Impukane iyisilwane esicasula kakhulu esingasithola emakhaya ethu. Ukuphila kwayo kufushane kakhulu, nokho, naphezu kokuthi ikhiqiza ngokushesha okukhulu. Lapha sizothola ukuthi izimpukane zizalana kanjani, umjikelezo wazo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ubude bempilo nokunye. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Ezentela
I-Phylum arthropods noma isiqu sesilwane esihlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-75% wezinhlobo zezilwane, ezibonakala ngokuba nama-invertebrate metazoan of symmetry yamazwe amabili, ebonakala ngokuba ne-exoskeleton yangaphandle noma ngokwethula umzimba ohlukaniswe uchungechunge lwamasegimenti e-metameric ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwawo. .
Ngaphakathi kwama-arthropods sithola uhlobo oluncane olubizwa ngokuthi Izinambuzane ezinomzimba ohlukaniswe ngokucacile waba yikhanda, ithorax nesisu, amapheya amathathu emilenze futhi ngokuvamile enamaphiko. Kuneqembu elincane lama-pterygogens anikezwe amaphiko futhi kukhona ukuhleleka noma iqembu le-Diptera.
Izimpukane ziyiqembu lezinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-Diptera ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi kwazo singabala impukane yasendlini ( Musca domestica ), impukane yezithelo ( Ceratitis capitata ) kanye nempukane kaviniga ( Drosophila melanogaster ).
I-Morphology
I-Diptera ihlukaniswa kwezinye izinambuzane ngokuba nepheya lokuqala kuphela lamaphiko athuthuke kahle, njengoba elesibili lincipha libe yiziphunzi ezincane, ezicishe zingabonakali ezisebenza njengezingalo zama-rocker. Ihlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezakhiwe kakhulu yizimpukane nomiyane.
Amaphiko angaphambili ane-membranous futhi imithambo yawo iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Izingalo ze-rocker ziyizitho ze-claviform ezisebenza njengama-sensory receptors, ezikwazi ukuvuselela ngokuguqukayo ukunyakaza kwamaphiko nokulawula ukuma ngesikhathi sokundiza.
Banezinzwa ezithile ezibavumela ukuba basungule indawo engcono kakhulu yokubekela amaqanda abo, ukuze bawagcine ondlekile futhi aqinisekise ukukhula kwawo aze aqedele ukuziphendukela kwawo.
Imishini yayo yomlomo iyakhotha - ukuncela, ngenxa yokuhlehla kwezicucu ezicijile, ikakhulukazi i-mandibles kanye nama-maxillae, udebe olungezansi luthambile futhi luvuleleke ekugcineni kwayo. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezimpondo zazo, zingama-brachycerans ezinezimpondo ezakhiwe kuphela ngamaqunu amathathu. Umzimba wayo mfishane futhi ujiyile futhi imilenze yayo ngokuvamile ayinde kakhulu.
Izitho zenzwa zakhiwe ngamaseli azwelayo emvelo ye-ectodermal evame ukuphelezelwa izinwele noma usilika. Izitho ze-vibration receptor zijwayelekile ezinambuzaneni futhi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-scolopophores. Izitho ezibukwayo zakhiwe i-cornea ekhishwa amangqamuzana e-pigment, wonke amangqamuzana e-retinal aqhutshwa ngemizwa ngayinye eyakha i-optic noma i-ocular nerve.
Izitho zephunga kanye nokunambitha kutholakala ezintini nasezimpangeni zezingxenye zomlomo. Uhlelo lwezinzwa luwuhlobo lwe-ganglionic futhi ngokuyisisekelo luhlanganisa inyunyana yezingxenye eziningana ze-ganglionic ezibizwa ngokuthi i-supraesophageal, i-subesophageal kanye ne-periesophageal. Umzila wokugaya ugijima kuwo wonke umzimba wawo kusukela ekugcineni ongaphambili, lapho uvuleka khona uzungezwe izingxenye zomlomo, kuze kufike ekugcineni ongemuva, lapho uthulula khona nge-anus engxenyeni yokugcina yomzimba.
Isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi sihlale singaphelele futhi sakha uhlelo lwe-lacunar olubizwa ngokuthi i-hemocele, luveza inhliziyo emise okomgogodla kanye ne-tubular futhi ingxenye yayo iwuchungechunge lwemithambo, enamagatsha amaningi noma ngaphansi, ethwala igazi liyise ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, njalo igcina izikhala futhi ngaphandle kokwenza noma yikuphi amanethiwekhi e-capillary.
I- integument yakha i-exoskeleton futhi ngokuyisisekelo iqukethe ukwakheka kwe-cuticular efihliwe amaseli e-epidermis, lapha ungathola izingulube ezihlukahlukene ezifaka umbala womzimba, ezitholakala ku-epidermis noma ngisho nezicubu ezingaphansi.
Zethula i-metamorphosis ephelele futhi izibungu zazo zine-apod futhi azinakhanda ngenxa yokuthi azinawo amehlo nezimpondo. Phakathi kwama-brachycera kukhona ama asiliids, ama-orthorrhaph amelwe izimpukane ezinkulu ezinemizimba enoboya njenge Asilus Crabroniformis, izibungu ezidla inyama ezitholakala ngaphansi kwamatshe noma zigqitshwe. I-Tabanids inomzimba owugqinsi futhi ohlangene, nakuba abesilisa bedla impova yezitshalo, abesifazane bane-hematophagous, ama-parasites ezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa indoda, indaba ezivamile noma I-Tabanus bovinus Kuyi-ectoparasite yezinkomo ezifuywayo.
I-Cyclorrhaphs i-Múscidas, umndeni obanzi ohlanganisa iningi lezimpukane izibungu zazo ziyi-saprophagous, i-coprophagous, futhi kwezinye izimo zidla inyama, futhi zitholakala yonke indawo.
Izimpukane zizalana kanjani?
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ngemva kocwaningo olwenziwa usosayensi uFrancesco Redi, inkolelo-mbono yokuthi impukane yazala ngokuzenzekelayo enyameni ebolile yayingaphikiswa, futhi kwakungenzeka ukukhombisa ukuthi impukane yayivela kwenye esivele ikhona.
Inqubo yokuzala yenziwa esigabeni sayo sobudala, owesilisa ukhothamela insikazi ekhiqiza umsindo noma iculo elikhiqizwa ukuvevezela kwamasaha okubangela umsindo othile wempukane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, insikazi ilinganisela ukuthi ingoma nephunga elikhipha ngamapheromone liyithakazelisa yini, uma lingathandi, liyaqhubeka nokunyakaza, kungenjalo lihlala linganyakazi ukuze iduna liqale ukucula. ubude besikhathi esingaba yimizuzu eyi-10.
Izimpukane zine-monogamous futhi zikhwelana kanye futhi ziyakwazi ukuzalanisa ngisho emoyeni ngenkathi zindiza futhi zingabekela amaqanda amakhulu (amakhulu) ngokuvundiswa okukodwa. Eyeduna igcina izitho zayo zangasese zifihliwe, zivezwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, insikazi ine-ovipositor ye-telescopic ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezinwebekayo lapho izalela amaqanda.
Phakathi nesenzo socansi, iduna lifaka izitho zalo zobulili endaweni yowesifazane oyibonakude futhi likhiphe isidoda esizovundisa amaqanda.
Isimiso sokuzala sesifazane siyahluka kancane phakathi kwezinhlobo kwezinye ukwakheka kwaso sithambile njengempukane evamile noma sivame ukuba lukhuni njengoba empukaneni esithelo lo mehluko wokwakheka komzimba uhlobene nezici ezikhona lezi zinhlobo lapho zibeka amaqanda azo, iSithelo. izimpukane kufanele zibhoboze izikhumba zezithelo noma ama-rinds ukuze zibeke izintambo zazo ku-pulp, futhi izimpukane ezivamile zibeka umthwalo wazo kuphela endaweni ekhethelwe leyo njongo. Khona-ke insikazi kufanele ithole indawo efanele yokuzalela amaqanda ayo futhi ikwazi ukwenza inqubo yokushintshashintsha kwezinto.
Fly umjikelezo wempilo
Impukane idlula ezigabeni ezine ezivumela ukugcwaliseka kwe-metamorphosis kuqondwe njengeqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi size sifinyelele esigabeni somuntu omdala, isigaba esingazala ngaso, lo mjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo ungabonisa ukuhlukahluka okuncane kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwamaqanda namaqanda. osayizi. Isikhathi sokuphila saso sifushane kakhulu, kodwa sizohluka nenkathi yonyaka, isikhathi saso silinganiselwa ezinsukwini ezingu-7 kuya kweziyi-10 noma izinsuku ezingu-30. Ezikhathini ezishisayo zizala ngokushesha.
I-egg
Uma sekwenziwe ukukhwelana, impukane yensikazi kufanele ithole indawo lapho izobekela khona amaqanda ayo.Isikhala sizoncika ohlotsheni lwezilwane.Impukane evamile izalela amaqanda ayo ezindaweni ezimnyama nezinomswakama ezintweni eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokubola, bese isithelo sindiza , njengoba igama layo libonisa ukuthi liyibeka ezithelweni Ingakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba ngu-150 ku-clutch ngayinye futhi inokubukeka kwezinhlamvu zelayisi.
Amaqanda avame ukuceba ngesikhuphasha, ukuthuthuka akuqondile, okwenza kube nezigaba eziningi zezibungu. Amaqanda avamise ukuchanyuselwa phakathi namahora angama-24 ngemuva kokuxoshwa.
Izibungu
Kulesi sigaba iveza uhlobo lwezibungu eziyizimpumputhe futhi idla endaweni ezachanyuselwa kuyo, izibungu zempukane ezivamile zidla ukudla okubolayo okuphilayo kanye nalezo zempukane yezithelo zidla ku-pulp yezithelo. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuzondla ngokusemandleni akho futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqinisekise intuthuko oyifunayo. Bachitha isikhumba sabo izikhathi eziningana, ngesikhathi se-molt yabo yokugcina bafuna indawo emnyama ukuze baphuze.
Pupa
Uma isibungu sesidliwe ngokwanele ukuqala inqubo ye-encapsulation. Lapho zingena kulesi sigaba, izibungu ziqala ukwethula isimo esifana nesikelemu, zimbozwe esikhumbeni esiqinile, esinombala omnyama, ngokuvamile esinsundu noma esibomvu, lapha zinesikhathi esilinganiselwe sezinsuku ezi-3 kuya kwezingu-6, phakathi naleso sikhathi zenza. ungadlisi futhi unganyakazi..
Kule nqubo, i-metamorphosis ilawulwa ekupheleni kwenqubo, isibungu sinemilenze namaphiko bese kuvela impukane endala, inqubo efana neyemvemvane. Ubude besikhathi sokuguquguquka buzoncika emazingeni okushisa ekushiseni inqubo ishesha kunasezindaweni ezibandayo
Ubudala
Kulesi sigaba, impukane esekhulile isilungele ukukhwelana ezinsukwini ezi-3 ngemva kokushiya isiphungumangathi, iphinda umjikelezo ovame ukuba mfushane kakhulu.
Zizalwa kanjani izimpukane?
Iningi lalezi zinambuzane ziyi-oviparous, okusho ukuthi zithola indawo ephephile enezimo ezanele zokubeka nokuvikela amaqanda ukuze aphumelele. Kuneqembu elithi ovoviviparous, lokhu kusho ukuthi insikazi iwagcina emzimbeni wayo kuze kube yisikhathi sokubeka, lapho izibungu ziphuma.
Impukane iphila isikhathi esingakanani?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwempukane siyahlukahluka kakhulu, sizoncika ezintweni eziningana ezifana nezinhlobo zezilwane, izimo zokuphila nezemvelo, njengoba isimo sezulu esingcono nokudla, zingaphila izinsuku ezimbalwa, sikhuluma ngo-7 kuya ku-10. izinsuku kanye nezinsuku eziphezulu ezingama-30. Esikhathini esifushane esingaba semhlabeni, lesi silwane sizozala ngendlela esabekayo futhi sizalele izinkulungwane zamaqanda azoshintsha abe izimpukane nokunye ngomjikelezo ongapheli, impukane inokuguquguquka okukhulu kuzo zonke izindawo ezingenzeka futhi ivumele gcwalisa iplanethi.
fly curiosities
Akuzona zonke izimpukane ezicasulayo njengoba sicabanga ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, sizogqamisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezimpukane eziwusizo olukhulu kumuntu futhi zisize ekulinganiseni kwemvelo kwe-ecosystem yethu.
Ama-Pollinators
Njengezimvemvane nezinyosi, kunezimpukane ezimpova. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe kumpe wezimbali, banomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa impova isuka embalini iye kwenye, ngaleyo ndlela isiza ukukhiqiza ukwakheka kwezitshalo ezintsha bese kuthi izithelo noma izimbali ezikhiqizayo. Kuleli qembu singathola umndeni wakwaCalliphoridae (izimpukane eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neziluhlaza)
izilwane ezidla ezinye
Njengoba igama lazo libonisa, lezi zimpukane ezidla ezinye zidla ezinye izinambuzane noma izicabucabu eziyingozi kubantu, okunikela ngandlela thize ekulawuleni izinambuzane kuleli qembu singabonisa ama-syrphid (umndeni wakwaSyrphidae) kanye ne-whitefly ebukeka izacile efana ne inyosi noma umuvi.
Isiza Kubhalansi Ye-Ecosystem
Impukane uma igaywe Iphakela futhi inikeze ezinye izilwane umsoco, ezimpukaneni kunezinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu ngoba zisakaza izifo ezimbi kakhulu njengokulala kanye nenagana ekhiqizwa ama-trypanosomes, ngokuba ukudla kwezinye izilwane ezifana nezicabucabu, amasele, amaxoxo , ezinye izinhlanzi nezinyoni zisiza ekuhambeni kwe-ecosystem okuvumela ukulawula kwemvelo kwezinambuzane.
Izici ezithonya ukukhiqizwa kwendiza yendlu
Izimpukane zokuzala kwazo zifuna izindawo ezimnyama futhi ezinikeza umswakama othile ukuze zihlangabezane nezimo ezidingekayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ezikhathini eziningi sinikeza lezi zinambuzane ithuba lokusebenzisa izindlu zethu njengendawo yazo yokuzalanisa.
Izindawo ezikhonjisiwe ezindlini zethu zingaba imisele engamboziwe, izikhwama zikadoti ezivulekile ezinemfucumfucu yokudla, amabhodwe anezihlahla zezithelo izindawo ezibhekwa yinsikazi ukuze izibungu zikhule futhi zidle.
Isimo sezulu esishisayo sidala ukwanda kwezimpukane, lesi simo sezulu sisilungele njengoba inqubo yokuzala iyashesha kulesi simo sezulu, okwenza lesi silwane sande emakhaya ethu.
Singakugwema kanjani ukusabalala kwempukane ekhaya
Ikhaya lethu lingaba indawo yokuzalela izimpukane, ukugcina imikhuba emihle yokuhlanza kuzosivumela ukuba sizivikele ekwandeni kwalesi sinambuzane, kumelwe sigcine indawo engaphezulu ihlanzekile futhi iqoqwe, sigweme ukunqwabelana kukadoti kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla, umthombo oyinhloko walesi sinambuzane. ukusabalala kwayo kanye nokumosha izinto ezingaphili njengezitsha zepulasitiki, iziphuzo ezibandayo.
Inhlanzeko ibaluleke kakhulu, isibungu sempukane siyakhula futhi siqinise emathinini ethu kadoti, imfucumfucu yokudla engapakishwanga kahle, izithelo nemifino evuthiwe ngaphandle kwesiqandisi kusiza ekusheshiseni ukukhiqizwa kwazo ngokuzinikeza izindawo ezifanele zokuzalanisa kwazo. Ukuphatha kahle izithelo nemifino kuyatuswa njengoba kufakwe esiqandisini, kunciphise ukubola kwazo, kugcinwe izikhwama zikadoti zivalekile futhi zithulula esitsheni ngezikhathi ezithile.
Gcina ama-mops ahlanzekile futhi omile engenalo uketshezi lokudla ungasebenzisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ezichwepheshile ukusiza ukuzisusa, masingakushiyi ukudla okumbozwe kabi kungaba yingozi empilweni.
Kunconywa ukuhlanza imisele kanye nendle ukuze kugwenywe ukwanda kwezibungu kulezi zindawo. Kusezandleni zethu ukuthi ikhaya lethu alinazo izimpukane ngokuzigcina sikhuthele ukulwa nalesi silwane esingahlasela ikhaya lakho.Kuyanconywa futhi ukusebenzisa izixosha ekhaya ezifana noviniga, infusions wamakhambi anephunga elimnandi.
Ungashiyi ngaphandle kokufunda lezi zihloko ezilandelayo:
Ungazixosha Kanjani Izimpukane Ngokuphumelelayo?