwe uba nobuhlobo bobulili nomkakhe futhi umenza akhulelwe lapho kuzalwa izibulo lakhe wanquma ukuyishiya i-Oedipus emfuleni kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ayibhoboze izinyawo zakhe ngomcu.
Naphezu kwalokhu, umfana wasinda futhi wakhuliswa inkosi yaseKorinte nomkakhe. Igama elithi Oedipus lisho ukuvuvuka kwezinyawo.Kwadlula iminyaka eminingana lensizwa yavakasha ethempelini laseDelphi ikholelwa ukuthi amakhosi aseKorinte akubona abazali bayo.
Lapho babikezela ukuthi uzobulala uyise futhi ashade nonina futhi ekholelwa ukuthi abazali bakhe babengamakhosi aseKorinte, unquma ukuqhela kubo ukuze angagcwaliseki isiprofetho asithuthela eThebes.
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo lensizwa kwathi endleleni ngokwezinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfishane yazithela kumuntu othi uyinkosi baxabene wayibulala engazi ukuthi uyise uLayo.
Kamuva eThebes, u-Oedipus waxazulula izingqinamba ukuthi i-sphinx eyacekela phansi idolobha yayicela kuye, kwakuyi-monster uHera ayeyithumele, ngenxa yalokhu waba iqhawe nomsindisi wedolobha, bambiza ngokuthi umklomelo wenkosi, futhi. wabuye washada nomfelokazi owayenguJocasta engazi ukuthi unina, sagcwaliseka kanjalo isiprofetho.
U-Oedipus washada noJocasta kanti kulobu budlelwano kwazalwa izingane ezine u-Eteocles, Polynices, Ismene kanye no-Antigone kodwa umbuso waseThebes wacekelwa phansi yisifo esidale indlala kwazise umbulali kaLaius wayengakagwetshwa.
Ngakho u-Oedipus uphethe ukwenza imibuzo futhi uthola ukuthi wayengumbulali kaLayius owayenguyise. Lapho uJocasta ethola ukuthi ungumama we-Oedipus, wazikhunga futhi u-Oedipus yena wakhipha amehlo akhe ngezingubo ezingutsheni zikanina futhi wadingiswa eThebes.
Le ndaba ikhombisa ezinganekwaneni ezimfishane zamaGreki ukuthi akekho umuntu ngaphandle kokubalekela isiphetho sabo nakuba bezama futhi kuboniswa kwezinye izinganekwane ezifana nekaCronos noZeus ukuthi bobabili, njengo-Oedipus, babephethe ukubulala uyise.
Okubi nakakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfishane ngoba wazala izingane nonina ungenye yezinganekwane ezinonya nezidabukisa kakhulu kule nganekwane.
Indodakazi ka-Antigone yase-Oedipus
Okulandelayo, ngalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane, kulandela inganekwane ka-Antigone, indodakazi ka-Oedipus noJocasta, ngoba lapho abazali bakhe beshona, abafowabo u-Eteocles noPolyneices babanga isihlalo sobukhosi lapho bobabili bafela khona empini.
Ngakho-ke, umfowabo kaJocasta ogama lakhe linguCreon wathatha izintambo zobukhosi. Unikeze esinye sezidumbu ukuze asingcwatshwe ngokungcwele kanti omunye umfowabo wase-Antigone akazange ngoba eziveze ngokwephula imithetho.
Okwakuthi u-Antigone osemusha ngokwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki futhi wahlubuka kumalume wakhe ngokucela isidumbu somfowabo ofile ukuba simngcwabe kahle futhi bathi cha. Ngakho uthatha isinqumo sokwephula umthetho angcwabe isidumbu sikamfowabo Polinices.
Lena enye yezinganekwane ezimfishane zamaGreki eziphetha ngenhlekelele njengoba u-Antigone egwetshwa ukuba yisiboshwa emhumeni aze afe.
Intombazane yayiyingoduso kaHemon indodana kaCreon, le ndaba edabukisayo isitshela ukuthi u-Antigone osemncane uzilengisa emhumeni futhi umkhwenyana, ebona ukuthi akaphili, uzibulala ngommese ayewuphethe.
Uma izindaba zifika esigodlweni uCreonte uphethe indodana yakhe efile ezingalweni zakhe kanti u-Eurydice umkakhe uyamthuka njengoba kuyimbangela yokushona komfana osekuthatha umhlalaphansi kanti nomama uzilengise ekamelweni lakhe. Ngakho kuyabhekwa inkinga yokuziphatha okuyindikimba eyinhloko yale ndaba nanamuhla.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1fl-1J5mEo
UHeracles nezindaba zakhe zohambo
UHeracles the demi-god owenze izinkonzo eziningi kangaka futhi owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uHercules, sethula kulesi sihloko izinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane ezihlobene nalo muntu wasenganekwaneni owayeyindodana kaZeus nomuntu ofayo ogama lakhe lingu-Alcmene owayeyindodakazi kaPerseus. .
UHera umkaZeus wayecasuke kakhulu ngalokhu kukhohlisa kukaZeus kangangokuthi uzokwenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukubambezela ukuzalwa kukaHeracles ukuze angabi yinkosi yase-Argolis.
Ubaba, efuna ukuthi indodana yakhe ingafi, wazama ukumnika isifuba sikaHera ngesikhathi elele, kodwa unkosikazi wethuka futhi wayikhipha ingane ebeleni, okwenza kube nobisi ngokusho kwezinganekwane zamaGreki ezifushane.
Lesi silwane sasinolaka kakhulu futhi sabonisa ngokwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ukuthi uHeracles wethula amandla angenakuqhathaniswa adlula onkulunkulu abaningi base-Olympus.
Kodwa naphezu kwamandla akhe amakhulu uHeracles wayengenakho ukuhlakanipha. Wayenenzondo kakhulu futhi uthanda ukuphuza iwayini eliningi futhi ujabulele abesifazane njengendodana efanelekayo kayise uZeus.
Izenzo eziningi zikaHeracles zazenziwa ezimweni zentukuthelo nokucasuka ngenxa yophuzo oludakayo. Ngenxa yokuthi wayeyindodana yomuntu ofayo, wayengakwazi ukuhlala e-Olympus futhi lokhu kwamenza wazizwa engenamandla, futhi usingamama wakhe uHera wamhlasela izikhathi eziningi ngokuba yindodana kaZeus nomuntu ofayo.
UHeracles wakhuliswa uChiron futhi washada noMegara, indodakazi yeNkosi uCreon, kodwa ukungaphatheki kahle kukaHera noHeracles kwakukhulu kangangokuthi lapho wamphuphuthekisa ngamandla akhe futhi, ekholelwa ukuthi lo nkulunkulu ongunkulunkulu owayelwa nama-titans, wabulala umkakhe ngeyakhe. izandla namadodana.
Wazisola kangangokuthi wabonisana ne-oracle ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuhlanza umphefumulo wakhe ngalokho ayekwenzile emndenini wakhe, ngakho-ke wanconywa ukuba aphendule imiyalo yenkosi yase-Argolys okuthiwa u-Eurystheus, owavuma ukwenza ishumi nambili. izijeziso zokuzithiba kuqala njengoba wayenolaka ngokwedlulele.
Ngenxa yalokhu, unqoba ibhubesi laseNemean futhi ugcina lesi sikhumba esimenza avikeleke, bese ephethe ukubulala i-Ivy yaseLerna ngosizo lukaLolaos. Uyena ophethe ukubuyisela ingulube ku-Erymanthe kanjalo nokuthumba eyaziwa nge-Cerynia doe.
Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ukuhlanza izitebele zase-Augias, uphethe ngisho nokubulala izinyoni zaseLake Stymphalus, kufanele futhi athambe inkunzi yaseKrethe enguyise weMinotaur bese ephethe ukucupha izimbila ezidla inyama. i-Diomedes.
Uyaqhubeka nemisebenzi okumele yenziwe, okuhlanganisa nokubuyisela ibhande likaHippolyta, owayeyiNdlovukazi Yama-Amazons, kufanele athathe nama-apula egolide atholakala engadini yaseHerperides futhi wayephethe nokuthumba isilwane saseHayidesi. Cerberus futhi uyikhiphe e-Underworld.
Kwadingeka futhi athathe izinkomo zakwaGeryon ezazinemilenze eyisithupha nezingalo eziyisithupha ngaphezu kwamakhanda amathathu futhi ngomkhonto owawufakwe igazi le-hydra waqeda ukuphila kwalesi sikhondlakhondla ukuze ahambise izinkomo kuye. Waze wasiza u-Prometheus ukuba aphume esijezisweni sakhe njengoba edubula umcibisholo okhozini oluyingozi olwaludla njalo esibindini sakhe.
Okunye okungenziwa wukuletha inja enamakhanda amathathu angaphansi komhlaba phambi kuka-Eurystheus, wacela imvume eHayidesi owayamukela inqobo nje uma eyibambe ngezandla zakhe wayibuyisela endaweni engaphansi komhlaba ngemva kwalokho. esethula embusweni.
Ngemva kokuphothula lezi zenzo eziyishumi nambili, uHeracles waya eTroy ukuze aziphindiselele enkosini okuthiwa uLaomedon, futhi uzobe eselala no-Angea futhi uzokhulelwa, ethola indodana kaHeracles ogama lakhe linguTelefo.
UHeracles wayenobudlelwane obuningi phakathi kwabo amadodakazi angamashumi amahlanu aseThespios wonke azala abafana futhi aziwa ezinganekwaneni ezimfushane zamaGreki njengebutho lamaHeclarites. UDejanire wayengunkosikazi wesithathu futhi unomona ngoHeracles, ngakho-ke uthela igazi elivela ku-centaur engutsheni yesithandwa sakhe engazi ukuthi izobamba umlilo nokuthi unkulunkulu we-demi-god uyafa ushiswe ehlathini.
Ngenxa yalezi zivivinyo ezingenakubalwa uHeracles uba ngongafi futhi ekugcineni ukhuphukela e-Olympus lapho eshada khona nonkulunkulukazi uHebe ofanekisela ubusha.
Eziningi zalezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane ezenziwa uHeracles zazingosizo lonkulunkulu abathile base-Olympus ababemazisa kakhulu, okwaba umlingiswa oyinhloko wezenzo ezingenakubalwa.
Unkulunkulukazi uHebe uzozala amadodana amabili angamawele kaHeracles ayebizwa ngokuthi u-Alexiares no-Aniceto, ababekanye noHeracles abavikeli abangokwenyama beMount Olympus ngokwezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki.
Inganekwane mayelana nebhokisi likaPandora
Njengowokugcina walezi zinganekwane zamaGreki ezimfushane, sifuna ukuvala lesi sihloko ngenganekwane kaPandora, owesifazane wokuqala owadalwa uHephaestus ngomyalo kaZeus futhi owayezolingana no-Eva esikweni lobuKristu.
Kukhulunywa endabeni ukuthi uZeus wayecasuke kakhulu ngoba uPrometheus wayeshise abantu ngomlilo, ngakho wacela uHephaestus ukuthi adale owesifazane wokuqala okufanele abe muhle njengonkulunkulukazi abangafi kodwa ephiwe ububi obunjengokuqamba amanga, naye wayenamandla kakhulu. eziyengayo ngenxa yobuhle bakhe.
Kwakuyindlela uZeus athola ngayo ukuziphindiselela kubantu abafayo ngenxa kaPrometheus ngoba ngaphambi kokudalwa kwePandora enhle, amadoda ayephila ngokujabula ngokuvumelana futhi icebo lakhe laliphelele ngoba wamethula ku-Epimetheus umfowabo ka-Prometheus.
Ubani owathandana nalo wesifazane omuhle futhi ngokushesha wenza amaphepha omshado njengesipho somshado wakhe no-Epimetheus Pandora wathola ibhokisi elingaqondakali okwakungafanele livulwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo kodwa lona wesifazane osemusha wayenelukuluku lokwazi futhi akakwazanga ukubekezelela. landela umyalelo .
Lokho kwakuyisu likaZeyusi, ngakho le ntokazi yaphakamisa isivalo ukuze ithole ukuthi yini le mbiza futhi lapho ivula ibhokisi, njengoba kushiwo ezinganekwaneni ezimfushane zamaGreki, bonke ububi bezwe baphuma kulesi sitsha, okwenza kungenzeki. ukuze intombi iyivale.
Lapho ekugcineni ebona ukuthi ngaphakathi kuyo kwakusele u-Elpis kuphela, okuwumoya weThemba, okwakuwukuphela kokuhle onkulunkulu base-Olympus ababekubeke kulelobhokisi. Ngakho-ke ibinzana elivame ukuzwakala:
"...Ithemba yinto yokugcina oyilahlekayo..."
Njengamanje, inkulumo yebhokisi likaPandora isetshenziswa ngenhloso yokukhombisa ukuthi into engenabungozi ingaletha ububi obungenakulungiseka emhlabeni, ngakho-ke umuntu kufanele aqaphe ngaphambi kokuvula noma yisiphi isitsha noma ibhokisi.
Ngalokhu sifinyelela umvuthwandaba wezinganekwane ezimfushane zamaGreki ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinganekwane zamaGreki ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwalesi siko emazweni aseNtshonalanga kanye nomsuka wezimo eziningi esizaziyo njengamanje zivela kulezi zinganekwane ezithakazelisayo.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: