Lezi zinhlobo ezinelukuluku zinezici ezimangalisayo ezizivumela ukuthi zivumelane ne-ecosystem yasolwandle, kukhona ngisho nabanye abanamandla okuzibonakalisa kuzo zombili izindawo, konke lokhu naphezu kokuba izilwane ezincelisayo futhi lokho kusikhombisa ukuthi zikhethekile kangakanani. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, sikumema ukuba uhlangane nabo khona lapha.
Ziyini Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle?
Ziyizinhlobo ezinethambo elinomgogodla, futhi zinegazi elifudumele (homeothermic) futhi zilondoloza izindlala zebele ezikhiqiza ubisi. Zivame ukuba noboya ezindaweni ezahlukene zomzimba kanti lezi zilwane zichitha isikhathi sazo esiningi zicwile emanzini Izilwandle nezilwandle.
Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-120.000 XNUMX.
Kuthiwa izilwane zasolwandle zavela ngemva kokuba izilwane zasemhlabeni zibuyele emanzini eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-66 edlule futhi zakwazi ukuthola izimo ezihlukahlukene, ezivumela ukuba ziphile impilo yasemanzini futhi konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo .
Ziyini Izilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle?
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle okulandelayo kungatholakala:
- Ama-Nutrias: Ama-sea otters kanye nekati lasolwandle.
- ama-pinnipeds: Izimpawu, izimpawu kanye nama-walrus.
- AmaCetaceans: Imikhomo, amahlengethwa nama-porpoise.
- AmaSirenians: Ama-manatee nama-dugong.
- Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa: Ibhere elimhlophe isilwane esingekho emanzini, kodwa siqanjwe njengesilwane sasolwandle ngoba sichitha isikhathi esiningi sonyaka eqhweni lasolwandle futhi sijwayele ngokuphelele ukuphila olwandle.
Ngaphakathi kwawo wonke la maqembu kukhona ama-cetaceans nama-sirenians aphila impilo yawo yonke emanzini, ngakolunye uhlangothi ama-pinnipeds nama-otter achitha ingxenye yempilo yawo emhlabeni futhi ngenxa yalokho ama-sirenians nama-cetaceans ajwayele ukuphila. olwandle
I-Los izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini ziyingxenye ye izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ngobukhulu obukhulu futhi banomlando omude wokuxhashazwa ngabantu ngokwezentengiselwano, konke lokhu ukuze bathole inyama, amafutha, amafutha, izikhumba noma amazinyo endlovu, okubenza babe izidalwa ezingenakuzivikela kakhulu futhi zibe sengozini yokunyamalala.
Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezilwane zasolwandle ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezazi zemvelo futhi isekelwa ngokuqinile amaqembu amakhulu abavikeli bemvelo namalungelo ezilwane, konke ukuze kugcinwe abazingeli kude nabo.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yale nkathi, kwakungokwemvelo ukubuka izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle futhi uzazise njengezidalwa ezingcwele ezinemiphefumulo yabantu esesimweni somuntu ezazifanekisela amandla namandla amakhulu olwandle, isibonelo imikhomo namahlengethwa olwandle.
Kulula ukubona ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zezilwane seziqoqe izindawo eziningi zokuhlala futhi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nolwandle olujulile.
Umsuka walezi zinhlobo
Uphenyo lwesayensi kanye nokutholwa kwezinhlobonhlobo izinhlobo zezinsalela, masazise ukuthi okhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle bahlala olwandle oludala lwaseTethys (ngenkathi edlule yeplanethi), cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-70 edlule.
Nakuba kungaziwa ukuthi uguquko lokuziphendukela kwemvelo olwavumela ukujwayela imvelo yasemanzini lwenzeka kanjani, esikwaziyo ngalokhu ukuthi bayingxenye yeqembu le-monophyletic, okusho ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene ezilwane avela kokhokho abahlukene emhlabeni. .
Okusho ukuthi, zisekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwa kumamodeli we-ergonomic wezinsalela zawo kanye nama-molecule awo afanayo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kuma-cetaceans, amahlengethwa kanye nemikhomo, kukholelwa ukuthi kwakuyi-artiodactyl, njengezingulube noma izinkomo, okwakuyisihlobo esikude sezimvubu.
Singathola futhi ama-sirenians, okuyinto esimweni sabo kwakuyi-proboscidean exhunywe kuma-pachyderms, futhi ama-pinnipeds anokhokho ovamile wama-mustelids namabhere.
Kamuva, la maqembu amathathu amukela izimfanelo ezingokomzimba zontanga, ezanele ezimfuno zabo zokuzivumelanisa nezilwane zasolwandle, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Eziningi zalezi zilwane zasolwandle zinokusatshalaliswa okulinganiselwe ezindaweni eziyindilinga, njenge; imikhomo, ama-pygmies, ama-narwhals, ama-beluga, phakathi kwabanye kanye nokunye okusatshalaliswa okubanzi, okungukuthi, angatholakala noma kuphi emhlabeni.
Ukujwayela Imvelo Yasemanzini
Enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini babenezinguquko ezehlukene zomzimba nokusebenza, okwabavumela ukuba bazivumelanise nokuphila endaweni entsha yasemanzini.
Uma sifuna ukuqonda isigaba sokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kufanele sazi ukuthi izimfanelo zomzimba ezahlukene ziyadingeka endaweni yasolwandle kunezilwane ezingaphezulu, ngakho-ke, izilwane ezifisa ukuhlala endaweni yasemanzini kufanele ziqale zivumelane nayo.
Nokho, ukuze siqonde isigaba sokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kufanele sicabangele ezinye izindaba ezihlobene nezici zendawo yasemanzini. Okokuqala siphoqeleka ukuba siqonde ukuthi ukuvumelana kwamanzi kuphindwe kathathu kunomoya nokuthi i-viscosity cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi ayisithupha lapho besesimweni esifanayo.
Kwenzeka ukuthi lezi ezimbili zithinta ukungqubuzana, ngoba zingamandla aphikisana nomsebenzi wamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye isici esiphawulekayo endaweni yasolwandle ukucindezela, okungukuthi, amandla asetshenziswa emzimbeni futhi athambekele ekuwucindezeleni, anamandla kunaphezu komhlaba.
Kanye ne-thermal conductivity, enkulu emanzini kunomoya futhi kungashiwo ukuthi ukudluliswa kokushisa okuvela emzimbeni kuya ngaphandle kanye namandla okukhanya kuyancipha ngokuqhubekayo. Ngemva kokuba lezi zimo sezinikiwe, izilwane zasolwandle kufanele zizivumelanise nazo, futhi ezinye zazo yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukulungiswa kwe-Thermoregulatory: Isibonelo, sibona kuma-otter izinwele njengesivikeli samanzi, i-endothermic noma i-hypothermic, ekhiqiza ukushisa kwangaphakathi, noma ukujiya kongqimba lwamafutha ngaphansi kwedermis.
- I-Hydrodynamic Adaptation: Iziqu zabo ziyi-pisciform, okungukuthi, zifana nezezinhlanzi, iziphetho nemisila yazo iguqulwa ibe amaphiko, izinwele zabo ziyanyamalala noma ziyancipha, okunciphisa ukumelana lapho zibhukuda futhi zishwabana ezintanyeni zazo.
- izinguquko zokuphefumula: Lezi zinezimbotshana ezinkulu zokuphefumula, ezivumela ukuthi zenze ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngokuphumelelayo, zinokukhuphuka kokungasebenzi kahle kwamaphaphu futhi lokhu kubangelwa indawo ye-diaphragm emzimbeni wabo noma ukuxoshwa komoya endaweni ezungezile, esikhundleni sokuhogela. ukuvimbela i-embolism emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu.
- Ukuzivumelanisa nokuzala: Kulesi sici banemilomo evulekile, okubasiza ukuba bagweme ukulahlekelwa ubisi lwebele ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, noma ubisi olujiyile kakhulu noluchichimayo ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa imvelo.