I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial ziyisigaba esikhethekile phakathi komndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo, lezi zilwane ziyi-viviparous futhi zinerekhodi eliphansi lokuzalwa lenzalo yazo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu esidabukisayo okwamanje ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezisengozini. Kule post sizokhuluma kabanzi ngalezi zilwane.
Ziyini Izilwane Zama-Marsupial?
Iplanethi enguMhlaba inezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu nezingakholakali zezidalwa eziphilayo, kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi siyamangala ngalokho esingakuthola nokufunda ngakho kuyo, lesi isizathu sokuthi kungani kufanele sikhathazeke ngokuyinakekela nokuyivikela, isibonelo salokhu ukuhlukahluka kukhona izilwane ze-marsupial.
Lezi ziwuhlobo olukhethekile lwezilwane ezincelisayo, ezingafani nezinye ezizalwa ku-placenta futhi zinenqubo yokwakheka ephelele kakhulu, zikhula ku-placenta yangaphakathi, okusho ukuthi imibungu yazo isohlotsheni lwesikhwama sangaphandle. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinhlobo kukhona izilwane ezincelisayo ezisengozini.
Okuvame kakhulu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezivamile ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi sokumitha kwazo ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sikamama, zondliwa nge-placenta, okusho ukuthi insikazi yiyona ephethe ukuhlinzeka ngokudla ngegazi futhi lokho kuya ngenzalo, lezi zibizwa ngokuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ze-placenta. .
Noma kunjalo, i izilwane ze-marsupial azikwenzi ukumitha ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sikanina futhi zizalwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba zikhule ngokugcwele, ngokusekelwe kulokhu zidluliselwa e-marsupium kamama etholakala engxenyeni engaphambili, okuyindawo lapho izingono zitholakala khona, Ngale ndlela. , imibungu imunca ubisi lwebele, okuwukuphela kokudla kwayo kuze kube yilapho isiphelele.
Ukukhulelwa kufushane futhi ukukhula kwabo kufinyelela umvuthwandaba we-marsupium noma isikhwama sesisu, nakuba abanye bengase bangabi nayo kanti amaphuphu nawo athwalwa ngumama enamathela emabeleni akhe.
Izici zezilwane zeMarsupial
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial banomuzwa othuthuke kakhulu wokuhogela futhi ngokuvamile banobude obusuka ku-10 amasentimitha futhi bangafinyelela ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-150, isici sabo esiyinhloko nesiyisici esiyinhloko umsila omude noqinile, okuthi kwezinye izimo kuvele ukuthi indlela yokuzihambela.
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, i- izilwane ze-marsupial zingahlukaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo ezizalwa ku-placenta, ngenxa yokuzalwa kwazo zakuqala kanye nokuthuthukiswa okulandelayo esikhwameni se-marsupial, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi sikhwama sisekelwa amathambo, angekho ku-placentals.
Ama-Marsupials anogebhezi lwekhanda oluncane kakhulu kanye nesakhiwo samazinyo esiqine kakhulu, esinama-molars amabili angama-triangular, ezisiza lapho zidla futhi zinikeze ukuluma okunamandla ukuze zizivikele. Esimeni sokuzala, abesifazane banemomozi ekabili kanye nesibeletho, kanti abesilisa banepipi elihlukene.
Zinokusabalalisa okubanzi kakhulu, ngaphezu kokukwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, njengezihlahla, umhlaba, futhi kukhona ezinye ezingaphila ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwazo emanzini. Mayelana nemikhuba yokudla, ukudla kwe izilwane ze-marsupial Ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, njengoba kunezilwane ezidla uhlaza, izilwane ezidla inyama, izinambuzane, ama-omnivores kanye nama-nectarivores.
Izibonelo zezilwane zeMarsupial
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial Ziningi ngaphezu kwanoma ubani ongakholelwa, njengoba kuze kube manje izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-marsupial ezingaphezu kuka-270 zaziwa futhi ezingu-70 zalezi zingatholakala ezwenikazi laseMelika, kuyilapho ezinye ezingu-200 ezisele zitholakala esifundeni sase-Australia, okuyisifunda lapho ezinye eziningi zitholakala khona. izilwane zalolu hlobo zingatholakala.
Ama-marsupial ase-Australia athwala amaphuphu awo esikhwameni esikwazi ukuphefumula ngesikhumba, njengoba amaphaphu awo ethatha isikhathi eside ukukhula, futhi into yokuqala ayiqaqa izitho zawo, bese eqhubeka nezinye izitho. Phakathi kwe izilwane ze-marsupial eyaziwa kakhulu, singathola okulandelayo:
i-koala
Lezi zilwane ezincane ezihlala empumalanga ye-Australia futhi zidla amaqabunga e-eucalyptus, okuwukudla kwazo okuthandayo futhi lesi yisihlahla lapho ngokuvamile zihlala khona, umzimba wazo ugcwele izinwele eziminyene kakhulu, zithanda ukuchitha isikhathi sazo zilele.
I-koala yensikazi ingazala lapho ineminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemine ubudala kanti eyeduna eneminyaka emine ubudala ingazala, amaphuphu alezi zilwane azalwa engenaboya, eyimpumputhe futhi eyizithulu, kodwa umzwelo wawo wemvelo uwasiza ukuba ehlele e-marsupial yomzali wawo. , lapho beqeda khona umjikelezo wabo wokuthuthuka ezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha, bese bephuma esikhwameni balenga emhlane kamama wabo, bahlala naye isikhathi esingangonyaka.
I-Kangaroo
Lesi isilwane esincelisayo esinesikhathi sokuphila esiseduze neminyaka eyi-18, esinye sezici zaso eziphawuleka kakhulu imilenze yangemuva esinyakaza ngayo ngokugxuma, isikhathi sokumitha kwalezi zilwane sisondele kakhulu ezinsukwini ezingama-30, bese senza indlela isikhwama lapho iphetha khona ukuqeqeshwa kwayo ezinye izinyanga ezi-5.
UDeveli waseTasmania
Abesifazane balolu hlobo lwe-marsupial, bangafinyelela esigabeni sabo sokuzala eminyakeni emi-2 futhi babe nesikhathi sokukhulelwa esithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-21, abesifazane bazala amaphuphu ama-2 kuye kwayi-3, lawa abunjwa engonweni ngayinye ye-marsupium futhi kuyo bachitha izinyanga ezi-4 ukuze baqedele isikhathi sabo sokuqeqeshwa.
I-Opossum
I-opossum inobude obusukela kumasentimitha angama-50, isilwane silungele inqubo yaso yokuzala lapho sinezinyanga eziyi-10 ubudala futhi singazala izikhathi ezi-3 ngonyaka, isikhathi saso sokuvundiswa cishe yizinsuku eziyi-14 futhi udoti waso ungaqukatha okungaphezulu. kunabancane aba-5, isikhathi sokukhula kwe-marsupial sithatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, bese bephuma esikhwameni bese beqala ukuzinakekela.
inja yasenkangala
Leli igundane eliwumndeni wezingwejeje nezimbila, zitholakala ezindaweni zaseNyakatho Melika naseMexico, ziyizilwane ezidla uhlaza nemibala yemizimba yazo inomlotha ophuzi futhi onsundu ngokukhanyayo. Zinekhala elimnyama elicijile, izindlebe eziyindilinga, umsila omfishane namehlo amancane.
Balungele ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi ngemva kweminyaka engu-2 yokuphila, udoti ungaba namaphuphu amabili kuya kwayi-2, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-marsupials amaningi, ama-pups awo akhiwa ngemva kokuzalwa, aphuma engenazinwele futhi eyimpumputhe, kodwa ngemva kwamasonto angu-5 angakwazi ukubona.
Izilwane Ezingabonwa Kancane Ze-Marsupial
Phakathi kwe izilwane ze-marsupial asekhona, ama-kangaroo kanye nama-koalas aziwa kakhulu, kokubili kungukuthi Izilwane ezijwayelekile zase-Australia futhi yaba uphawu lwaleso sifunda, lezi zibonwa ngokwengxenye ngenxa yobukhulu bazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona nenani elikhulu lama-marsupial amancane ngosayizi futhi amancane kakhulu abonwa abantu, phakathi kwawo kukhona okulandelayo:
igundane le-marsupial
Lena i-marsupial egama layo lesayensi i-Sminthopsis, efana negundane lensimu elinomsila omude, kodwa ngaphandle kwegama layo abukho ubuhlobo bomndeni nezinhlobo zamagundane, kuphela ukuthi abizwa kanjalo ngenxa nje yokufana kwawo ngokomzimba.
Wombat
Le marsupial yaziwa nangokuthi ama-wombats, kuyilapho igama layo lesayensi liyi-Vombatidae, mancane futhi anomzimba ofana kakhulu nowebhere elincane, anemilenze emifushane kakhulu futhi atholakala eziqhingini zaseTasmania noma e-Australia, zingafinyelela isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-35.
numbat
Kuyi-marsupial enegama lesayensi elithi Myrmecobius, ehlala ezindaweni ezithize kakhulu zase-Australia, esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi inomhlane nobuso obunemigqa, inokufana okuthile nedube eboyeni balo kanye nezinye izici zayo eziyinhloko. umzimba umbozwe izinwele ezinsundu. I-viviparous futhi enye yazo izilwane ze-marsupial okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngoba ayinaso isikhwama, into ethile ewuhlobo lwayo.
Isikhathi sabo sokukhulelwa sifushane kakhulu, sihlala amasonto ama-2 kuphela futhi ngalesi sikhathi inzalo yabo ikhula ngokugcwele, ngenxa yokungabi nesikhwama se-marsupial, abesifazane bavame ukufudumala izingane zabo ngoboya babo. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lezi zilwane zizalwa ngodoti futhi ngokushesha ziqhubeka nokuzinamathisela emabeleni kamama ukuze zincele kuze kukhule uboya bazo.
izingwejeje ezindizayo
Lena i-marsupial igama layo lesayensi i-Pteromyini, ingenye yezinhlobo ezingu-45 ze-marsupial ezibizwa ngaleli gama, zifana kakhulu nezingwejeje futhi ziyakuthanda ukugxuma zisuka esihlahleni ziye kwesinye.
I-Rock Wallaby
Lesi silwane okuthiwa i-marsupial sibizwa nge-Petrogale, sinokufana okuthile nama-kangaroo, nakuba lawa mancane futhi athanda ukuhlala ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, ayizilwane eziphila kahle futhi anama-marsupial akha amaphuphu azo.
Lawa ahlukile kuma-kangaroo ngenxa yemibala yawo egqamile futhi ehlukahlukene, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imilenze yawo mincane kakhulu. Lezi zingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili zobisi, eyodwa lapho izingane ziseyizinsana kanti enye ingeyalapho sezikhulile.
imvukuzane ye-marsupial
Kuyisilwane se-marsupial eyaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-Notoryctes Typhlops, uboya baso bumhlophe futhi bahlala ngaphansi komhlabathi ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Australia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi.
Imvusi Weasel
Lesi silwane esincane sihlakazeke kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika, kulula ukujwayelana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo, sitholakala nasemadolobheni, singaphila iminyaka engu-4, abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa futhi bobabili banemisila emide ecishe ifane. ubukhulu njengemizimba yabo.
Ziyakwazi ukuzala izikhathi ezi-3 ngonyaka, kuyilapho ukukhulelwa kwazo kuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-14, bese zidlulela emabeleni kamama lapho zihlala khona cishe amasonto ayisithupha, bese zigibela emhlane kamama bese zehla ukuze zidle kuphela ebeleni lakhe. Le nqubo ingathatha izinyanga eziyisi-6.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ze-Marsupial
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-marsupial kuyimpikiswano kancane, nokho evame kakhulu ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili, ngokwemibono emibili enembayo elandelayo:
Ngokusho kwendawo yeGeographical Distribution
Okusho ukuthi, i-Ameri Delphi ehambelana ne- izilwane ze-marsupial yaseMelika kanye ne-Australis Delphi, okuyilabo abahlala e-Australia, eNew Guinea naseziqhingini eziseduze kakhulu nalezi zindawo.
Ama-marsupial ase-Argentina anezinhlobo ezingu-24 ezisakazwa kusukela enyakatho ye-Argentina kuya ezindaweni ezinotshani zasePatagonia, kuyilapho ama-marsupial aseColombia enezigaba ezingaba ngu-29, futhi ezinye zazo zingatholakala kuphela kule ndawo.
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial kusukela eMexico zihambisana neqembu elincane lalezi zinhlobo ezihlala esifundeni, zisakazwa kulo lonke elase-Central America nakwezinye izindawo zaseNingizimu Melika. Ama-marsupial ase-Australia angawomdabu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi anezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200.
Ngokwenani lama-incisors emihlathini yawo
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial Zingabuye zihlotshaniswe nezici ezithile zezinzwane, futhi ngokulandelayo zihlukaniswa njengama-diprotodonts, okungukuthi, banama-incisors amabili kuphela neminwe ekhubazekile ebonakala sengathi inezinzipho ezimbili, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona i-canine polyprop odontos.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane zeMarsupial
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe izilwane ze-marsupial Kwenziwa ngesenzo socansi futhi uhlobo olukhudlwana luvame ukuzala ithole elilodwa, kanti encane kunazo zonke izala ama-litter Isikhathi sokumitha kwalezi zilwane sifushane kakhulu futhi asidluli izinyanga ezimbili.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwawo, ama- marsupial ngokuvamile awanazo izinwele futhi ngezinye izikhathi angazalwa eyimpumputhe futhi eyizithulu, yingakho ukugcwaliseka kwenkathi yawo yesibili yokukhula kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezinsikazi ezingama-Marsupial zinezitho zangasese ezintathu, ezimbili emaceleni lapho ukuvundiswa kuqala khona nenye phakathi nendawo, okungaba lapho amaphuphu avela khona.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesilisa banepipi elihlukanisiwe, kuyindaba yama-marsupial moles nama-macropods angenayo ngaleyo ndlela. Basebenzisa ipipi labo kuphela ekwenzeni inqubo yokuzala, njengoba ihlukene ne-urinary tract, nokho, ukwakheka kwe-glans yabo kuyashintsha kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwesilwane se-marsupial.
Umsuka kanye Nendawo yokuhlala yezilwane zeMarsupial
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial bachitha ubusuku babo ezindaweni eziphikisana kakhulu, bethola izinhlobo ezihluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo, lokhu kuwumphumela wenqubo yabo yokujwayela, bayiqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni kanye nengxenye evelele yezilwane ezinomgogodla. Badabuka ikakhulukazi e-Australia nase-Afrika.
Ama-Marsupial adalwa ekuqaleni kweCretaceous, kudala ngaphambi kokuba izilwane ezincelisayo zizalwe kuma-placenta, kakade zase zisabalele engxenyeni yezwekazi futhi zikhona ezindaweni lapho zingasatholakali khona, njenge-Asia.
Kwezinye izikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zama-marsupial zazingezona ezincelisayo ezihlala endaweni, kuye ngenqubo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi zombili zavela kukhokho oyedwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule, enkathini yama-dinosaurs.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi enye yezinkinga ezibhekene nayo izilwane ze-marsupial, kungenxa yokuthi zihlala ezindaweni eziqondile, yingakho imihlambi yazo ithinteka kakhulu ngokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa izilwane ze-marsupial basengozini enkulu yoshintsho endaweni abakuyo, ngakho-ke bajwayelana nemvelo yabo futhi abavumelani kalula nezinye izinhlobo zezinguquko. Baphinde babhekane nenkinga yokuzingela nokuhweba ngokungemthetho okufanele bavikelwe kuyo ukuze bangazitholi sebesengozini yokushabalala.
Ama-marsupials aseMelika
I-Los izilwane ze-marsupial kanye nama-armadillos, ama-sloth kanye nezinyamazane, yibo kuphela abasinda ezilwaneni ezikhona endaweni ephakeme, eyaqala emuva enkathini yeJurassic ephakathi, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs, okwakuyiminyaka engaba izigidi ezingu-120 edlule, okusho ukuthi lezi zilwane sezindala kakhulu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi umsuka wama-marsupial useNyakatho Melika, njengoba kutholakala izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ze-marsupial, ezisukela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65, ngesikhathi seCretaceous yokugcina, lapho eningizimu yedolobha. IMelika yayingakahlukaniswa ngokuphelele enyakatho, kukhona indawo yokungena ama-marsupials ayevame ukuyikhulisa njengabasunguli bezilwane ezincelisayo zaseNingizimu Melika.
I-taxonomy yama-marsupials aseMelika ebizwa ngokuthi i-Ameridelphia yenziwe ngama-oda amabili:
- I-Didelphimorphia: Lawa enza isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sama-marsupial atholakala eMelika namuhla, nakuba futhi emakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni uma kuqhathaniswa nama-marsupial ase-Australia. Ngokuyisisekelo ama-possum, ama-marmosa kanye nama-weasel, anezizukulwane eziyi-19 kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-103.
- I-Paucituberculata: Lawa yilawo aqanjwe ngamagundane e-runcho noma ama-shrew opossums, anezizukulwane ezi-3 kuphela nezinhlobo eziyisi-6.
Okuthakazelisayo ngezilwane ze-Marsupial
- E-Tasmania kunezitshalo eziningi ze-poppy futhi kusemthethweni ukuzisebenzisa kulesi sifunda, ngakho-ke ama-kangaroo ayakuthanda ukudla lezi zitshalo, okungase kubangele umphumela ovuselelayo, ongawenza azungeze imibuthano, ajikeleze futhi enze izenzo ezingavamile. Kuthiwa njengalezi, ama<em>koala nawo ayawadla futhi yikho ngokwengxenye okubasiza ukuba bavilaphe kangaka.
- Kwakukhona i-marsupial eyayiyingqayizivele, kodwa ngeshwa manje ayisekho, yayinento ebizwa ngokuthi i-hammer tooth, eyayidla iminenke futhi ikwazi ukuyichoboza kalula, nokho-ke okwamanje kuthiwa ikhona efanayo. esibalweni nokuthi sinamazinyo esando afanayo.
- Kuthiwa i-marsupial eyinqaba kunazo zonke kule planethi okuthiwa i-kangaroo yamagundane, igama layo lesayensi nguPotorous Gilbertii futhi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yayingasekho, nokho, kwatholakala ukuthi isekhona nanamuhla, kodwa isengozini ukushabalala, okusekelwe Kulokhu, izindawo zokulondoloza ziye zasungulwa ukuze zivikeleke ezimpungushe, amakati kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezilwane ezizingelayo.
- Amakhangaru ayakwazi ukuzala ezinye izinhlobo kunezawo, njengoba abanye omama bekhangaru beshintsha ezabo izingane esikhundleni sabanye, kuthiwa lokhu bakwenza lapho bezwa ukucushwa kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi ngokwesaba balahlekelwa ikhono lokuhlukanisa amaphuphu abo. , ngakho uma bebaleka bathatha into yokuqala abayitholayo, ngisho noma kungezona izingane zabo.
- Kunama-marsupial afana namagundane, eyeduna ivamise ukukhwelana futhi ihlangane ngokuxhamazela ize ife, lezi zilwane ziphuma kuhlobo lwe-Dasiuro formos marsupial genus futhi ezivela emndenini wakwaDasyuridae, kuthiwa izenzo zazo zobulili ziwukuzibulala futhi zingathatha amahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-14. ohlelweni lokukhwelana.
Ukubaluleka kwezilwane zeMarsupial
Lezi zilwane zinokubaluleka okuncane kakhulu kwabanye abantu noma azibonakali nje, enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu yingoba ziyizilwane zasebusuku, ngakho-ke azivamile ukubonakala futhi zinokubaluleka okuncane kwezomnotho, nokho lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ziyingxenye yomuntu futhi ukuphila kwansuku zonke, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi zingabonwa kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yasemaphandleni noma edolobheni.
Njengoba kunjalo nge-rabipelado, enegama lesayensi elithi Didelphis marsupialis futhi lezi zitholakala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kukhona ngisho nezindawo lapho zidliwa khona njengamaprotheni, okusho ukuthi zizingelwa ukuze zidliwe ngabantu, kodwa izilwane zithanda ukudla izinkukhu nezinkukhu.
Lolu hlobo lubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi uphenyo oluningana lubonisa ukuthi i-rabipelado evamile ingasebenza njengechibi emijikelezweni yezifo ezihlukahlukene ze-parasitic, njengasendabeni yesifo se-Chagas ne-Leishmaniasis, yingakho ziwusizo kakhulu. ukwenza ucwaningo lwesayensi ngalezi zifo.